Shunt Compensation

Reactive Power Control

Voltage Control
Mechanically Switched Devices
Thyristor and Converter–Based Compensators
 Shunt Compensation =
Voltage/Reactive Power Support

V 1 δ1 P V 2 δ2

Transmission Line X

1
P = V1V2 sin (δ1-δ2)
X

V or Q control

2 .
 AC Power Transmission

V
Power Transfer
• Real Power (MW)

• Reactive Power (Mvar)

- Capacitive Reactive Power
(Electrostatic Field, f(V))

- Inductive Reactive Power

(Electromagnetic Field, F(I))

Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) is f(V, L, C)

3 .
 REACTIVE POWER SCALE
“Surge Impedance Loading (SIL)”

“Light” Loading < SIL

• Inductive < Capacitive
Overvoltage Risk

Loading is= SIL

• Inductive = Capacitive
Underutilized Transmission

“Heavy”Loading >SIL
• Inductive > Capacitive
Voltage Instability Risk

4 .
 Shortage of Reactive Power Support

• Generation outage
• Transmission Contingencies, e.g Line outages
• Increase of Power Transfer Levels
• Generator at their reactive power limits
• Generators reactive power/voltage control dispatching

5 .
 Reactive Power Puts a Limit on the
Full Utilization of Power Transmission

• Mvar Support is Exchangeable

= withPower”
“Reactive MW
FOAM
• The Exchange Rate could be up to 0.5 MW/Mvar

6 .
 Reactive Power Compensation

Real Power Released

A
P (pu)

0.06

0.04
C

0.02
B

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Possible Compensation
Reactive Power Compensation
Locations A, B and/or C

7 .
 Reactive Power Management of Transmission
Networks

Conventional “Mechanically Switched Reactors and Capacitor

Banks →

Emergency VAR Supply (CAPcitor Shorting) →

Thyristor Switched Capacitors- Thyristor Controlled Reactors →

Voltage Sourced Converter-based Controllers →

8 .
 Controlling Line Voltage

Vo I

+
V dc

S tatic Synchronous C om pensator

Control TCR TSC FC - ST ATC O M -

Power electronics-Based Controllers = FACTS Controllers

Optional Means
Mechanical Switched Capacitors and/or Reactors
Static Var Compensator, Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR), Thyristor
Switched Capacitors (SVC)

Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)-Both Inductive and

Capacitive Compensation
9 .
 Low-Cost Emergency Reactive Power
Compensator (CAPS)

• Extracts additional Mvar from shunt capacitor banks

for finite time period
Station Bus

Unshorted Discharge
Shunt Section Impedance
Capacitor
Bank
Shorted Section, typically
comprises 20% to 33% of Shorting
the bank Switch

• Shorting switch added to shunt section of capacitor

bank to increase Mvar output
10 .
 Necessity of “Controlled” Reactive
Power “Robust” Transmission Grid

Dynamic State
Capacitive Mvar
• Fast voltage support
• Controlled compensation response
• Counteracts power oscillations
Inductive Mvar
• Ride-through during faults
• Smooth return to normal
Valve Current
Steady State
• Voltage regulation

• Power flow control Shock Absorber

• Power management
• Relief or elimination of bottlenecks

11 .
 Reactive Power Management

Need
Strengthen Reactive and Voltage Control
In Large Interconnected Transmission Grids

Results

Prevention or Mitigation of Cascading Blackouts

12 .
 Basics of Converter-Based
Shunt Compensation
Transmission lineline
Transmission
Vo VL L
Transformer
Transformer Voltage source
II inductance
inductance
V0 V0 converter with
controlled
output voltage
Voltage
Sourced
sourced
Inverter
Gate Turn Off inverter
If VL=V0, I = 0
If VL<V0, I = capacitive
GTO, GCT, IGBT If VL>V0, I = inductive
DC DC
capacitor
capacitor
VdcVdc

Pulse-Width Modulation
Three-Level Switching

13 .
 STATCOM V-I and V-Q Characteristics

14 .
 Basic Control Scheme of Shunt Compensation

15 .
 STATCOM versus Synchronous Compensator

16 .
 Thyristor- versus Converter-based Controller
Performance
Transmission line Transient
rating
VT

Coupling
transformer PT

Thyristor Vref
valves Control
Auxiliary
inputs
C C L L
Parameter IC IL
setting ICmax 0 ILmax
Capacitor Reactor
banks Capacitive Inductive
banks

(a) (b)

AC system V T

Coupling
∆Vg Transformer
AT AC TERMINAL Transient
~)
I q (+I dc rating
Supplies "Q"
VT
Generator Vg > VT +Iq Transient
Vg Vg- VT Vg+
Vga
ac terminal PT rating
Vgc Vgb
Vg < VT -Iq -∆Vg +∆Vg
Absorbs "Q"

Vref
Control Auxiliary
AT DC TERMINAL
inputs
1
Switching I dc 0 + Vdc IC IL
Idc converter Parameter
Vdc setting ICmax 0 ILmax
-
DC terminal 0
+

Energy Capacitive Inductive

C source or
storage
17 .
(a) (b) (c)
 Thyristor-Controlled versus Converter-Controlled
Reactive Power Compensators

In the late 1970s

Thyristor switched and/or
controlled capacitors/reactors
•Limited performance
•Limited functionality
•Large footprint

In the mid 1980s

Converter-based Controllers
•Superior performance
•Versatile functionality
•Smaller footprint
18 .
 STATCOM versus SVC
Real Estate

STATCOM Installation SVC Installation

19 .
 Thyristor- versus Converter-based Controller
Cost

Higher Cost (25%) Lower Cost

Better Performance Limited Performance
Versatile Functionality Single Functionality

Thyristor-
50 Based
Converter-
Based $ $$ $
20 $ $ $ $ $

Cost Breakdown
20 .
 Reactive Power Management

Optimal Reactive Power Planning

Reactive Power Markets

Real-Time VAR and Voltage Security Management

21 .
 Shunt Compensation Planning Studies
1.05
Voltage at Load (pu) 0.84
0.63
P-V Performance
0.42
0.21
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Power Transferred (pu)

3000

2500

2000

1500
Qgen (MVAr)

Base
1000 C1
C1 Single
500
C1 Double
Q-V Performance
0
0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1
-500

-1000

-1500
22 Voltage (pu) .
 P-V Curves
Uncompensated

Shunt compensated

Series compensated

23 .
 Applications of Shunt Compensation

• Voltage support- Improving Stability and

Quality of Power Delivery

• Reactive Power Support- Increasing

Transmission Capacity

• Voltage Support at the end of a radial line.

• Improvement of transient stability and dynamic

stability (power oscillation damping)

24 .