Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
MOHAMMEil IMTIAZUDDIN HUSAIN
NOV 8 1962
Thesis Approved:
~t-z-~
'Dean of the Graduate School
504512
ii
PREFACE
iii
PREFACE
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
facilities.
Thanks are also due to Mr. Harris of Engineering Research and
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
Design Conditions • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 24
Material Properties • • • '; • • • • • • • • • • • 24
Design Calculations for a Cooler Having Maximum
Cooling Capacity. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 27
Junction Resistance • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 30
Design Calculations for a Cooler Having Maximum
Coefficient of Performance. • • • • • • • • • 33
IV. DESIGN AND OONSTRUG'TION OF AN EXPERIMENTAL COOLER •• o • e o 40
Selection of Geometry • • • • • • • • • • • •
Electrodes • • • • • • •
Joining Techniques. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
... . 40
41
43
Construction Details of the Experimental Cooler • • • • 47
PERFORMANCE OF THE EXP~TAL COOLER ... 11t • 0 Ill O ... 50
Data and Parameters • • • • • • • • • • • • • 50
Calculation for Theoretical Performance • • • • 50
Comparison of Designs. • • • • • • • • 54
Experimental Setup. • • • • • • • • ·• • • • • • • • • • 56
Experimental Results. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 59
Remarks on Experimental Results. • • • • • • • • • • • 62
VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. 8 9 9 0 0 0 QI 0 66
Sununary ••• • • 66
Conclusions • o 9 0 0 0 67
BIBLIOGRAPHY • • • • • • ..... • 0 • Ill ... 70
V
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
I. Comparison of Designs • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 55
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Progress in Thermoelectric Refrigeration 4
2, Cost of Thermoelectric Refrigeration •• ... 4
3, Effect of Free Electron Concentration on Thermoelectric
Parameters • • • • • • • 6
vi
Figure Page
vii
CHAPTER I
Introduction
energy.
It was in 1909 and 1911 that Altenkirch (6) first derived satis-
factorily the basic theory of thermoelectric generators and refri gera-
tors. He showed that for both applications materials were required with
high Seebeck coefficients, high electrical conductivity and low thermal
built heat pump devices ranging from bottle warmers to room air-con-
costs are high but when improved materials are produced in bulk quanti-
ties and large scale production methods are adopted for assembly, the
M
'o
.,. f>t:RfOR.t,\~"'c E
)(
SPl,\S f.P.C,-oR'( ;:o R.
I"\
"j' M I\Jo~ f\ {)PL \f\t-\<::.E
OU
V
N
\0
----------------~~ I
... PE.RfORMf\"\CE I
&
Ill Sf\T,S~E\CTORY fOR / ·
I'. . . , \ REPoR,e.o By
u. SM f\LL P..~PL\ ~NCES. 1, / \ Ruc;~l'I\I\\ S ( \ \ 'S c)
0
5 ___________ 9_ - - - - . -
I
II' I
ct
::,
PERfO~Mf\~cE
-
t5
IJ. f\t)EC:hJRTE ~o~
~\CONTEMPoRf\Q'( .
· Lt\5 M~TE~ l\L~
Sf>t;.<:.1~\.. ( ~o "c)
0
Itoo 1"\oo ,qir;_o
r:
UI
t;
~
sooo
t.
0...
~ \c,oo
!It
j.., ~Q
~
"'
&
\I)\)
u.
() So
ti0
()
Thermoelectric Materials
~6 .. \Q '"\: "'-~
I
I
... I I
I
1 ·
I ..•
·-,---- ""_J ___ _
I
I
Kf'i,.
--~~-...~~~---""---"~~..,_~~~~- n.
highest figures of merit have been obtained using either the compounds
and lead telluride. Compounds of Sb, Se, S, may also prove good
thermoelements.
Welsh (14). Russians have claimed that the elements produced as stan-
judged from the point of view of their auxiliary properties like melting
company's literature.
having a face centered cubic crystal structure. The pure compound has
on page 2~
Carrier concentrations of about 3 x 1017/cc can be induced in PbTe
the crystal. An analysis of the figure of merit shows that the PbTe
nate a~d reduce this parameter. With increased doping, the extrinsic
--- - ~J
il
ii·11
-. J -~l -1- - .
= 11+ s' .: .rj."j- rt 1 1 !!
r - fi
1·
TI ' - -- r ' " if-..,.·H#<++tl+i++-+-H-i-l-
-, ! - :t- J--- •f_ - -
t -
--1
- - -, .,
_- --1- -
0
9
5
~
-
4
-
2 ,_ ,-
,~ ,_
....
