FACTS Technology Development

and Applications

Overview
Power Delivery Issues
Power Electronics-Based Controllers
 FACTS

Flexible
Alternating
Current
Transmission
System
FACTS is a Power Electronic-based
Technology to Enhance Controllability
and Increase Power Transfer Capability
of Transmission System
 Vision/Mission of Flexible AC
Transmission System Research Program
• Maximizing Transmission Capacity
• Improved Performance, Control, Protection,
Monitoring & Diagnostics Tools
• Power Electronics-Based Controllers, Low cost,
Reliable, Versatile functionalities
Transform the Grid from being
a “passive” to an “active” Grid
i.e., flexible, controllable, securely utilizable up to
its maximum capacity, and delivering power
with the needed quality reliability and security.
Transmission Grid Issues

Uncontrolled Power Flows

Results are:
Low power transfer capability
Bottlenecks
Loop flows
Uncontrolled Flows
Power and Voltage Stabilities
Results are: Ontario
Hydro New York
Power Pool
Generator Outages
Line tripping
Blackouts Loop flow
Power Flow is “Uncontrolled”!!

1 3 4

2 5

100%

50%

0
1-2 1-3 2-3 2-4 2-5 3-4 4-5

Unused capacity
 Grid Stability

“Inherent” Stored Energy

•Kinetic Energy
• Electro-magnetic Energy
• Electro-Static Energy
Control and Protection Actions
• Transient Stability
• Dynamic Stability
• Voltage Stability
 STABILITY ISSUES
Transient Stability Equal Area Criterion

180
Transient instability
Rotor angle δ in degrees

Dynamic instability

120
Stable

60
Prefault

tc = 0.1 s

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time t in seconds
STABILITY ISSUES
Dynamic Stability

180
Negatively damped
Rotor angle δ in degrees

Poorly Damped

120

60
Prefault Reasonably damped

tc = 0.07 s

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time t in seconds
STABILITY ISSUES
Voltage Instability
Voltage
Tripping line L2
L1
Slight increase
in loading
System
L2 Collapse
Voltage

t
PL+jQL
0 10 20 30 s
Power Transmission Challenges ??
Voltage SIL Typical Thermal
(kV) (MW) Rating (MW)
Thermal Limit
230 150 400
UncontrolledPower FlowLimit
345 400 1200
Stability Limit (SIL) 500 900 2600
765 2200 5400
1100 5200 24000

• Thermal Limits
• Uncontrolled Power Flows
• Stability Limits << Thermal Limits
Go Back to Physics

V 1 δ1 P V 2 δ2

Transmission Line X

1
P = V1V2 sin (δ1-δ2)
X

Electronic generator to
provide reactive power
Line Impedance & Angle
and insert real power Control

Line Load

Voltage Control Electronic generator to

provide reactive power
and extract real power
 Mechanically Switched
Controllers

Z P Qr

Vs δ s Vs Reg δ s Vr δ r

V C C P

L C C
δ
IC IL
Switched Capacitors and Reactors Series Capacitors
for reactive var compensation for line impedance control

1
P = Vs Vr sin ( δ s - δ r )
X
VReg P
Y ∆
Y ∆
∆V δ−σ
Tap changer Tap changer
In-phase Tap-Changing Transformer Quadrature Tap-Changing Transformer
for voltage regulation for transmission angle control
Power Electronics-Based Controllers (PEBC)
Thyristor-Based

Z P Qr

Vs δ s Vs Reg δ s Vr δ r

P
V

δ
IC IL
Static Var Compensator (SVC) Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)

1
P = Vs Vr sin ( δ s - δ r )
X

Y VReg P ∆

Tap changer ∆V δ−σ Tap changer

Thyristor-Controlled Voltage Regulator (TCVR) Thyristor-Controlled Phase Angle Regulator (TCPAR)

Power Electronics-Based Controllers (PEBC)
Converter-Based

Z P Qr

Vs δ s Vs Reg δ s Vr δ r

V P

δ
IC IL
Static Synchronous Static Synchronous Series
Compensator (STATCOM) Compensator (SSSC)

