t PU

r of tetrahodral voids generated is equal to twice the number of atoms of the

element N.
Chemi
voids 2x 4 = 8
Number of tetrahedral
=

The atuvLs of elenicat Mocupy r d ot the tetrahedral voids.

Therefere, the number of atoms of M is equal to 8x=

Therefore. ratio of the number of atoms af M to that of N is M: N = : 4 = 8:12

in simple ratio 23
Thus. the fuemula of the compound is M:N
71. A compound is formed by two
of the element X (as cations) occupy elementsAAa T. atoms
all h e
Octanedral
ot the
element Y (as anions) make
ccp and thov
voids. What is the
Ans: The nunber of atoms per formula of the
unit cel in cep (fce) structure = 4 X =
compound?
Number of octahedral voids tormed is
equal to number of atoms
Therefore number of Y atoms = 4
Hence the atoms X and Y are present in the ratio 4:4
ia simple ratio of Xand Y
I:lTheretore the tormula of the
is
72. Atoms of clement B form compound XY =

hep the lattice and those

the formula of the
is ot
compound formed by the elements
element A occupy
2/3 of tetrahedral voids.
A and B? What
Ans: In hep., the
numberof purticles per unit cell is4 which occupy octahcdral
The number of tetrahedral voxds generated voids. Therefore B =
4
is
cqual to twice the number of atoms of
Number of tetrahedral voids = 2 x4=8 the element B.

The atoms
of clement A oceupynd of the tetrahedral voids.

Therefore, the number of atoms of

A is cqual to
8x=
Therefore. ratio of the nunber of atoms of A to that of B is M: N
In
=:4
3 16:12
simple ratio: 4:3
Thus, the fornula of the
compound is AuBs.
73. A
compound formed
by elements X and Y
corners of the cube and Y is at in the cubic crystallises
what is the formula strueture,
the six face where X is at the
Ans: centres. of the
TA
compound.
particle present at the corner shared by
one unit cell. 8 unit cells. So, Irom
eight cormers one at (X) contributes to
A
particle present at cach face is shared
contributes to one unit cell. by two unit cells. So, from six face centres, threc
X: Y atoms (Y)

Fomula = XY,

tudent's iuminator
 i PU Chemig

23. What are polar moleeular crystals: Give examples.

Ans: The molecular crystals made up ot polar molecules by covalent bonds called
are
polar molecular solid
Examples: Solids of HCl, NH, HCL, etc. ids.
24. Give the general properties of polar molecular solids.
Ans: () They are soft and bad conductors of clectricity.
(i) They are soluble in polar solvents
(ii) Meluing points are relatively higher than non
polar molecular crystalline
25. What are hydrogen bonded nmolecular
solids
crystals? Give an
examples.
Ans: The molecular crystals in which the molecules are held by
atoms are called hydrogen bonded molecular crystals. hydrogen bond between hydrogen and F, O
or N
Eramples lee (H;0), solid NHs etc.
26. What are metallic erystals? Give examples.
IAns: Metallic cry
stals consists ot positive kermels of ions held
together by sea of mobile electrons (metallic
Etamples: Cu, Fe, Au etc.
bond).
a).
27. Give any two general
properties of metallic crystals.
Ans: ) They have high
melting point and boiling points.
(i) They are
shiny (lusture) and colour in certain
cases
(ii) They conduct heat and
clectricity
(v) They are ductile and malleable
Note: Most of the
properties of metallic erystals are due
clectrons to the metallic bond
caused by delocalization
28. What type
of free
of solids are electrical condtuctors, malleable and ductile.
Ans: Metallic solids
29. What are ionic crystals? Give examples.
Ans: lonic crystals consists of cations and anions held
together by the electrostatic (coloumbic) force
Examples: NaCl, CsC, K,SO4 etc. of attraction.
30. Give
general properties of ionic crystals.
Ans: (a) They are hard and
brittle
(11) They have
very high melting point and
(ii) They are soluble in boiling points.
polar solvents like water.
(iv) They are not conductors
in solid state but
Note: conduct electricity in molten
Conduction of ionic solids in
molten state (fused) state or solution state.
Crystas
31.
ions are heid
by rigid lattice and not free
or in solutions
to move.
is due to the presence of free
ions. But in solid ionic
i What are
covalent or
network solids. Give
t
s The crystalline solids made up of atoms
examples.
network or
gaint solids. held together by strong covalent bonds are called covalent or
Examples: Diamond,
2. Give the graphite, silicon carbide etc.
ns: (1)
properties of covalent crystals.
Covalent crystals are hard and brittle.

tudent's iluminator
Jeevith Publicalions

1.3
.
Classification of crystalline solids
en the types of crystalline solids. Nane
the constituent particles and forees involved in them.
Aus:

SI. Type of solid

No. Constituent Bonding forces Examples
. Molecular solids particles
Molecules Van der Waal's
1orces
Non-polar
solids
molecular Molecules Dispersion or Solid Ar, He, H2. 1,. CCla, dry
1. Polar inolecular
London forces ice (solid CO;)
Molecules FHCI, SO, Solid NH,
solids Dipole Dipole
ii. Hydrogen bonded interactionn
Inolecular solids
Molecules Hydrogen bonding Ice (H,0)
. lonic solids
1ons
Coulombic or NaCI, Mg0, ZnS, CalF
electrostatic
.
Metallic solids Positive ions in
ofdelocalized
a sea
Metallic bonding.| Fe, Cu, Ag. Mg. Au, Zn

electrons.
Covalent or network Atoms
solids Covalcnt bonding Sio, (quartz) Sic (Silicon
carbide). AIN (alluminium
nitride), diamond, graphite
-
20. What molecular crystals? Mention the
are