,, 1· C, i,.
..... I' el.'
6
~
- -·
,}!, ' \
mm c
' 1-
...
.-·
4 "
2 -
I.I ' ~-
I
, I.I
" . II'
- -
.I
1.1
. I .
I
9
~
B
'
-
I/ r,,..,
I 1, I I I I I I II
4t» (i()d eoo
llH/>l:'l(PArPl!>t! ~
10 -- - -·- ·
m·-
6
91=1$
B
-
;
I I I I II
'
_,..
I--· -r - -- ·H
.t
:i r·
·•- -!++-
-- ,
..
:t
.,.,- .
·a4
. t· '1:.
·- - ·~-~~ _. .:~ ~~ q -~., ti.lcrij.1 ·t. . . ·1:-:tl
·i A · :;. J :t . t j:
~--
.. I . i,t.~·tfflllll
i',~ .
··'.l·
--l
OF A THERMOELECTRIC COOLER
The following analysis of design was given by Ioffe (10) and has
been followed in most of the textbooks. In this study 9 the symbols and
Symbols
16
17
-1 -1
= Electrical conductivity ohm - cm
= Thermal conductivity watts/cm-deg
S2
= Figure of merit pKt deg -1
T = Absolute temp degrees Kelvin
= Peltier coefficient volts
.
·Q = Rate of heat transfer watts
R.l. = Total electrical resistance of two ohms
arms (N and Parms in series)
2
RC = Contact resistivity of cold junction ohm - cm
K = Total thermal conductance of two arms watts/deg
in parallel
I = Current amps
. across couple
, = j Coefficient of performance numerical value
P = IV Power input watts
1 = Length of arm cm
a . = Cross section . area of arm
area
y = length factor cm
The rate of heat transfer from cold to hot junction by the Peltier
effect is:
llllllllllllllll
.------- -------------- - ..,.
' COLD
Tc.
.JVNCT\ON
I ,<:
p "'
N
...
st-> ,rp) '°'r s" >fn .l "'W\
-..
I tto, 3UNC'T\Ot-l "'OT :J'U"'IC:T ION I
!!llJlll JUUill
V o-
Figure 9o Diagramatic Representation of a Single Stage Thermoelectric
Cooler
19
capacity is:
. .
Q = Qn - %Qj - Q cond
2
= STcI - %I Ri - K !J. T (1)
In order to find out the current required for maximum cooling, one
•
may differentiate Q with respect to I and equate it to zero.
(2)
0 = ST
ST
• --% -
0 ( ST°)2 • R - K/J. T
C R. R. i m
l. l.
T 2 • 1
c K
(3)
where Z
C
= figure of merit of the couple (not material).
uation (1),
.
Q max = ST x ST c - J/2 ( STc ~2
c R. R.
l. J.
S2T 2
=%+-K!J.T (4)
l.
= % Z T 2 • K - K!J. T •
C C
20
.
Q max = K6 Tm - K b.T
= K(b.. Tm-b.T)
• max = Kb.Tm ( l -
Q b.T
b.Tm ) • (5)
2KD.T
• • p = T m b.T + 2K6 Tm
C
(7)
'~
q>. =p
Q
= ---------
2K6 Tm( 1 + ~cTJ
6T .
1 -Er
= m ..... % ( l _ b.T ) (l _D.T) (8)
2 (1 +KiJ . ~ Th
21
cp =
STcI - * I 2Ri - K6T
IS6T + I 2R1
STc 6T
IC!) (current for max. COP) = R M O A (9)
i m
(9a)
1 + 1 +
6,Tm
2~+
/::,T/::,Tm
2
)*
c T ·
C
A= (10)
2+6T
T
-
C
22
(9b)
With this current, the cooling capacity is, using Equation (9a) in (1) 9
• 6T 2 (11)
Qq, = Kl!.T (2A - b,T A - 1) •
m
If A is regarded as unity,
• LlT ~
Qq, = Kil T ( 1 - ~ ) (lla)
• 6T • (llb)
Qq, = "F'~.
m
1 6T
2 - A - 6T A
m
cpm = • (12)
6.T
2 (T+6TL\T )
A
C m
If A is assumed to be unity,
(12a)
C!'m = 2 (6T ~)
6T + T
m C
(12c)
. ra t·10 w1.s
Th16 6T . seen to be very nearly the ratio of corresponding
m
quantities for the two types of operation - maximum cooling and maximum
coefficient of performance.
