Chapter 8

The Solid State

1. Answer (D)
Area covered by particle
Packing efficiency =
Total area
2  r 2
=
a2
2  r 2
=
(2 2 r)2

=
4
2. Answer (B)
1 1
Number of X atoms/ ions per unit cell = 8   6  4
8 2
1
Number of M atoms/ions per unit cell = 1  4   2
4
 Empirical formula of the compound is MX2.
3. Answer (A)
Cation A + occupies octahedral void formed by anions X –. The maximum radius ratio for a cation to
accommodate a octahedral void without distortion is 0.414. Radius of anion X– is 250 pm.
RA
 0.414
R X

 R A   0.414  250  103.50  104 pm

4. Answer (B)
a = edge length of unit cell
2ry = a


2 rx  ry  2a 
2rx  a  2a

2rx  a  
2 –1
rx = 0.207 a
3  vol. of x  vol. of y
Packing fraction = vol. of unit cell
4 4
3  rx3     ry3
 3 3
a3

4
4    (0.207a)3     (0.5a)3
 3
a3
 0.63
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5. Answer (B)

Atom X occupies FCC lattice sites as well as alternate tetrahedral voids of FCC.

In FCC, tetrahedral voids are 8 (in a unit cell)

Hence

1 1
Atom X in a unit cell (FCC lattice sites) = 8   6  4
8 2

1
Atom X in a unit cell (in T.V.) = 8  4
2

Total atom X in one unit cell = 8

1
For relation between a and r, since T.V. forms at th of body diagonal,
4

a 3
 2r
4

8r
a=
3

4 3 4
8 r 8   r3
3  100  3  100  35%
Packing efficiency =
a3  8r 
3

 
 3

6. Answer (B, C)
ASchottky defect are favoured by small difference in sizes of cation and anion.
BIn Frenkel defect cations are dislocated therefore. (True)
CElectron trapped in lattice are called F-centre. (True)
DSchottky defect decrease density.
7. Answer (A)
The formula will be MgAl2O4
Total tetrahedral voids = 8
Total octahedral voids = 4
1
as only one Mg atom is present hence, n =
8
2 1
as there are two Al atoms are present hence, m = =
4 2
1 1
 m, n = ,
2 8
8. Answer (B, C, D)
In CCP, the coordination number for atom in top-most layer is 9.

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9. Answer (A, C)
1
Contribution of M = 2 1
2
1
Contribution of X =  4 1
4
Formula = MX

a2 a 2 3 3
Distance between M and X =   a a = 0.866 a
4 2 4 2
Both cation and anion have same co-ordination number, i.e., 8.
Assuming, anions are in contact, the ratio of ionic radii of cation M to anion X is 0.732, the minimum radius
ratio for a cubical void.
10. Answer (B)

1 1
The number of effective atom in a unit cell = 12   2   3 1 = 6
6 2  no of atoms in 
corner   Face   hexagonal primitive 
11. Answer (A)  Centre   unit cell 
 

Volume of HCP unit cell = Base area × height

 3 2  2 
= 6  a  4r
 4  3 
 

3  2 
= 6 2r 2   4r = 24 2 r 3
4  3 

12. Answer (D)

4 3
6
r
3
Packing fraction =
Base area  Height

4 3
6 r
3
= = 0.74
 
 6  3 a 2   4r 2
 4  3
 

% of empty space = (1 – 0.74) × 100 = 26%

13. Answer A(p, s); B(p, q); C(q); D(q, r)
14. Answer (7)

4 3
Volume of 1 Ag atom = r
3

4 3 108
 r  cm3
3 6.023  1023  10.5
 r = 1.6 × 10–8 cm
r = 1.6 × 10–10 m

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 Number of Ag atoms in 10–12 m2

r2 × n = 10–12 m2

10 –12
n
3.14  (1.6  10 –10 )2

10  107
n
8

n = 1.25 × 107
 The value of x = 7
15. Answer (8)
Truncated octahedron contain 14 faces out of that eight are hexagonal and six are square.
16. Answer (2)
a = 4  10–8 cm (a = edge length)
d = 8 g cm–3 (density)

ZM
d M = molecular mass (g/mol)
NA a3

Z  number of atom in 1 unit cell

dNA a3 8  6  1023  64  10–24
M   76.8 g/mol
Z 4
Mole of solid in 256 g = 3.33 moles
No. of atom = 3.33  NA = 20  1023 = 2  1024
17. Answer (2.9 – 3.1)
MX has NaCl type structure.
From instructions, it is clear that in MX ionic solid.
Cation M - undergoes CCP
anion X - occupies all octahedral voids
(i) No. of anions left = 1
(ii) No. of anions added = 3
No. of cations left = 1
(iii) No. of cations left = 0
(iv) No. of cations added = 1
No. of anions left = 3
Final no. of cations in an unit cell = 1
Final no. of anions in an unit cell = 3
3
 ratio = = 3.00
1


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