Ans: Crystals in which the

type of molecular crystals.
constituent particles (molecules or atoms) are
are called molecular held together by weak attractive fom
crystals. There are three types of molecular crystals.
i) Non polar molecular
crystals
i) Polar molecular crystals and
(ii) Hydrogen bonded molecular crystals.
21. What are
non-polar molecular solids? Give examples.
Ans: The molecular
crystals made up of atoms (examples: solids of arogon, helium, etc.,) or
non polar covalent bonds
molecules forme
(examples: solids of Clh, H2. h etc.) are called non polar molecular solids. In
crystalline solids, the atoms or molecules are held by weak dispersion forces or London
forces.
22. Give the geyeral
properties of non polar molecular crystals.
Ans: i) They are soft and volatile.
(ii) They have low mclting and boiling points because of weak London forces.
(ii) They are soluble in non polar solvents

iv They are non conductors of clectricity.

Student's illuminator
 Chemig
solids dilfer in their p r o p e r t i e s ?
and crystaline
10. Why do amorphous
ot the constituent particles.
differences in the arringement
Ans: Due to the
four dilerences
between crystalline and amorphous solids, -
1. Give any
Ans:

SL. Crystalline solids Amorphous solids

No.
geometrical shape. They have irregular shape.
They have definite
T h e y have shuup nelinE POnE. They do not have sharp melting point.

. ney are
true s o l i d s .
They are pseudo solids orsuper cooled liquids.
iv.They
have detinite heat of fusion. Theydo not have definite heat offusion.
order.
The constituent paracies nae 1ong range The constituent particles have short range order.

Theyare anisotropic. They are isotropic

along definite planes.
Vil. hey can be cieaved They cannot be cleaved along detinite planes.
Note:

) Isotropy means physical proPerues ike reiractave index, electrical conductivity and thermal
same in all the direction conductivity are

i) Anisotropy means physical properties like relractive index, electrical

conductivity and thermal
are different in different directions. conductivit
12. Amorphous solids are isotropic in nature. Why? OR
Physical properties of amorphous solids are same in all directions. Give
reason.
Ans: It is because there is no long
range order in
amorphous solids and arrangement is iregular along al
directions.
13. Crystalline solids are anisotropic in nature. Why? OR
The physical
properties like electrical resistance, refractive index, etc., show different values
directions in crystalline solids. Give reason. in different
Ans: Since the arrangement of particles is different along different directions in crystalline solids,
same physical property is found to be different along cach direction. the value of
Therefore, crystalline solids
nature are
anisotropic in
14. Amorphous solids are called pseudosolids or super cooled
Ans: Because
liquids. Why?
amorphous solids have a tendency flow like liquids but slowly.
15. When do
amorphous solids become crystalline?
Ans: On heating amorphous solids become crystalline at some
temperature.
16. Why is glass considered as super cooled
Ans: Because molecules in glass show fluidity liquid?
to small extent under a

7. Glass panes fixed to windows or doors of old gravity on applying pressure. or

bottom than at the top. Give reason. buildings are invariably found to be slightly thicker at
the
s: This is because the glass flows down
very slowly due to fluid, character and makes the
ker. bottom portion slightly
What is the use of
amorphous silicon?
It is used in
photovoltaic cell (it converts sunlight into electricity).
r's Mluminator
 Joevith Publicalions

n C
yelluw oxide (Zn0) is white in colour at room
duo to the temperature. On heating, it loscs 0xygen and becne
trapped electrans.
ZnO
white Za o, +2e
yellow

Nc CACeSS Zn*" ions in the

interstitial sites crystal occupy interstitial sites and the clectrons occupy oticr neignbounng
100. What is
F-eentre?
Ans 1ne
anionie sites
occupied by the
Explain metal deiciency defects.unpaired electron
101. in metal excess defect are callcd F-cenue.

As n unis delect the positive ions are

y from missing their lattice sites and the extra
some near by metal ions
acquiring higher
negalive charge
y uc
composion 1s1ound to be
Feoos0 instead of FeO i.e., the charge. For eaample: in femOUs
OxIde eO,
O Arc
missing and the loss of composition of FeO is 0.95: I instead of ,
Fe 1ons. positive charge is compensated by the presence ol becausc
recquired numDer o
1.10 Elcctrlcal propertles
10 Whal is the
range of electrical
Ans: ()
Conductors- 10 to 10' conductivity in conductors, insulators and semiconductors:
(ii) Insulators
ohm m
10 to
10 ohm' m
(ii) Semiconductors 10 to 10 ohm'
Note: Metals m
having conductivity order
conductors. 10 ohm m" are very good
onduction
103. Explain the elecirical conductivity band
in metals.
Ans: The clectrical Conduction
valence electrons. In metal the
conductivity
of metals is due to the
movement of band
energy gap between valence band and
conduction band is very small or
sometimes they overlap. So electrons can
move easily from valence band (partially filled band) to the conduction
band (unfilled band). Hence metals are
good conductors of electricity.
Example: Copper, silver. gold, aluminium, ete. Partially Fartially
1lled valence led valence
Dand
Conductors