When the values of resistivity (p) and thermal conductivity (K) for
the P and N legs are not the same,
• (13)
• (12d)
CHAPTER III
Design Conditions
Q = 5 watts
TC = 268°K
Th= 298°K
l!.r = 30°K.
Material Properties
Seebeck coefficient:
S = /S / + /S / = 12 milli volts for a temperature difference
P n
of 30°C, or
..;3
s = 12 ~ 010 = 400 micro volts per °C.
The value of S was found from the graph applied by the manufacturer
24
25
Electrical Resistivity
The values of P and P are taken from the graph given by the manu=
P n
facturer and shown on page (26) of this report.
Thermal Conductivity
0.92 watts/cm/°C for both TEG #2P and TEG #2N elements.
Physical Properties
elements:
TEG #2P TID #2N
;"\,
~;.J ~'40
,.....
0
.J
~ ~00
r
v
u.
t
LIi
' "°
,~o
:t
V
~
u,
to
ui
t/1
4o
.11,ocao
,-.. .·
',:
t 2.,eoo
...
I
f \,
C: \,cioo
D
oe
f Eicio
=
~-----4_o_o_x 10-6
a 2 x 10- 2 x 10-6 ( v'382"+ V55S)
J
=
8
= --
(42)2
This is the figure of merit when the junction and lead resistivity
(2) With the known value of Z and T and using Equation (3), one may
C C
calculate the maximum temperature difference that can be obtained theo-
6T =
m
r'2ZC (TC )2
= 144°C.
(3) Having known the values of 6 T and 6'r, coefficient of performance
m
for this cooler with maximum cooling capacity can be found using Equa-
tion (8).
30 _2Q_
= %(l - 144)(l - 2§8")
=% X 0.79 X 0.899
= 0.355.
(4). The rate of heat transfer is assumed to be 5W as per these design
evaluated:
5 = K • 144 (l - J_li)
=K • 144 • 0.79.
29
area K
y = length = 2Kt
0.044
= = 1.1 cm.
2 X 2 X 10-2
(6) This value of Y and assumed value for total resistivity p = 0.89 x
3
R.J. -- ~l -- .e. = 0.89 X 10- = 0.808 x 10-3 ohm.
a Y 1.1
(7) Now in Equation (2), S, Tc and Ri are known and their values are
substituted to find IQ :
= 133 amps.
(8) Voltage of the supply can be found, knowing the current and resist-
V = IR
= 0.107 volts.
.30
Junction Resistance
sions of the device. As shown in the previous section (Step 5), the
of the arms. Theoretically, a small couple will satisfy the design con-
ditions as well as a large one as long as the value of 'Y' does not
area of arms at the same time, keeping their ratio constant. Practical-
fabrication techniques.
length of the arms. For this analysis, the procedure adopted by Cadoff
its effects can be kept very low, say below one per cent. The effect of
icant. The heat generated at cold junction effectively adds to the heat
load, whereas heat at hot junction is quite close to the heat rejecting
=% I 2 R.J. + 2 I 2 Rj
= %I 2 (R.J. + 4 Rj).
$2
Z'c = {R.J. + 4Rj)K =
1
= Zc X
4R. •
1 + -.J
R.J.
was 0.9 times the figure of merit of the material. In other words, a
ering only the cold junction resistance, it can be assumed that a de-
crease of 8 per cent in the figure of merit is caused due to cold junc=
za
___£ = __1_,,__
Z 4R.
C 1+--J.
R.J.
~ 1
100 = 4Rj
1 +-
R.J.
.32
.. B..i
R,
1.
= }4 (100 _ 1)
92
= }4 (1.087-1) = 0.0218.
Let R
C
= contact resistivity of the junction
R
C
• • Rj = a where a = cross section area of arm.
1
Again R1 = p- where p = resistivity of thermoelements.
a
R
C
a
1
= 0.0218
p a
Re l
• • l =-;- X 0.0218 •
10-5 1
1::: 0.89 X 10-3 X 0.0218
= 0.516 cm.
~his is the optimum length of the arms of the cooler under the
assumptions made.
= 0.5676 cm.
Total volume of thermoelectric material
=2 a l
= 2 X 0.5676 X 0.516
= 0.585 cm3 o
Coefficient of Performance
(1) Figure of merit 'Z' will be the same as calculated for the cooler
of maximum cooling capa9ity.