1
P = Vs Vr sin ( δ s - δ r )
X

VReg P

∆V δ−σ
Converter-Based Voltage Regulator Converter-Based Phase Angle Regulator

FUGP 12
Necessity of Power Electronics-Based Controllers
“Robust” Transmission Grid
Dynamic needs
Capacitive Mvar
• Fast voltage support
• Controlled compensation response
• Counteracts power oscillations
Inductive Mvar
• Ride-through during faults
• Smooth return to normal Valve Current
Steady State needs
• Voltage regulation

• Power flow control Shock Absorber

• Power management
• Relief or elimination of bottlenecks
 Power Electronics-Based Controllers
Development - Historical Perspectives

P
V

δ In the late
Thyristors IC IL 1970s
Switches
Static Var Compensator (SVC) Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)

Thyristor switched and/or controlled Capacitors/Reactors

V P

In the
Gate δ
Turn-Off
IC IL mid 1980s
Switches Static Synchronous Static Synchronous Series
Compensator (STATCOM) Compensator (SSSC)

Voltage-Sourced Converter-based Controllers

Power Electronics-Based Controllers (PEBC)
Technology Development
In the late 1970s
Thyristor switched and/or
controlled capacitors/reactors
•Limited performance
•Limited functionality
•Large footprint

In the mid 1980s

Converter-based Controllers
•Superior performance
•Versatile functionality
•Smaller footprint
 Voltage-Sourced Converter
“A Building Block for New T&D Controllers”

Transmission lineline
Transmission
Vo VL L
Transformer
Transformer Voltage source
II inductance
inductance
V0 V0 converter with
controlled
output voltage
Voltage
Sourced
sourced
Inverter
Gate Turn Off inverter
If VL=V0, I = 0
If VL<V0, I = capacitive
GTO, GCT, IGBT If VL>V0, I = inductive
DC DC
capacitor
capacitor
VdcVdc

Pulse-Width Modulation
Three-Level Switching
Synthesizing of a Sinusoidal Voltage Wave Shape
Method of Output Waveform Synthesis:
Harmonic Neutralization
48-Pulse Waveform Construction
Total output voltage:
Two 6-pulse 2-level Total output voltage
12-pulse
converters in a 3

HV 12-pulse structure 2

1
o
0 0

-1

Y Y
-2

C -3

vd c
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5

-0.5
-0.5

-1.5 -1.5

o 1.5
1.5

0.5
30 0.5

-0.5
Magnetic ∆
-0.5

C
-1.5 Y -1.5

Interface vd c

Inverter 1 Inverter 2 Common DC bus two-level

Three-phase,
six-pulse converters

Pulse-Width Modulation
Voltage Source Converter
Two-Level Switching
Voltage Source Converter
Three-Level Switching
Voltage Source Converter
Pulse-Width Switching
 VSC Applications and Functions in T&D Grids
V pq
V VC
I+ I o V I I
I I

Vo I
Vo Io Id c

+ +
- V dc

+
-
- -
+

V dc
V dc
S ta tic S y n c h ro n o u s STATCO M SSSC
S tatic Synchronous C om pensator S e rie s C o m p e n s a to r U n ifie d P o w e r F lo w C o n tro lle r (U P F C )
- S T ATC O M - - SSSC -

SSSC UPFC
STATCOM Voltage, line impedance,
Voltage Control Line impedance control and phase angel control
V pq1
V I1 I1

V pq2
System 1 System 2 I2 I2

V1 V2
P12 Idc

+ + + +
- - - V dc -

B a c k -to -B a c k A s y n c h r o n o u s /S y n c h r o n o u s T ie
SSSC SSSC
Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)

Back-to-Back IPFC
Voltage and power transfer control Interline power exchange
 GRID BENEFITS
Reliability & Quality of Power Delivery
Increase of Power Transfer Full Control of Power Transfer
A E P U P F C C O N T R O L L IN G P O W E R O N
B IG S A N D Y - IN E Z L IN E
1 .05
IN E Z B U S V O L T A G E ( P U )

Without UPFC 1

Big 0 .95
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 00
Sandy
725 670 Inez
100 % at -3 ° 94% at -2 7° 2 00 L IN E R E A L P O W ER ( P ) M W

146 185 1 00 L IN E R E A C T IVE P O W E R ( Q ) M v a r Q

Wi th UP FC 0

Big - 1 00 P
Sa ndy 8 50 777 Inez
- 2 00
100 % at - 1.2° U PFC 99 % at -24°
- 3 00
60 374 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 00

