Chapter 5

Transmission Lines
:STEADY-STATE OPERATION

Note: I have explained SIL and

Compensation in solution to Quiz 5. If
any QUESTION please do ask
Figures: Thyristors Controlled Static VAR Compensators
 Example: In Fig Plot is for a 100 Mile (161km)
long 345 kV line with SIL=450 MW SIL  (kV ) (MW ) LL
2

L
Z0 
(i) Mvar supplied=Mvar Absorbed=0 C

No Mvar flow, the Mvar produced by the

line(capacitance) will exactly balance the Mvar
used by the line (inductance due load current).
(Green : Flat line in Voltage Profile, V S=VR, VR=0, PF=1)

(ii) When a line is loaded above its SIL it

acts like a shunt reactor - absorbing Mvar
from the system:
(Red line in Voltage Profile, VS>VR, VR>0, PF<1 lagging)

(iii) when a line is loaded below its SIL it

acts like a shunt capacitor - supplying No Load Condition
(Ferranti Effect)
Mvar to the system. Vs Surge Impedance Loading (SIL)

(Orange line in Voltage Profile, VS<VR, VR>0, PF<1 leading) Full Load Condition

(V) Beyond 900 MW is thermal limit of the line, Short Circuit Condition
can’t exceed beyond this point

Sending Voltage Receiving Voltage

 Next Chapter 5
Transmission Lines :
Page 268. STEADY-STATE STABILITY LIMIT
Important Topic: Explained
Pout=VI

VE
Note : I n terms of Generator quantities P  sin   VI cos   In terms of load
X
 High Voltage AC (HVAC) Transmission
220; 500 kV HVAC Transmission
Power Plant V 2
E1 X

Long Distance
Power Flow (P - Watts)

VE
E x V P sin(1   2 )
I X
X=XL-XC

Parallel
Compensation
Series Load-flow
compensation control
Real Power Output E V
x I
VE
• From P3   3 sin()
X

• Infinite bus V (voltage) & X(line reactance) are constant.

• E (Generator Stator voltage) = K depends on the magnitude

of magnetic field ( field excitation) and rotor speed ( or N).

• When the magnetic field is kept constant and the electrical

power output (i=current) is increased (P=I Vconstant) the mechanical
power input (=torque)also increases. Pmech(input) =  =constant

• Since V, E & X are kept constant, to increase the generator VE

power, angle  will be increased to increase the power. P  3
X
sin() 3

120 N(rpm )
By keeping rotor speed cons tan t (  N(rpm ) ), stator voltage frequency is kept cons tan t : f 
Poles ( flux )
5.5 Maximum Power Flow [ Pmax ( = 900) ] P
V E
sin()
X

• The maximum power transfer is the real power output when the
V E
power angle is 90 degrees. P 
max
X

• In theory, the power angle  ≤ 90 degree. This limitation is

called “Steady-state stability limit”.

• Above  > 90 degree, generator will lose synchronism.

5.5 Maximum Power Flow
Pmax
VS x VR0
VR  VS I
P /
sin( ) Watts
X

 = 90; Sin900 =1; Sin00=Sin1800 =0

The maximum power that the line can

deliver, which occurs when  = 90,

Real power delivered by a lossless line
versus voltage angle across the line
VR  VS
P /
Watts
X

Pmax represents the theoretical steady-state stability limit of a

lossless line. If an attempt were made to exceed this steady-
state stability limit, then synchronous machines at the sending
end would lose synchronism with those at the receiving end.
5.5 Maximum Power Flow VR  VS
P /
sin( ) Watts
X
VS x VR0 VS0 x VR0
I

Case1: Supply Power as Generator Case2: No Power Exchange

VS- x VR0
I
Observe Current
Case3: Absorb Power as a Motor
direction

Real Power (P) Output – Three Cases

Case1 900>>0
Case 2  =00=1800=3600

Case 3 3600> >1800

5.5 Maximum Power Flow

VR  VS VR2 VR
From : Q  /
cos()  /  /  VS cos()  VR   VRI sin 
X X X

Reactive Power (Q) Output – Three Cases

VS cos > VR

VS cos = VR
VS cos < VR
When the rotor of a synchronous generator is overexcited - given more DC excitation
(usually when the grid is lagging and in need of reactive power, i.e., inductive), it would
provide the needed reactive power to the grid. But when the rotor is underexcited - given
less DC excitation (usually when the grid is leading and has large reactive power, i.e.,
capacitive) it would absorb reactive power from the grid. In this way the reactive power is
controlled

By the increasing excitation current, the vector Ef and load current will change

active power is not based on the excitation current.

Excitation current control of synchronous generator is operated paralleled to net\Vork

(infinite bus systems) cause to change in its internal emk (Ef) and just only reactive
power of the machine is effected. Active power of the machine stay at constant value

When the field current is constant in the machine, Efvoltage is also constant.
Thus for the Adjustment of the active power, the torque angle should be changed.
To make bigger the angle 0 as big as ,10, the given torque to generator's shaft
should be increased and accelerated in a short time by opening the valve of the
water turbine or steam turbine
5.5 Maximum Power Flow

steady-state stability limit (Pmax) in terms of SIL

1. Doubling of line voltage enables a fourfold increase in

maximum power flow

2. Decreases with line length

EXAMPLE 5.4: VS.p.u= VR.p.u=1, = 5000 km,
and line lengths up to 1100 km.

