APPARENT POWER (S)

APPARENT POWER
 Represents the rate at which the total energy is supplied to the system
 Measured in volt-amperes (VA)
 It has two components, the Real Power and the Capacitive or
Inductive Reactive Power

S = Vrms Irms = Irms2 |Z|

POWER IN AC CIRCUITS
 APPARENT POWER (S)
Power Triangle

Complex Power

S = P ± jQ
POWER IN AC CIRCUITS
 REAL POWER (R)
REAL POWER
 The power consumed by the resistive component
 Also called True Power, Useful Power and Productive Power
 Measured in Watts (W)
 It is equal to the product of the apparent power and the power factor

P = Scos θ
Power Factor
 Cosine of the power factor angle (θ)
 Measure of the power that is dissipated by the cicuit in relation to the
apparent power and is usually given as a decimal or percentage

Pf = cos θ
POWER IN AC CIRCUITS
 REAL POWER (R)
 Ratio of the Real Power to the Apparent Power ( P )
S
when:
Pf = 1.0 I is in phase with V; resistive system
Pf = lagging I lags V by θ; inductive system
Pf = leading I leads V by θ; capacitive system
Pf = 0.0 lag I lags V by 90o; purely inductive
Pf = 0.0 lead I leads V by 90o; purely capacitive
Power factor Angle (θ)

 The angle between the apparent power and the real poweer in the power triangle

Let v(t) = Vm cos(ωt + θv) volts

V = Vrms ∠θv

i(t) = Im cos(ωt + θi) A

I = Irms ∠θi

POWER IN AC CIRCUITS
 REAL POWER (R)
Instantaneous Power (watts)

P(t) = v(t) i(t)

P(t) = ½ VmIm cos (θv – θi) + ½ VmIm cos (2ωt + θv + θi)

Average Power (watts)

P(t) = ½ VmIm cos (θv – θi) = VmIm cos θ

Where: θ = phase shfit between v(t) and i(t) or the phase angle of the
equivalent impedance

POWER IN AC CIRCUITS
 REACTIVE POWER (QL or QC)
REACTIVE POWER
 Represents the rate at which energy is stored or released in any of the energy
storing elements (the inductor or the capacitor)
 Also called the imaginary power, non-productive or wattless power
 Measured in volt-ampere reactive (Var)
 When the capacitor and inductor are both present, the reactive power
associated with them take opposite signs since they do not store or release
energy at the same time
 It is positive for inductive power
Q=V (QL)I and
sinnegative
θ for capacitive power (QC)
m m

Reactive factor
 Ratio of the Reactive Power to the Apparent Power
 Sine of the power factor angle (θ)
Rf = sin θ
POWER IN AC CIRCUITS
 BALANCED THREE PHASE SYSTEMS
BALANCED 3-PHASE SYSTEM
 Comprises of three identical single-phase systems operating at a 120o phase
displacement from one another. This means that a balance three-phase system
provides three voltages(and currents) that are equal in magnitude and separated by
120o from each other

CLASSIFICATION
Three-Phase, 3-wire systems
 Provide only one type of voltage(line to line) both single phase and
three phase loads

Three-Phase, 4-wire systems

 Provide two types of voltages(line to line and line to neutral) to both
single phase and three phase loads

BALANCED THREE PHASE SYSTEM

 BALANCED THREE PHASE SYSTEMS
BALANCED Y-system
and VLL = √3 VLN IL = IP

VLL and VLN are out of phase by 30o

BALANCED ∆-system
and IL = √3 IP VLL = VLN

IL and IP are out of phase by 30o

Where: VLL or VL - line to line or line voltage

VLN or VP - line to neutral or phase voltage
IL - line current
IP - phase current
BALANCED THREE PHASE SYSTEM
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
Note: for balanced 3-phase systems:
IA + IB + IC = 0

VAN + VBN + VCN = 0

VAB + VBC + VCA = 0

THREE-PHASE
VJH POWER
watts
P = 3VPIPcos θ = √3 VLIL cos θ

Q = 3VPIPvars
sin θ = √3 VLIL sin θ
vaPIP = √3 VLIL
S = 3V

BALANCED THREE PHASE SYSTEM

 REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. The description of two sine waves that are in step with each other going through
their maximum and minimum points ate the same time and in the same
direction.
a. Sine waves in phase
b. Stepped sine waves
c. Phased sine waves
d. Sine waves in coordination

2. Term used for the out of phase, non-productive power associated with inductors
and capacitors.
a. Effective power
b. True power
c. Reactive power
d. Peak envelope power
 REVIEW QUESTIONS
3. Refers to a reactive power.
a. Wattles, non productive power
b. Power consumed in circuit Q
c. Power loss because of capacitor leakage
d. Power consumed in wire resistance in an inductor

4. Term used for an out-of-phase, non-productive power associated with

inductors and capacitors.
a. Effective power
b. Reactive power
c. Peak envelope power
d. True power