1 00
UP FC
50 S H U N T IN V ER T E R R EA C T IV E P O W E R ( M v a r )
0
- 50
- 1 00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 0
T im e ( s )
 Reliability & Quality of Power Delivery
Bi-directional Power Flow & Fast and Transient Free
Voltage Support V and Q Control
 Installed FACTS Transmission Controllers in the US
EPRI Sponsored (5 installations)
Commercial (8 installations))
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC):
“All Transmission Parameters Controller”
± 160 MVA Shunt and ± 160 MVA Series at
UPFC
Inez Substation (AEP) 1998

Convertible Static
Compensator (CSC):
“Flexible Multi-
functional
Compensator”
± 200 MVA at Marcy
Substation (NYPA)
2000 & 2003
Thyristor Controlled
Series Capacitor
(TCSC), 208 Mvar
Slatt Substation
CSC
(BPA) 1993

TCSC BTB Static Synchronous

Compensator (STATCOM) :
“Voltage Controller”
FACTS Controller ± 100 Mvar STATCOM at
“Back-To-Back HVDC Tie” Sullivan Substation (TVA)
36 MW at Eagle Pass (CSW) 1995
2000
STATCOM
 World Wide FACTS INSTALLATIONS



‡
„
  »
z z ”

”

„
„
»

„ TCSC, Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor » HVDC, High Voltage DC Voltage Source Converter
 STATCOM, Static Compensator ‡ CSC, Convertible Static Compensator
z UPFC, Unified Power Flow Controller ” BTB, Back to Back Voltage Sourced Converter
 Power Electronics-Based Controllers are
Essential to:
• Control Power Flows
• Increase Transmission Capacity
• Improve power delivery quality
• Increase Transmission Security
• Reduce Reactive power Flows
• Provide Dynamic Voltage support at
Strategic Transmission Buses
• Provide Asynchronous/Synchronous
Ties
• Increase Flexibility for Siting New
Generators
 Voltage and
Reactive Power Control

+ 100 Mvar Sullivan STATCOM

Line V oltage (P U ) R eference from TVA D ispatcher
1.055

1.050
PU
1.045
0 6 12 18 24

STATCOM VAR OUTPUT (PU)

1.0

0.5

0.0
IN DU C TIVE
C AP AC ITIVE

-0.5

tim e (hr.)
-1.0
0 6 12 18 24

M idnight Noon M idnight

• Continuous Voltage and Reactive Power Control

<
 138 kV

SPARE

Real, Reactive Power

SHUNT
SHUNT SERIES
TFMR
TFMR TFMR

INTERMEDIATE INTERMEDIATE
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER

and Voltage Control

INVERTER 1 INVERTER 2

2 x 160 MVA Inez UPFC

To Tri-State To 765 kV
Big Sandy Logan
138 kV
Baker 345 kV

UPFC Inez
Series

UPFC
Shunt

Beaver
Creek
Clinch River John’s
& TVA Sprigg
SVC Creek

• Reliable Power Delivery to the Inez

• Increase of Power Transfer (100 MW)
 Multi-Functional Controller
2 x 100 MVA Marcy CSC

M arcy New
B BR12 Scotland
line

T R -SE2

Coopers
BR11 Corners
line

Marcy T R-SH
T R-SE1

LV1 LV2

M O D-1 CS-1 M O D-2 CS-2 M O D-3 M O D-4 M O D -5 M O D-6

M M M M M M

T hyristo r T hyristor
Bypass # 1 Bypass
#2

SWDC1

• Increase upstate-to-downstate power transfer by 200 MW

• Relieve a major transmission bottleneck
• Improve voltage control
 Voltage Source Converter
-Based Back-to-Back
36 MVA
36 MVA

Hamilton Asherton
Road 138 kV

Eagle Pass
Distribution IGBTs Valve
To Mexico Network
Pulse-Width Modulation
• Improves Reliability and Quality
of Power Delivery
 GRID BENEFITS
Reliability & Quality of Power Delivery
Increase of Power Transfer Full Control of Power Transfer
A E P U P F C C O N T R O L L IN G P O W E R O N
B IG S A N D Y - IN E Z L IN E
1 .05
IN E Z B U S V O L T A G E ( P U )

