Power Quality

Outline
• Review of Power Quality Problems
• Voltage Sags and Momentary Interruptions
• Customer Surveys
• Power Acceptability Curves– CEMA, ITIC, F-47
• Impact of Voltage Sags on Equipment
• Conclusions

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 Power Quality Definitions
• IEEE : The concept of powering and
grounding sensitive equipment in a
manner that is suitable to the operation of
that equipment.
• IEC : Characteristics of the electricity at a
given point on an electrical system,
evaluated against a set of reference
technical parameters

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 Power Quality Definitions
• Power Quality: Variations of voltage from the ideal nominal parameters of waveshape, rms
value and frequency

• Power Quality is the absence of unwanted variations (beyond some subjective tolerance
level), not "any variations"

• “my preference would be to change the term power quality to system compatibility”

• “Quality Power is the level it takes to satisfy my Customer needs”

• “Power Quality is not getting any crap from the electric system that messes with (end use)
equipment”
• It is an umbrella concept for a multitude of individual types of power disturbances. The
issues that fall under this umbrella are not necessarily new. What is new is that engineers
are now attempting to deal with these issues using a system approach rather than handling
them as individual problems.

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Power Quality 5
Electromagnetic Disturbances as Classified by the IEC

Conducted low-frequency phenomena

Harmonics, interharmonics
Signal systems (power line carrier)
Voltage fluctuations (flicker)
Voltage dips and interruptions
Voltage imbalance (unbalance)
Power frequency variations
Induced low-frequency voltages
DC in ac networks
Radiated low-frequency phenomena
Magnetic fields
Electric fields
Conducted high-frequency
phenomena
Induced continuous-wave (CW) voltages or currents
Unidirectional transients
Oscillatory transients
Radiated high-frequency phenomena
Magnetic fields
Electric fields
Electromagnetic fields
Continuous waves
Transients
Electrostatic discharge phenomena (ESD)
Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP)

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 Why now?
• Newer-generation load equipment, with microprocessor-based
controls and power electronic devices, is more sensitive to power
quality variations.
• The increasing emphasis on power efficiency has resulted in
continued growth in the application of devices such as adjustable-
speed motor drives and shunt capacitors for power factor correction
to reduce losses.
• End users have an increased awareness of power quality issues.
• Many things are now interconnected in a network.
• A growing need for standardization and performance criteria.
• Utilities want to deliver a good product.
• The power supply has become too good.
• The power quality can be measured.

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Power Quality 8
 Engineering Speak

“We are making modifications to

address minor difficulties”

Translation:
We are starting over.

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 Engineering Speak

“We are looking at a

number of
approaches”

Translation:
We are guessing.
 Engineering Speak

“We are trying some new

approaches”

Translation:
We threw some new
guys on it.

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 Engineering Speak

“Test results are gratifying”

Translation:
It worked and boy are we surprised!

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 Power Quality Problems
Y Voltage Sags
Y Undervoltages
Y Momentary
Interruptions Y Transient
Overvoltages Y
Harmonics
Y Voltage Unbalance
Y Flicker
Y Voltage Notching
Y Frequency Variations
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Voltage Deviation vs Duration

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Power Quality Problems
Voltage Sag

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Power Quality Problems
Momentary Interruption

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Power Quality Problems
Momentary Interruption due to fault
and breaker reclose

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Power Quality Problems
Transient Overvoltages

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Power Quality Problems
Harmonics

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Flicker Due to Arc Furnace Operation

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Power Quality Problems
Voltage Notching

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Power Quality Problems
Voltage Unbalance

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 Power Quality Problems
Voltage Unbalance

Motor Derating Factor due to Unabalanced Voltage

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 Power Quality Indices
Index Definitions Main Applications

Total Harmonic Distortion  I2 General purpose; standards
n
n2
I1
Power factor Pav Potentially in revenue metering

Vrms I rms

Telephone interference factor  w2 I 2 Audio circuit interference
n n
n2

I rms

2 2
C message index c I Communication interference
n n
n2

I rms
2 2
IT product w I Audio circuit interference; shunt
n n
n1 capacitor stress

2 2
VT product w V Voltage distortion index
n n
n2

2 2
K factor h I Transformer derating
h
h1

 I2
h
h1
Crest factor V peak Dielectric stress
Vrms

Unbalance factor V Three-phase circuit balance

V
Filcker factor ΔV Incandescent lamp operation; bus
V voltage regulation; sufficiency of
Power Quality short circuit capacity 24
Penyulang Damatex1

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Penyulang Damatex1

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Penyulang KC68

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Penyulang KC68

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Penyulang KC128 (low-voltage side)

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Penyulang KC128 (low-voltage side)

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Penyulang Ginjal

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Penyulang Ginjal

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 Voltage Sags
Y Reduction in the ac voltage, at the power frequency, for
durations from a half-cycle to a few seconds.
Y Magnitude between 90% and 10%
Y Voltage Sag is Characterized by two parameters – Magnitude
and Duration
Y Power Electronics Loads are Sensitive to Voltage Sags
Y Impacts Industrial Customers 7 to 8 Times More Likely Than
Outages

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 34

Power Quality
 What Causes Voltage Sags?
Y Short Circuit Faults
Y Motor starting
Y Transformer Energization

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Power Quality 39
 Lightning

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Equipment Failure

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Power Quality 42
 Voltage Sag due to Motor Starting

220

215

210
RMS voltage in V

205

200

195

190
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
43
Power QuaTliitmy e in
Cycles
Voltage Sag due to Transformer
Energization
11

10.9

10.8

10.7
RMS voltage in kV

10.6

10.5

10.4

10.3

10.2

10.1

10
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time in Cycles
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Voltage Sags and Interruption
 Estimating Voltage Sag Performance

• Determine the number and characteristics of

voltage sags that result from transmission
system faults.
• Determine the number and characteristics of
voltage sags that result from distribution system
faults.
• Determine the equipment sensitivity to voltage
sags.
• Evaluate the economics of different solutions
that could improve the performance.
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Vulnerability Area

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 Category of Equipment Sensitivity
• Equipment sensitive to only the magnitude
of a voltage sag.
• Equipment sensitive to both the magnitude
and duration of a voltage sag.
• Equipment sensitive to characteristics
other than magnitude and duration.

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Transformer Secondary Transforme Phase-to- Phase-to- Phasor
r diagram
Voltages with Single- Connectio
n
Phase
Vab
Vca
V
neutral
an
Vcn
Vbc 0.58 Vbn 1.00 c
Phase to Ground Fault 0.58 0.00
1.00 1.00
on the Primary
120o a

b
0.58 1.00 0.58 0.33 0.88 0.33 c

158o a

0.33 0.88 0.88 c

b a
0.88 0.88 0.33 0.58 1.00 0.58 c a

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The End