Conducton band

104. What are insulators?

Ans: In some solids
cnergy gap between valence band and the conduction band is
the elcctrons cannot jump from valence band to large so
conduction band. Such solids are called
insulators. Example: Rubber, plastic, wood etc., Forbidden zee
atge cnergy A

Valence
band
Lnsulator

Student's illuminator
 Jeevith Publications
15
**onpound
ow nany offorms hexagonal elose packed structure. What is the
total
these number of voids in 0.5 mole ol
Ot
are
tetrahedral voids it
r atoms in 0.5
mole of the
Number of
octahedral voids compound = 0.5 x 6.023 x 10= 3.011x 10"aloms
Number of tetrahedral
voids
=

3.011x10
Total mumber of voids
=

2x3.011x10*
=
(3.011+ 6.023) x
10 =
9.034 x10 atoms
1.9
86.
Imperfectlons in sollds
Basically how
many Of
types of defets arises
Ans: Two types of during the
87. What
defects -point defects
and line defecis
crystallization of solids? Name ueane
are line defects?
Ans: The
rtegularities or deviations from ideal
88. What are arrangement in entire rows of lattice
point defects? Nanme the points are called lne ueieci
Ans: The types of point defects.
called po
irTegularities or deviations from
nt the ideal
defects. arrangement around a point or an atom in a
Point defccts are of three
crystalline solua are

() types:
Stoichiometric defects
(ii) Impurity defects
(i) Non-stoichiomctric defects
39. What are stoichiometric or
Ans: The intrinsic or
defect that does not disturb the thermodynamic defects?
They are two
types: ()) Vacancy defect
stoichiometry of the solid is called stoichiometric defect.
(i) Interstitial defect.
90. What is
vacancy defect?
Ans: When
some of the lattice sites are vacant, the
Jue to vacancy defect. crystal is said to have
vacancy defect. Density of solid decreases
1. What is interstitial defect?
Ans: When some
constituent particles
nterstitial defect. (atoms or
molecules) occupy
This defect increases the density an interstitial site, the
of the solid. crystal is said to have
ote: vacancy defect and interstitial defects shown
2. What is Schottky defect? How does it affects by non ionic solids.
the density of solid.
Ans: Missing of equal number of cations and
anions from the crystal
ichottky defect, the density of the crystal decreases. lattice is called
Schottky defcct. Durin
Hote: Schottky defect is found in ionic solids
umber. having similar sizes of cation and anion
with high co-ordination
xamples: NaCI, KCI, CsCi, AgBr shows
Schottky defect.
3. What is Frenkel defect or
dislocation defect? What is its effect on
ns: The dislocation of cation (small size) from density of solid?
its normal site to an
interstitial site is called Frenkel defect.
uring Frenkel defect the density of the crystal does not change.
renkel defect is shown by the ionic solids in which there is
-ordination number.
a large difference in the size of the ions with low

xample: ZnS, AgCI, AgBr, Agl shows Frenkel defect due to small size of
Zn and Ag' ions.

udent's iluminator
 substances?
NPU Chemi
123. What are diamagDetic
Ans: The substance which arc not attracted oy a magnetuc icld are called diamagnetic substances.

f Eumples: NaCl. H,0, CH. Zn, Zn*". Cu'. Sc"ete.

is due to the absence of unpaired electrons.
Diaagnetism
2 What are ferromagnetie substances? Give examples.
Ans: The substances which are
strongiy urtactcu by tne
magnetic ield are called ferro
Eramyples: Fe, Co, Ni, CrO; clc. magnetic substances
They show permanent magncusin even in the absence of magnetic field.
125. Explain the permanent iagnetusn
o lerromagnetac substances in terms of
Ans: In solid state, the metal 1ons of
domains.
domains. Each domain acts as tiny terromagnetic substances are grouped together into small regions
oriented in the direction of the
magnet.nen ne suostance
1s placed in a magnetic field, all the alle
nagnetuc lcu
and strong magnctic etfect is domaino
persist even when the magnetic Cu 15 produced. This ordering of
126. What are antiferro magnelic substances? Give
e teromagneuc substance becomcs permanent domains
magnet.
examples.
Ans: Substances having unpaired electrons but
electrons are
moving not attracted by
magnetuc field because
cqual number of
in
opposite directions are called
antiterromagnetic substances. Example: MnO. unpaired

127.What are
ferrimagnetic substances? Give an
example.
Ans: Substances having more unpaired clectrons but
of unpaired electrons are weakly attracted by magnetic field
moving in the because unequal
opposite directions are called ferrimagnetic substances. number
Etamples: Fe,Oz. MgFe;04 and
ZnFe;O4
erimagnetic substances lose ferrimagnetism on
heating and become
-----. paramagnetic.

inator
Jeeeith Publications

v e any two differences between n-type and p-type semconouto

AnS
Sl.