Without UPFC 1

Big 0 .95
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 00
Sandy
725 670 Inez
100 % at -3 ° 94% at -2 7° 2 00 L IN E R E A L P O W ER ( P ) M W

146 185 1 00 L IN E R E A C T IVE P O W E R ( Q ) M v a r Q

Wi th UP FC 0

Big - 1 00 P
Sa ndy 8 50 777 Inez
- 2 00
100 % at - 1.2° U PFC 99 % at -24°
- 3 00
60 374 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 00

1 00
UP FC
50 S H U N T IN V ER T E R R EA C T IV E P O W E R ( M v a r )
0
- 50
- 1 00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 0
T im e ( s )
Real and Reactive Power Dispatch Using Unified
Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
1.05 1.05
INEZ BUS VOLTAGE (PU)
INEZ BUS VOLTAGE (PU)
1
1
0.95
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0.95
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
300 300
LINE REAL POWER (P) MW LINE REAL POWER (P) MW
200 200
LINE REACTIVE POWER (Q) Mvar LINE REACTIVE POWER (Q) Mvar
100 100
Q
Q
0
0
-100 P
-100 P
-200
-200
-300
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 -300
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

150 150
100 SHUNT INVERTER REACTIVE POWER (Mvar)
SHUNT INVERTER REACTIVE POWER (Mvar)
50 50
0 -50
-50
-100 -150
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (s) Time (s)
 Reliability & Quality of Power Delivery
Bi directional Power Flow & Fast and Transient Free
Voltage Support V and Q Control
 Power Electronics-Based Controllers
Development “Roadmap”

Improve Reliability/Availability
Lower Development Costs

Expand Functionality & Controllability

 Moving Ahead: Challenges

Reduction of Overall Costs (goal 25%-30%)

Improvement of Reliability/Availability (goal 99%)

Featuring Structural Modularity and Scalability

 Opportunities
Emitter Turn-Off (ETO) Thyristor
New Developed Power Semiconductor Switch

Combines the best performance Characteristics

of IGBT and IGCT

+ =
IGBT IGCT ETO
 ETO- Technical Characteristics
• 5000A Snubber-less Turn-off
Capability
• Low Switching losses &
Conduction losses
• Low Cost Device and Circuit
• Easy for Series and Parallel
Operation
• Low Gate Drive Power
• Built-in Over-Current
Protection and Current Sensor
• Easy for Mass-Production
 Opportunities
Innovative Converter-Based Concept
Meeting the targeted Objectives
Characterizing Criteria :
• Sinusoidal output
• Standard coupling transformer, if needed
• Modular- using basic building block converters
to provide partial availability, and
expandability both in rating and functional
flexibility
• Reasonable operating losses
 New Converter Platform
“Carrier-Neutralized Converter Platform (CNCP)”
VC

I I

+
V dc

S ta tic S y n c h ro n o u s
S e rie s C o m p e n s a to r
- SSSC -

H-BRIDGE NO. 1 OUTPUT VOLTAGE

H-BRIDGE NO. 2 OUTPUT VOLTAGE

H-BRIDGE NO. 3 OUTPUT VOLTAGE

Building Building Building Building H-BRIDGE NO. 4 OUTPUT VOLTAGE

Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 TOTAL OUTPUT

VOLTAGE
 CNCP Meeting Targeted Objectives

• Cost Reduction Goal: 20%-25% cost reduction

- Provides potential for the lowest $/KVA- minimum number of
components and highest output power per total VA of used
semiconductors-
- Transformer-less Series Controller
• Reliability/Availability Goal: 99%
- No auxiliary components are needed for harmonic cancellation
- Transformer-less Series Controller
- Identical Building Blocks Module Structure for partial
availability
- Wide-frequency band control operation-fast and effective
protection action during abnormal operation conditions and
contingencies
Ideal Voltage-Sourced Converter Sought

DC AC
Terminals Terminals

Vac
C
+

Vdc -

Sinusoidal output

DC Switching Coupling
Capacitor Converter Transformer

• Single, • Sinusoidal output • Standard

two terminal • Low losses • Single unit
unit (back-to- • Modularity
back • Partial availability
connection,
storage)
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Questions?