Transmission-line
load ability curve
for 60-Hz
overhead lines:
no series or
shunt
compensation

Note: Theoretical steady-state stability limit decreases from

4(SIL) for a 200-km line to about 2(SIL) for a 400-km line.
EXAMPLE 5.4 Theoretical steady-state stability limit: long line Neglecting
line losses, find the theoretical steady-state stability limit for the 300-km line
in Example 5.2. Assume a 266.1- surge impedance (Zc), a 5000-km
wavelength, and VS =VR =765 kV.
2
V
SIL  rated , (MW )
Zc
Alternatively, from Figure 5.12, for
a 300-km line, the theoretical
steady-state stability limit is
(2.72)SIL = (2.72)(2199)= 5980
MW, about the same as the
above result (see Figure 5.12).
EXAMPLE 5.5 Theoretical maximum power delivered: long line Determine the
theoretical maximum power, in MW that the line in Example 5.2 can deliver.
Assume VS = VR =765 kV.

This value is about 4% less than that found in Example 5.4 (5974 MW), where
losses were neglected.
Example (Not in Book)
 5.6 Line Loadability
In practice, power lines are not operated to deliver their
theoretical maximum power, which is based on rated terminal
voltages and an angular displacement = 90 across the line.
Figure 5.12 shows a practical line loadability curve plotted
below the theoretical steady-state stability limit. This curve is
based on the voltage-drop limit VR/VS0.95 and on a maximum
angular displacement of 30 to 350 across the line (or about 450
across the line and equivalent system reactances), in order to
maintain stability during transient disturbances. The curve is
valid for typical overhead 60-Hz lines with no compensation.

For short lines less than 80 km

long, loadability is limited by the
thermal rating of the conductors
or by terminal equipment
ratings, not by voltage drop or
stability considerations. Figure 5.12
EXP 5.7 Selection of transmission line voltage and number of lines for power transfer

Plant 9000 MW are to be transmitted to 500 km from the plant.

Based on practical line loadability criteria, determine the number
of three-phase, lines required to transmit this power, with one
line out of service, for the following cases: (a) 345-kV lines
ZC=297 W; (b) 500-kV, ZC=277 W; (c) 765-kV, ZC=266 W. VS=1
pu, VR=0:95 pu, and  = 35o. Uncompensated and negligible
mutual coupling between them.
Voltage Z  L SIL   V  MW V 2
V  SIL S ( PU ) R ( PU )
rated P  sin 35  SIL(0.924) MW
C C ZC
max
 2l 
sin 
  

345-kV ZC= 297 SIL  (345

2
)
 401 MW Pmax  SIL(0.924 )  401(0.924 )  372 MW / line
297
2

500-kV ZC= 277 SIL  (500

277
)
 903 MW Pmax  SIL(0.924)  903(0.924)  837 MW / line

(765 )2 Pmax  SIL(0.924)  2200(0.924)  2039 MW / line

  2200 MW
765-kV ZC= 266 SIL 266

9000
9000 #500kV Lines   1  10.8  1  12
#345kV Lines   1  24.2  1  26 837
372 9000
#765kV Lines   1  4 .4  1  6
Increase Voltage Reduces lines from 26 to 6 2039
EXP 5.8 Effect of intermediate substations on number of lines for power transfer
Can five instead of six 765-kV lines transmit the required power
9000 MW, ZC=266 W, VS=1 pu, VR=0.95 pu, and =35o, 500 km
from the plant. If there are two intermediate substations that
divide each line into three 167-km line sections, and if only one
line section is out of service?
 2l 
 2  500  X /  Z C sin(l)  ZC sin 
X /  ( 266) sin   156.35    
 5000  1 1 1 1 R
    Req 
R eq R R R 3
Combining series/parallel reactance's, X/  X/ 
/
X eq   2
 35 
the equivalent reactance of 5-lines with 3 4 



one line section out of service is 

39 X /
12  15

39 X /
180
 0.2167 X / 

1  2 /  1  X/ 
Xeq   X      0.2167 X /  33.88 
53  4 3 

(765)(765  0.95) sin(35o )

P  9412 MW
33.88
Increase Voltage Reduces lines from 26 to 6. Inclusion
of line losses would reduce the above value by 3 or 4%
to about 9100 MW. Therefore, the answer is yes.
Intermediate substations are often economical Line section out Intermediate substations
 High Voltage AC (HVAC) Transmission
220; 500 kV HVAC Transmission
Power Plant
VS1 X VR 2

Long Distance

Power Flow (P)

VS VR
P sin( 1   2 )
X
X

Parallel
Compensation
Series Load-flow
compensation control
Maximum power flow, discussed in Section 5.4 for lossless lines, is derived
here in terms of the ABCD parameters for lossy lines. The following notation is
used:

The complex
power
delivered to
the receiving
end is
The theoretical maximum real power delivered (or steady-state stability limit) occurs
when  =Z

The second term in (5.5.6), and the fact that Z/ is larger than X/, reduce PRmax to a value
somewhat less than that given by for a lossless line.
EXAMPLE 5.5 Theoretical maximum power delivered: long line Determine the
theoretical maximum power, in MW that the line in Example 5.2 can deliver.
Assume VS = VR =765 kV.

This value is about 4% less than that found in Example 5.4 (5974 MW), where
losses were neglected.
END Transmission Lines