No.
n-4ype semiconductors p-1ype semiconductors
Dy doping pentavalent
ats. impurities They are obtained by doping trivalent impurity
i. Conducuon is duc
atoms.
to elcctrons. Conduction is due to holes.
P. As, Sb, Bi
are used for doping.
B, Al, Ga, In are used for
116. Give
an example for n-type doping
Ans: Silicon doped with
phosphorus.
semiconductor
117. Give an
exumple for p-type semiconductor.
Ans: Silicon
doped with boron.
18. Give any four
A:
applications of n-type
and p-type
semiconductors
L.Combinaton of
n-type and p-type semiconductors are
a)
Diodeis a combination
used for making electronic componenis.
of n-type and
b) Solar cell is an
p-type semiconductors and is used as a rectilier.
efficient photo diode used for
C) npn and pnp
conversion of light energy into electical encrgy.
type of transistors are used to detect or
A1arge of
radio amplify
signals. or audio
variety solid state materials have
been prepared by combination of groups 13 and 15 compounas
example, InSb, AlP and GaAs) and
group 12 and 16
Gallium arsenide comnpounds (ZnS, CdS, CdSe and Hgrc)
(GaAs) is used to design the
serniconductor devices
1.11. Magnetic properties
119. Name the
type of motions which
originates the magnetic moment of a substance.
Ans: Magnetic moment of a substance is
originated due to two
() orbital motion around the nucleus types of motion of an eleciron.
and
(i) spin around its own axis.
120. What is the value of Bohr
magneton (a)?
Ans: 4, 9.27x10
Am
121. Name the types of
magnetic substances.
Ans:
) P'aramagnctic substances.
(i) Diamagnetic substances.
(ii) Ferromagnctic substances. (Iv) Antiferomagnctic substances
() Fertimagnetic suhstances

122. What are

paramagnetic substances? Give examples.
Ans: The substances which are slightly (weakly) attracted by a
magnetic field are called
paramagnetic substance.
Examples: O,. Cu", Fe,c" etc.
Paramagnctism is due to the
presence of one or more unpalred electrons which are attracted by the magnetic
They magnetized in a magnctic field in the sanme direction. Paramagnctic substances lose their magnetism field
in the
absence of magnetic fielw.

Student's ituminator
 1 PU-Chemt

Conducti0
conduction
band is
and the
conductors n
vale nccee
ban
band the
semi
D e t w e c n
the

c o n d u c t i o n
band by increasing
b a n d byy
are to
band t o
What

cnergy
Sap valence
ond

(105 sobds
the

mp
from vallcce
on c
caal
llle
edd
semiconductors.

can junp
some
are
a re
nall
ts: In electrons (doping)
( a o p i n g )

the impurities
i m p u n t i e s

nersy p
all. So ting
adding

o r by
tenperature g e r n a n n u n

and
Siicon

Euamyle:

Valenee
semiconductors.
Semiconductor
ofl semiconductors.

Name
the types Extnnsic

106. s e m i c o n d u c t o r s
(n)
Intrinsic G i v e examples.
Ans: (0) semiconductos:
conductors by increas
What are
intrinsic
noral temperatures
but they become g0od reasing
107.
ubstances
which are insulators it
s e m i c o n d u c t o

1hes are
calied
mtnnsic

the temperature germmanium (Ge)

siicon (Si) and pure
Pue
Example: conductors?

e x t r i n s i c semi
108. What are
conditions but they become good conductors by doping
which are insulators at normal
Anc: 1De substances
The sun
extninsicC
Semiconductors. or
are callcd
(adding impuritics) to intrinsic semi conductors are called extrinsic
obtained by adding
Sutaoie impurity
The semiconductors
semiconductors
09. What is doping?
Ans: The process of increasing the conducuvity ot intrinsic semiconductors by adding suitable impurity is called

aoping
10. Name the types of extrinsic semiconductors
Ans: (i) n-type semiconductors (1) p-tYpe semi conductors.

111. What are n-type semiconductors? Give example.

Ans: The semiconductors obtained by doping pentavalent impurity atoms like phosphorus, arsenic, antimony,
bismuth (group 15 element) to a tetravalent silicon ($1) or Germanium, Ge 14 (Group element) are called n-type
Semiconductors.
When silicon is doped with phosphorus, silicon forms 4
covalent with 4 electrons of
5 electron of phosphonus is extra and becomes delocalized which conducts phosphorus. The
emiconductors, the charge caries are electrons. In electricity. So in
n-type semiconductor, conductivity increases due to n-type
harged elcctrons. negatively
12. What are p-type semi conductors?
Give examples.
as: semi conductors obtained by doping trivalent
The
avalent Si or Ge
(Group 14 element) are called p-type impurity atoms like, Al, B, Ga (Group 13 element) to a
is only covalent bonds with boron which creates semiconductors. When silicon is doped with boron silicon
3
hole or electron
he charge cariers. In p-ype, vacancy. So in p-type semiconductors
Name the
conductivity
increases as a result of holes. holes
charge carriers in n-type
Electrons semiconductors.
Name the charge carriers in p-type
oles semiconductors.

illuminatopr

2022/07/25 20:29
 WPU
a'N.d (7.29gcm )x(228x10cm)'x6.023x 10"atoms mol Che
2atoms 51.79gmol
S1.79g elementcontains. 6.023x10"atoms
208g element contain.. atoms

208x6.023XIU -24.19x10 atoms

S.1.79

S2. Metallic iroa crystallizes in

a particular ype or cubic unit cell. The unit cell
edge length is 287
density of iron is 7.87 g emHow many iron atomms are there
within pm.
name the m.
crystal lattice (Atomic mass or iron = 55.84S gmol, NA 6.023 x 10).
one unit cell and
type
Ans:
da'N
Given, M-5.845 gmol", a= 287pm = 287 x 10-cm2=?

. da'N (7-87g cm )(287x10 "cm)" x6-023x10 atoms mol

M 55-845gmol
2 atoms

So, the type of crystal lartice is bcc.