Z = 4.54 X 10-3 deg-l 0
(2) The theoretical maximum temperature difference aTm will be the same
as calculated for the cooler of maximum ~ooling capacity,
~T
m
= % ZC (T
C
)2
where
28 T L\TllT 'IL
1 (1 . m m) r~
+ + ~ + T 2
A = ----------- •
2 + 6T
T0
=l + (1 + 1.072 + 0.0605)%
2 + 0.112
v
_ 1 + 2 .132 _ 1 + 1. 46 _ 1 17
- 2.112 - 2.112 - 0 •
1
2 = r:I7 - I1i'30.4 X 1.17
q,m = 2.( _2Q_
2bE _2Q_ X 1.17 )
+ f1j:r;:
_ 2 - 0.855 - 0.244
- 2 (0.111 + 0.244)
0.911
=2 X 0.355 = 10290
In case Equation (12b) is adopted, which assumes A= l, the following
results:
ATm 6T L\T l
(f)m = 7!.T • ~(l - ~ )( 1 - T) --ll~T---isl"!!!!T
m h m
l+---
Th
35
144 30 30 1
= 30 • J1? <1 - m H1 - 29s) 1 144 - 30
+ 298
298
298 + 116
= 1.23.
(12c) had been adopted, assuming A to be unity and making other approxi-
b.T
m
cpm =M (f)Q
144
= 30 X 0.355
= 1.7.
T
C
j 1 + z (Th+2 TCJ - -Th
T
C!'m =T
h - TC (Th + Tc)
11 + z 2 + 1
= 8.933 •
v1 + 1.16 - 1.11
v1 + 1.16 + 1
0.352
= 8.933 •
2.465 = 1.29.
accuracies. The expression (12) and (12d) are the same equations, but
through these equations are the same. Equation (12b) where 'A' was
approximation.
llT 2
Q (f) = Kil T ( 2A = M A - l)
m
5 =K O 30 (2 X 1.17 - ~ (1.17) 2 - 1)
5 =K • 30 ( 2. 34 ~ O. 28 5 - 1)
.• .
37
(5) The value of Kand the known value of Kt are used to determine 'Y'
as was done in the previous design.
(6) The known value Y and P specify the total resistance of the couple
(7) Now, in Equation (9), the values of S, Tc' Ri, AT, A Tm' and A are
Ste AT
Icp = R . AT • A
i m
=
400 X 10-6 X 268 • 1 ?&- 0 1.17
0.225 X 10-3
= 116 amps.
(8) Supply voltage can be found as current and resistance of the arms
V = IR
QM
,..
= KAT (1 - AT )
AT
m
5 = K • 30 (1 - {~4)
..2.. -2.Q_ -1
K = 30 (1 - ill) =0.211 watt/deg.
Y = 2KK = ------=------
0.211
2 = 5. 28 cm.
t 2 X 2 X 10
-6
then = 0. 895.28
X 10 - 0 172
- 0
X
10-3
AT
and AT • A
m
= 130 amps
which is nearly the same as obtained for the cooler with optimized
II, it was shown that the ratio of ·~i is very nearly the ratio of cor-
m
responding quantities for the two types of operation - maximum cooling
criterion for choosing the dimensions of the cooler is the contact re-
and assuming that 8 per cent decrease is due to the cold junction re-
sistance, it was found that the minimum length of arm should be 0.516 cm.
1 = 0.516 cm •
= 3.95 X 516
2
= 2.04 cm o
2 X al = 2 X 2.04 X 0.516
= 3
2.11 cm.
CHAPTER IV
Selection of Geometry
In the previous chapter it was shown that for the given design
conditions and from practical consideration of junction resistance
the thermoelements could be as short as 0.516 cm. The cross sec-
tional area of each element of the cooler designed on maximwn cooling
capacity basis (most compact cooler using minimum material) was 0.568
cm2 whereas for the cooler designed on maximwn COP (most efficient
cooler requiring least input power) the elements section was 2.04 cm2 •
It may be realized that these two designs are for some particular
situations where either the space occupied by the device or the power
consumption is the most important consideration. Desired dimensions
of the elements can be obtained by cutting suitable lengths from a
sample and machining them to required sizes. Machining can be
accomplished by acid cutting, by hand sawing or by hand sanding.
Machining and cutting of semiconductor materials like lead tellu-
ride is a very delicate operation. For an experimental cooler, neither
of the designs worked out in Chapter III was suitable as elements of
those particular dimensions were not available from the manufacturing
firms. In order to avoid any machining or cutting of the material,
elements of lead telluride having 1/2 11 length x 1/2 11 diameter, which
40
41
Electrodes
Apart from the above requirements, which are of physical nature, the
following consideration~which are of chemical nature, are very
important.
