GERUND-INFINITIVE AND FALSE IDEA

A. Gerund
1. Definiton
 Verb(ing) used as noun
 Used as a subject or an object of a sentence

Gerund Not Gerund

Running is my favorite form of exercise We are running in the dark

S verb

We like running
I saw a running man
O
Adj  (explain noun “man”)

2. Gerund Rules
a. Written after a certain verb
VERB FOLLOWED BY GERUND
accustomed to
object to
deny
mind
Gerund
look forward to finish
can't help
confess to
appreciate
delay
Example:
avoid Postpone ….. etc Bob enjoys listening to the music in the evening
S P Gerund
Vini is looking forward to seeing her newly-born baby
S P Gerund
 b. Written after preposition
Preposition + Gerund
PREPOSITION Example:
ON WITH BETWEEN
IN WITHOUT AFTER I can find the website by using a search engine
Gerund
AT ABOUT BEFORE
OF UNTIL BESIDE Lucy is afraid of being left by her boyfriend
Gerund (passive)
BY ABOVE … Etc
FROM

Remember!
Active gerund (V-ing)
Passive gerung (Being+V3)

c. Written after possessive pronoun

Possessive pronoun +Noun / Noun phrase / Gerund
POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
MY OUR HER Example:
YOUR HIS THEIR  Antony appreciates my helping him
ITS Gerund
 I am tired of her complaining
Gerund
 Your singing is amazing
Gerund
B. Infinitive
1. Definition
 Verb in its basic form

V1/V1(s/es) V2 V3
Ving Vinfinitive
(Present) (Past) (Perfect)
Play/plays played played playing play
go/goes went gone going go
is/am/are was/were been being be
2. Infinitive Rules
a. Written after a modals
Example:
Modals + Vinfinitive
 I can drive a car.
Modals Vinf

b. Written after a certain verb

Let Physical Perception Verb
Make + Vinfinitive Look See Observe
Help Watch Hear Feel + Vinfinitive
Taste Notice ..etc
Example:
 I always help my mother clean the room.
Vinf

 I heard someone call my name last night.

Vinf

c. Vinf written after preposition “TO”  To express “purpose, demand, willingness”

To + V-infinitive

Example:

 To succeed in next SBMPTN is my life goal

 Dira tells us to go with her purpose

demand
To + Vinfinitive after an adjective
Adj + To + V-inf
Example:
 It is good to tell her now
purpose

“To + Vinfinitive” in passive voice, we use the formula below

To + be + V3
 NOTE: “Need, require,
and want” can also be
Example: followed by gerund (Ving) in
passive voice
a. I need the car to be repaired.

passive To+be+V3

b. My car needs to be cleaned

c. passive To+be+V3
 My car needs cleaning.

passive gerund

C. Verbs followed by gerund & infinitive

 Some verbs (e.g. love, hate, start, prefer) can take gerund or infinitive, with
similar meanings.
Examples:
● I love to eat chocolates.
● I love eating chocolates.
● I started to polish the car, but then decided not to.
● I started polishing the car, but then decided not to

BE CAREFUL!
 A few verbs (such as ‘stop’, ’continue’, ‘remember’ and ‘forget’) can be followed
by either the gerund or the infinitive but the meanings are different.
1. Stop + gerund  berhenti.
Stop + to+ infinitive  berhenti dengan tujuan/berhenti (dari yg lain) untuk___
Example:
a. They stopped having lunch at the restaurant.
b. They stopped to have lunch at the restaurant.
2. Remember + to+infinitive  ingat untuk melakukan tugas.
Remember + gerund  mengenang kejadian masa lalu (ingat sudah__)
Example:
a. He remembered to put his keys on the table.
b. He remembered putting his keys on the table.
3. Forget + to+infinitive  lupa untuk melakukan sebuah kewajiban/tugas.
Forget + Gerund  Lupa sudah (melakukan sesuatu)
Example:
a. I often forget to lock the door.
b. I'll never forget seeing America for the first time.
D. Author’s False Idea
Definition
A fallacy or a faulty logic or a false reasoning of the author
NOTE: A false idea can be used to change what people think (if repeated over and over, eventually
believe them.)
Example question:
1. Which of the following shows the false idea of the writer?
2. One of the following indicates false idea in that ___
Example:
More evaporation lead to more floods.
(Using False ideas to change what people think involves logical fallacies that seem plausible until you
examine their argument.)
How to answer?
 Look for a choice that shows a faulty –reasoning  wrong according to logic or reasoning
(NOT look for an answer which is wrong)