83. Lead crystallises with fee unit celu ana nas a

(Atomie mass
of Pb= 207 g molNa
densily or
l1.35g Cm.Calculate the radius
=
6.023 x
10) of lead at
Ans: We know that
d zM
a'N
atom
Given, In fcc, z =4, M= 207gmol, a=?r=?,d= 11.35 g cm.
a ZM. 4x 207 g mol
dN 11-35
a=121-12x10*
g
cmx6-023x10 mol
a= (121-12x104)"s
Let x= (121.12)

log x=log(121 12)

=x2.0831 =0.964. x=
Antilog (0.694) =
4.943
a=4.943x 10 cm
Infcc.r= 22 174-787 pm.
2V2
84. X-ray diffraction studies show that
In a
separate crystallizes in an fcc unit
copper cell with cell
experiment, coPper is determined to
have a edge of 3.608 x
10 cm.
mass of
copper. (NA 6.023x 10). density of 8.92
plcm. Calculate the
Ans:
atomic
dN
Given, In fcc, z =4, M=?, a=3.608 x
10 d=8.92
gcm.
M #N,d_(8.92gcm")x6.023x10 atoms mol" x(3.608x 10 4 atoms
cm 63.1gmol =63.lu
tudent's illuminator
 defeet.
PU-Chen
defect a n d Frenkel
SehuttAey
betwevn
ditervee
(wo
Gaean
w
Frenkel delect

Sehotky defect

lt is the dislovation ot caton tnonm us normal site

trvm the
ah
vation
ant ann the interstal site.
lt ts amusung
Deasity tvmans Sate.
s t a l 1atl
in sonie solnls having low
tis found
sahs havinS hgh
n tvma' co odination numbe.
i s tounl

onhnatin iist. Shown by the ionue soluts im whuch there is a

amic
svluls hav ng
sintlar s t r e s of cation
ditference in the size of the ions8.
large
Rund in

atl aitieus Frenkel defect.

an íonic
sulid t h a t shows both Schottky defect and
exuple for
9% Ghe an
Firnkel defeet.
detevt and
Axh Sehuky
An AgBr shws
with an example.
Eplain inpurity delect
Ias: These defots arise when tortgn a o s ane present at the lattice ste (in place ot host atoms) or at the Vacan

if Nacl. dntaning a litule of SrCl; as

is allowed to cool, the impurity cre
inieestitial sites For eumyle, molren
N a c l are fvud. During eystaltizattout, s t i e atice sifes ot Na ens are oNeupied by > t 1on. Each S
CEystat
replars twoe Na ioms to maimtain eleetneal neutilty. 5ut, sr oceupies the site ot one Na ion and others

nunixr Vacant sites proxduced is

cqual to that of Sr" ions.
remains vacant. Thus, the o
97. What are non-stoichiometric defect?

Ans: The defts that disturtb the stoichiometuy of the cty stalline solid are called non-stoichiometric detects.
K Mention the 2ypes of non-stoichiounetric defects in solids?
Ans: Metal excess siefect and nmetal deficiency defect.
99. Explain metal excess defects.
As: in these clecis positve ions are in excess. Metal excess defects are of 2 typs.

defect due to anionie vacancies or F-eentre defecet:

Metal enves
Extra Na near the surtace
Compounds in which metal excess defect arises hen they have excess
metal son and absence of negative ion from its lattice site ent
leaving a hole
which is oeupied by eloctron to maintain
neutral1ty. The holes that are
cupid by elertnvns are called
"F centres and are
responsible for the
oivur of the
compound. (in Germen, F stands Ferbenzenter means color
centre). Alkali halides like NaCl and KCI show this
type of defect.
For euumpe, when cry stals of NaCI are heated
in an
Na-vapours Na atoms are atmosphere of
deposited
on the surface of the
erystals and
CT 1ons difuse to the
surface of the to combinecrystals with Na to form
Naci. This happens by loss of clectrons
by Na atoms to form Na'. These released
and
ovupy antonic sites. As the clectrons diffuse into the
absorb radiation in the crystals
result,
crystal now has an excess Na. The electrons
egion and undergo transition. As
(lame test) in qualitative
a result
flame colours arc seen. This
defect is useful to idcntify some metal visible
and exvess
analysis. Excess of sodium in NaCl
gives golden yellow, excess of Li in LiCl ions
of potassium makes KCI erystals violet(lilac). gives pnk
ü) Metal excess defect due
to extra
clcctrons occupy another cations: In this defect the extra
interstial sites to maintain cations occupy interstitial sites and
electrical neutrality.
dent's iu7i/nator
 Jeevith Publications
0.
What is the
co-ordination number in two dimensional hexagonal close
Ans: 6 packing
*