1. The electrode material must be chemically stable in contact
with the thermoelements under operating conditions.
2. The formation of a junction must not result in the creation
of an intermediate layer of high resistivity.
3. Where a physical bond is created by solder or other means, the
electrode and thermoelement must have well-matched thermal
42
Electrode material for use with PbTe alloys: In view of their chemical
reaction Cu, Zn and Cd are not suitable for electrodes in PbTe systems.
Iron and iron alloys are well suited for use with both P andN type
PbTe because of the chemical stability between these two systems in con-
tact with each other. The use of iron alloys with PbTe elements is
described in U.S. Patent No. 2,811,569. Pure iron and PbTe react at
quite elevated temperatures to form an eutectic mixture which solidifies
at 1615°F or only 73°F below the melting point of pure PbTe. Iron,
gradient and does not dope the crystal as do many other metals.
Stainless steel or other high alloy steel is not suitable for use
with PbTe as the alloying agent may react with the element. Stainless
oxide of iron, Cr2 °-3 cannot be reduced as carbon or hydrogen at the hot
43
The electrodes used as hot and cold junctions for the experimental
cooler are of common cold rolled steel with low alloys.
Joining Techniques
can be obtained with PbTe ingots pressed against iron under reducing (or
Soldering: Soldered junctions are well suited for both hot and
the type of solder and method of soldering which would give the best
conductivity, extremely thin and must not soften at any temperature near
In their literature 3M Company says that tin metal can be used with both
tin, however, must be applied to a PbTe surface free from surface oxides
satisfactory. Justi (20) mentions that a solder with 5o% tin and 50%
(21) reports that good results were obtained by plating the junctions
with rhodium and using ordinary solder. Kaye and Saldi (22) have re-
different laboratories and the results were compared. Kaye and Saldi
(22) report that they tried the following methods for the experimental
elements supplied by .3M Company were pretinned at one end which was
supposed to be joined in the cold junction. These elements which
perhaps were primarily meant for thermoelectric generators were not
to the hot one. After several attempts, all of the four soldered
junctions came out to be tolerably good.
Mining and Manufacturing Company. Both cold and hot junctions are
made of low alloy steel. The cold junction is 2 1/211 long with
1 11 x 1/211 section at ends and 1 11 x 1 11 section in the middle. A hole
is provided in the center of the cold junction where water drop can
be placed and also thermocouple wires were soldered there. The hot
junction con,sists of two fin assemblies , one at each sideo Each f i n assem-
bly has an Upper plate 411 X 411 X 1/411 thick and is electrically and
mechani cally connected with three lower plates 4" x 411 x l/8 11 thick by
means of f our through bolts . Terminals for supply are provided in the
upper hot plat es and thermocouple wire is soldered to one of the plates.
The entire unit is mounted on an insulated base 1211 ~ 611 x 3/4" thick.
CoL D J\lloltT\O N
7
\.£~
,~~"°'\ll!P\\.. ~LT.·
_;.:...r--'r
\-\OT J\1~T1tN
Tu'R.a\iQ.\.I SoL, · {fi"' fiu~"l8\. Y)
J
·/
'F,~ f111t ceo1.1t.1<; · 11 ·
" • .. _.. ll ,1 I
t "i" 9- >1..i:.. llt\Uc > P I I
\G p !1 I
I
!.----,-<
= ' -
1 I I •
1 •
V
••
v ...,I f
I•
I
"
. ~lN~lJLf\TE{) ?.,~SE ~CJ.bx fo,, >c. ," ~ )
-.· . .
Tu
Figure 12. Photograph of the Experimental Cooler ~
CHAPTER V
P type N type
- ~ 764
50
51
400 X 10-6
=
27.7 X 10- + 31.8 X
y _ area .1tX2, h.
- length factor= =~inc
.. 4.
=~
16 x 2.5 -cm.= 1 cm
R + R
P n
1
but since i = 1
Tc 263
= """'T----"""'T.,..- = 30 = 8.93.
h C
52
T
Maximum COP= T ~ T
h C
1.59 - 1.11
= 8.93 1.59 + l
= 1.67.
Maximum temperature differenc·~ (Th - T0 )max
2 -3 2 .·
= 1,? Z T
C
= 1,? X 4.55 X 10 (268) = 163°C.