pucked? 5quare close packing and hexagonal close packing in two dimensions, which is more etlicienuy
Ans:
Hexagonal close packing.
58. what is the shape of the void in
Ans: Trangular void hexagonal close packing in two
dimenstons
p e of lattice and unit
dimensions. cell generated if the arrangement in the solid is AAA..type in three
Ans: Type of
lattice: simple cubic
lattice
Type of unit cell:
primitive cubic unit cell
00.Wat ype of close packing is developed if designation of the pattern
vertical
Ans:
layers of identical atorms in three
dimensions?
as AB AB AB8.... etc, 01 SuceessiE
Hexagonal close
packing (hep)
cuDIC
in three
Close
packing (ccp) arrangement, what type of
dimensional packing. pattern of the successive layers will be
designea
Ans: ABC, ABC, ABC... ctc.
62. What are voids?
ns: Ihe empty space present between the spheres
63. What are tetrahedral voids? (particles) of a crystal is callcd voids.
Ans: The void
surrounded by four
spheres called tetrahedral void (T).
54. What is octahedral void?
Ans: A voidsurrounded by six
spheres in the form of octahedron is called octahedral void.
5. How many tetrahedral and octahedral
voids
Ans: Number of
are possible if the number of
sphere are N.
tetrahedral voids =
2N. Number of octahedral voids
6. What type of close
= N
packed structure is formed when third
covering tetrahedral voids in three dimensions? layer is placed over the second layer by
ns:
Hexagonal close packed (hep) structure
. What type of close
packed
structure is formed
covering octahedral voids in three dimensions? when third layer is placed over the second layer by
ns: Cubic close
packed (ccp) structure or face centred cubic (fcc) structure
. What is the co-ordination number in
three dimensional close
ns: (i) Simple cubic -6. Example: Solid fluorine. packing?
(i) Hexagonal close packing (hcp)- 12.
Examples: Zn, Mg
(ii) Cubic close packing (ccp) or fcc- 12.
Examples: Cu, Mg
(iv) Body centered cubic (bcc)- 8.
A Solid is made
Examples: Na, K, CsCL.
up of two elements P andQ. Atoms Q are in
the tetrahedral voids. What is thee formula of the
cep arrangement, while atoms P occupy all
compound.
s: Q atoms are
present in cep
arangement by occupying octahedral voids. Thus one.Q atom forms two
ahedral voids and are occupied by P atoms. Since, the number of octahedral voids is equal the
to number of
aeres and the number of tetrahedral voids is double the number of P spheres, and Q are present in the ratio 2:1.
the formula of the compound is P:Q.
A compound is formed by two elements M and N. The element N forms ccp and atoms of M
occupy 1/3
of tetrahedral voids. What is the formula of the
compound?
: In ccp, the number of particles per unit cell is 4 which occupy octahedral voids. Therefore N= 4
(ent's iluminalor
 in a unit cell
PU-Chem
of a t o m s
Number
Caleulate the number ef particies in pramiuve unit cell or simple cubie unit cell.

cell cuntains S comer particles

AR Simpie cubic unit

15 s n u r r d to cignt unit cells.

Each curneT Faicie

is
The vatrbutin of cvrner purtcie

aumberofparticies in the unit ceil ot simple cubic latice =

Calculate the number of particles in the unit cell of body centered cubic lattice (bcc).
Ans: Body centered cubic latuce
(c cotanS S corner particles and one
particle at the center
of the hady. The contrbution or corner ateom to the unit cell is

Thsparticle present at the body cenre is not shared by other unit cell
So, The contribution ot bouy centre atom to the unit cell is 1.

Number of purticles in the unit cell of boc - 8x(x1)=1+-1 =2 Body Centered ()

A8. Calculate the number of particies in the unit cell of face

Ans: foc unit cell centered cubic lattice (fcc).
contains 8 corner atoms and 6
atoms
The
at the faces.
contributton of corner atom to the unit
cell is 1/8.
The contributon of the atom at the face is 1/2

Number of
particles in the unit cell of fec
=8
49. How much Face Centered (F)
portion of an atom located at () corner ( ) bec
the cry sta (ii) fec and (i) edge centre of
the unit cell in
Ans: (0) 1/8 (i)I (üi) 4 and (iv) 4

1.6. Close packed structures

S0. What is close
packing arrangement?
Ans: The
arrangement at which maximum number of
arrangement particles occupies minimum space is called
close packing
51. What is
co-ordination number of a crystal?
Ans: The number of
paricles adjacent
The number of nearest
to cach particle in a crystal is called co-ordination
52. What is the neighbours of a particle in the crystal is called
number. OR
co-ordination number in one dimensional co-ordination number
Ans: 2 close packing arrangement?
53. Name the
type of close packing formed in two
Ans: Square close
packing in two dimensions. dimensional packing of AAA type
arrangement.
4. What is the
co-ordination number in two
ns: 4 dimensional square close
packing?
5. What type of close packing is obtained in two
ns: Two dimensional hexagonal dimensional packing of ABAB type
close packing. arrangement?
dent's iluminator
 Jeovith Publications

3. Name the
possible variations (Bavais lattices) in each crystal system.
Ans:

Number of
Crystal System possible variations Name of bravais lattices

Cubic (Bravais Lattices)

Tetragonal Primitive, Body- centred and Face-Centred
Orthorhombic rimitive, Body-centred
Hexagonal rimitive, Body-centred, Face-centred and End-centred
Rhombohedral or Tigonal Primitive
Monoclinic Primituve_
Triclinic rimitive and End-centred
Primitive
Total nunmber of Bravais lattices
**.
Druw the seven
types of primitive unit cells in seven crystal systems along with the edge lengins Hnu
angles.
ax

Simple cubic Tetragonal

C Orthorhombic
ab Rhombohcdral
a -Y 90" a p Y= 90° abC
a B y= 90 p - y 90

Monoclinic Triclinic
abc Hexagona
azbrc ab:c
=y* 90° B*90° u Y 90
a=p 90.y- 120
45. How many possible variations (Bravais lattices) are
possible in orthorhombic crystal system. What a
they?
Ans: There are four bravias lattices are possible in orthorhombic crystal system.
They are

(a) Primitive (6) Body centred

(c) Face centred (d) End centred.

Student's iluminator
 wated unit cels: he unt c l w h h a t n s e w nae censtatuent
1sattacles in adition
wPU-Choni
to the
coner
a) Bty entevnl unit vel
T a n e n e t unit vlt
(c) Ent oenienf und wl

a Body eenterod unit cell (hec- If conatits s concr particles and

niie
one
particle at its
body
Bly oenid cube unit eell has 9 lattice
points
oidy Cenieied ()
b) Face centervd unit oeli tec* t contalns d
corner particles and one
particle each at the
o
RT vnains 14 lattice
pinis.
(e) End ceutered unit cell: It
Faxe Centered ()
contans a conet
pattacles and
any two oyPsite faves. one
particle cach at the center of
End centred unit cell has 10 lattice
points.
39. How
many erystal sysfems a r e known?
Ans: 7

40. How
many Bravias lattices
cCeniered (C)
are known?
Ans: 14
41. Name the seven crystal systes.
Ans: 0l
Simple cubie
(ii) Tetragonal
(Rhombohedral or tngonal (ii) Orthorhomie
(vi) Monoelinic iv) Hexagonal
42. Based the variations
on
in the Triclinie
edge lengths and angles between
of erstal system. the edge lengths, give the
Ans: classifications
Ixial
Crystal System distance or Axial angle
I Cubic
edge lengths Examples
ao =Y=90°
ctragonal NaCi, Zänc blende, Circular
a p Y 90° White tin,
Orthorhombic SnO, TiO2, CaSO4
=Y 90°
Hexagonal Rhombic sulphur, KNO,, BasO4
a-bc
0*C p0.Y=120
Rhombohedral or Tngonal ab=c p=Y*90°
Graphite, Zn0, Cas
Onoclinic Calcite (Caco). or HgS{cinnabar)
Tnclinic
a*bzc Y90. *90 Monoclinic sulphur,
Ia*0*C C*p*Y*90 Na2SO4.10H;0
KCrO7. CusOg.5H,O H,BO,
Student's uminator
 UNIT 1
S lid State
1.1. General characteristics of solids
1. What are intermolecular forces?

1orces which keeps the constituent particles (atoms, ions

orces.
or molecules) closer are called inter molecular

W h a t is thermal energy?
ins: The energy which
keeps the constituent particles away is called thermal
s. Give reason for the existence of
energy
solids.
Ans: A sufficiently low
temperature, inter ular forces predominates thermal energy. So substances exist as
olids.

Why are solids rigid and have fixed volume?

\ns: The constituent particles in solids have fixed
-olids are rigid and have fixed volume positions and can oscillate only about their mean positions. S0

Give any two general characteristic properties of solids.

Ans:

a) Solids have fixed mass, shape and volume.

b) Intermolecular distances are short.
c) Intermolecular forces are strong.
d) They are incompressible and rigid

1.2 Amorphous and crystallne solids

.
Name the types of solids. Give examples.
Ans: Solids are of two types:
a) Crystaline solids
b) Amorphous solids
What are crystalline solids? Give examples.
ns: The solids whose constituent particles are arranged in a definite order (pattem) are called crystalline solids
Examples: NaCl, Zns, Quarti. Naphuthalene. Benzoic acid, KNO,. Cu, siliver, Fe, sulphur. phosphorous, iodine, ete.
How does the constituent particles are arranged in crystalline solids?
Ans: In regular patterm.
What are amorphous solids? Give examples.
ns: The solids whose constituent particles are not arranged in an order (pattern) are called amorphous solids
xamples: Glass, Rubber, Plastic, Polyurethane, Tetlon, Cellulose, Cellophane, PVC, Fibre, etc.

tudent's illuminator
 Jeovith Publications 13

Packing etticieney luneit four spheres in unit cellj00

Total volune of the unit cell

Packing elficieney =-
(2/2 I00 =74%

Nute: 4 e ot unit
cell is
ocecupied by atoms and the rest 26% is empty spuce in lce
The
packing fraction in fcc structures
suueue
(ccp) = 0.74
The fracion of empty
space in fcc structures (cep) 0.26.
ne
packing elliciency in hep is same as in
cep. But the method of calculation is ditterent
0 nge the
simple cube, bec and fee lattices in
decreasing order of the fraction of the unoccupied
Ans: Fraction of
unaccupied space decreases in the order: simple cube > bec > space
Note: decreasing order of packing efficiency: fcc > bec> sc tcc
Calculations involving unit cell
dimensions
79. Derive the
expression to calculate the density of the unit cell in
cubic
Ans: Let a be the edge length of the a unit cell of a cubic
erystal.
be the molar mass. and d becrystal the density of the solid substance, and m
In cubic
crystal Volume
of a unit cell =
Mass of
unit cell Mass of =
a
number of atoms in unit cell
Where m = is the mass of each z.m
atom.
2number ot atoms per unit cell
Mass of an atom
present in the unit cell, m =

Density of
Density of the
the unit
unit cell
ceu =Massof unít cell
Volumeof unit cell

d=XM

where
axN
Na = Avogadro number (NA 6.023 x
10) =

30. An element
having atomic mass 60 has face centred
400 pm. Find the density of the unit cell. cubic unit cell. The edge length of the unit cell is
(NA 6.023 10).
x =

zM
Ans: =
a'N
Siven, In fec, z =
4, M= 60 gmol", 400pm= 400x 10"cm
a =

4 atomsx60 g mol
(400*10" cm) x(6-023x10 atoms mol! 0 . 2 2 6 g cm

31. An element has

a body centred cubic (bcc) structure with a cell edge of
element is 7.2g/cm'. How many atoms 288pm. The density of the
are
present in 208g of the element? (NA = 6.023 x 10).
ins: d=
N
Siven, In bcc, z = 4, M=?, a= 288 pm= 288 x 107 cm', d= 7.2 g em