-1 + Y l + 2Z Th
= z
=
-1 + yl + 2 X 4.55 X 10-3 X 298 .
4.55 X 10-3 ...
=
-1 + v1
+ 2.68
4.55 X 10-3
- -1 + 1.91 · = 200°K or - 73°C.
- 4~55 X 103
53
are obtained when the cold junction is perfectly insulated from hot junc-
- ST C x I
= 13.0 watts.
2
= J,z I R.
J.
54
= 30 (0.02 + 0.02)
= 1.2 watts.
= Qp - Qj - Qcond
= 13. 0 - 6 •5 - 1. 2
= 5.3 watts.
Qnet 5.3
COP = Power = 14.52 = 0.366.
Comparison of Designs
sented. These two designs were based on two different objectives; one
approach was for designing the most compact cooler (maximum cooling
capacity) and the other for designing the most efficient device (maximum
COP). In Chapter IV, an experimental cooler was designed from the point
ent designs are also calculated in the previous pages. The basic fea-
TABLE I
COMPARISON OF DESIGNS
Coefficient of
Performance 0.355 1.29 0.366
Thermal Conductivity
Cw/deg) 0.044 0.158 0.102
Area/Length Factor
{cm) 1.1 3.95 1
Length of Elements
(cm) 0.516 0.516 1.27
Cross Section Are2
of Elements (cm) 0.568 2.04 2.54
Electrical Resistance
(ohm) 0.808 X 10-3 0,225 X 10-J 0.89 X 10-J
Optimum Current
(amps) 1.33 ·116 121
Volum.3 of elements
(cm ) 0.585 2.11 .3.22
Heat pumping capacity
(watts) 5 5 5.3
56
Experimental Setup
room which was somewhat overheatedo. The average room temperature during
the experiments was 35o5°Co The hot junction was kept at room tempera-
tureo A circulating air fan placed near the fin assembly suppliedmoving
It was not possible to place the fin assembly in a water bath because
the upper plates which were in the electrical circuit were also connected
through boltso The cold junction was insulated by wrapping it with cot-
ton and sterofoam packingo A drop of water was placed in the hole at
Steady direct current was passed through the cooler and tempera-
tures of cold and hot :junctions were measured at intervals of five min-
utes until the cold junction temperature became constant and did not de-
obtained for direct currents of 5, 10, 15, •••• , 50 amps. For supplying
rents, rectifier was used as source of power supply. The rectifier sup-
plied full wave rectification and was used with filtering arrangement to
coolero The thermocouple wires were soldered to the cold junction in-
side the central hole and to the hot junction at the upper plate of one
+
'D.C. SU'Pl"\..Y
S.W\Tt\'\ 'V\\~\ ~ts\.€.. R€~,c;, \\~c E.
C'ooLER....
V,
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V1
Figure 14. Photograph of the Experimental Setup 00
59
Experimental Results
•orf.
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been drawn in Figure 17. It was observed that after a certain time
the temperature of cold junction became steady. During the experiments
amps were passed through the device, so the device could not be tested
for its entire range of operation. However, it gave temperature
0
difference up to 15.5 C. In Figure 18, the curve of temperature
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.j::'-
1) Theoretical calculations neglected junction resistance,
as well as resistance of hot and cold electrodes and
connecting leads. In the experiment, though the electrodes
and leads resistances were low and did not matter much but
the resistance of the four soldered junctions was not as
low as it should have been. These junctions were far from
being perfect.
2) In theoretical calculations it is assumed that hot junction
is at constant temperature. In almost all the experimental
models tested in the manufacturer's or research laboratories,
the hot fin assembly was placed in a well stirred water bath
vided in the through bolts joining the hot plates with the
fin assembly. Hot junction and fin assembly dissipated heat
in surrounding air and were kept at nearly constant tempera-
ture by means of a fan. However, a rise in temperature of
2°c was observed.
3) 1he power was supplied by means of batteries and also by
rectifier. The battery did not supply a very constant volt-
age throughout the experiement and the current was to be
adjusted by means of variable resistors. The rectifier on
the other hand had some ripples which resulted in some loss
in the coefficient of performance.
CHAPTER VI
Summary
briefly mentioned.
ideal designs, one based on the optimum cooling capacity and the other
for power supply. In this thesis special attention has been given to
the joining problem which is by far the most difficult and delicate
66
67
121 amps at 0.12 volts for maximum temperature difference~ could not
Conclusions
the construction and test data 0£ the experimental model have led to the
following conclusions~
70
71