Student's illuminator
 Jeovih Pubiliecations

e y have high melting points and hoiling points due to strong covalent bond
(ii) They are soluble in
(v) The
non polar solvents.
conductivity of covalent crystals varies over a wide tangc.
u e s Diamond and silicon carbide is a insulator, Graphite is a conductor, Germinum and siucon a
seniconductors.
33. Graphite is conductor of electiricity.
Explain.
Carton g
atoms are
arranged in different layers and cach atom
a l n s in the sarne layer. The fourth valence electron of each atom is present between direrent 1ayet
is covalently
bonded to tree
s e 0 hove about. These free electrons make
graphite is good conductor ot eieciricty
34. Graphite is a soft solid and
good solid lubricant. Explain.
s apite, carbon atoms are
soft solid and a good solid arranged
in different
graphite layers which can side one
over the otner. 1nis
a
lubricant. mak
35. SolidA is a
, very hard electrical insulator in solid well
temperalure. What type of solid is it?
as as in molten state and melis at extremy
I Ans: Diamond.
-

1.4 Crystal lattices and Unit cells

6) 1efine the terms: (i)
Space lattice (ii) Lattice point (ii) Unit cell.
Ans:

()>pace laltice or crystal lattice: A regular three dimensional

arrangement of lattice points in space 1s called
crystal lattice or space lattice.
(1i) 1.attice point: Each point of
called lattice point.
a
crystal lattice occupied by constituent particle (atom, ion or molecule) Is

(ii) Unit cell: The smallest

repeating portion of a
crystal lattice which generates the
in different directions is called unit
cell. o1
entire crystal when repealed
37. Mention the parameters of a unit cell.
alleyt rjto.t rO J toJ lodtLU
Ans: A unit cell contains three edges a, b and c and angles between the
edges a, . Y

38. Name the types of unit cells and illustrate with definitions,
Ans: Unit cells are of two types:

i) Primitive unit cell (i) Centered unit cell

i) Primitive unit cell or simple cubie unit cell (se): In this unit cell the particles are present only at 1he
corners
Simple cubic unit cell or primitive unit cell has 8 corner atoms or 8 lattice points.

Studont's iluminalor
Jeevth Publicabons

1.7.Packing
a efficiency
What is
packing
As: The eficiency?
perventage of total space filled the
by
parnicles is called packing citicieney
Packing efficiency =UIIe oecupied by the spheres in the unt ce100
Total volume of the unit cell
75. Calculate the
Aus:
packing
efficieney in simple cubic unit cel (se.
Ine
number of atoms
per unit cell in
length the cube be = a simple
Let the edge cube is one. Each atom is considered as one

The radius of cach

of sperc
atonm = 'r.
2r
Total volume of unit cell = a' =(
So, the
2) 8r =

volume of one atom (one

sphere) =
.

Packing efficiency oNe Ot one

Total
=

sphere (atom) 100%

volume of the unit cell Fig. Unit cell of a
imnle ruh

Packing etficiency = Sr x100=x100=52.4%

Note: The vacant
space available in simple cube 100-52.4=47.6% =

So. packing fraction in simple cube is 0.524 and fraction of vacant

76. Calculate the packing space available is 0.476.
Ans: The number of atoms
efficiency in body centered
cubic lattice or bce structure.
per unit cell in bec structures is
two. Each atom is
Let the edge lentgh of the unit cell =
a
considered as one
sphere.
Radius of the sphere =sr
Radius of the
body diagonal = c

Radiuc of the face diagonal = b

In A EFD,

FD=EF+ED Fig. Unit cell of bec

=a+d= 2a
Now in A AFD

AF= AD +FD
ca+6
a2+2a2-3u2
c v3 a
But c=4r

Therefore, z 4r= v3 a

a= r

Student's illuminator
 PU Chemin
Total volune of the unit cell = a

contains 2 a t o n i x (spietes) per unit cell,

Since BCC laitice
Volume of two spheres=2 x u

Volume of two
Packing eficieney= spheres in cell10O
Total volume of the unitunit
cell

2
Packingclficiency X100

X I 0 0 = 68%
64r

3/3
Note: 68% of unit cell is occupicd by aloms and the rest 32% is
empty space in bcc structures.
The packing fraction in bcc structures = 0.68
The fraction of empty space in bec structures =
0.32
77. Calculate the packing elficiency in 1ace centerea cubiC
lattice or cubic close
Ans: The number of atoms per unit cell in icc siructures 1s tour, Each atom is
packing (cep) structures.
considered
Let the edge length of the unit cell =a as one
sphere.
Radius of the sphere =r
Radius of the face diagonal = b
In ABC, AC= BC+ AB
b=a+a*
b= v2 a
But b 4r

2.a=4r Fig. Unit cell of fee

a 22r
Volume of one sphere =

ince FCC lattice contains 4 atoms

(spheres) per unit cell,
e volume of four sphecres in fcc = 4x
=T
total volume
of the unit cell =
a"= (2/2 r)

nt's illuminator