FRACTI

ONS

Summar
y:

1.Af
rac
tioni
sanumb
eri
nthef
orm

2.Inafrac
tiont
hetopnumberi
scal
ledt
henumer
atorandt
heb
ott
om
numberi
scall
edthed
enomi
nator
3.I
napr
operf
rac
tiont
henumer
atori
sles
sthant
hed
enomi
nat
or.Thus
and ar
ebot
hpr
operf
rac
tions
.

4.I
nani
mpr
operf
rac
tiont
henumer
atori
sgr
eat
ert
hant
hed
enomi
nat
or.
Thus and ar
ebot
himpr
operf
rac
tions
.

5.I
nami
xednumb
erawhol
enumb
eri
sfol
lowedb
yapr
operf
rac
tion.Thus
and ar
ebot
hmi
xednumb
ers
.Ami
xednumb
erc
anb
econv
ert
edi
nto
ani
mpr
operf
rac
tionandv
icev
ers
a
6.Equi
valentfr
acti
onshavethes
ameval
ue.Inanequival
entfr
acti
onb
oth
thenumer at
oranddenomi
nat
oraremul
ti
pli
edordi
videdbythesame
number.

Thus and

7.Af r
acti
onisi
nsimpl
estf
orm(
lowes
tter
ms)whent
het
opandb
ott
om
cannotbeanysmal
ler
.
8.I
ncompar
ingf
rac
tionst
heonewi
thal
argerper
cent
agei
sthel
arges
t

1
EXAMPLES:

1.Conv
ert i
ntoani
mpr
operf
rac
tion

Sol
uti
on

2.Expr
ess asami
xednumb
er

Sol
uti
on

(
sinc
e114=2r
emai
nder3)

3.Red
uce t
oit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm

Sol
uti
on

4.Ar
ranget
hef
rac
tions and i
nas
cend
ingor
derofmagni
tud
e

5.Ar
ranget
hef
rac
tions and i
ndes
cend
ingor
derofmagni
tud
e

2
 OPERATI
ONSWI
THFRACTI
ONS
Summar
y:

(i
)Forfrac
tionswi
thpl
us(
+)andmi
nus(
)s
ignsonl
y,f
indt
heLCMand
workout
(i
i)Forfr
act
ionswi
thc
omb
inedoper
ati
ons
,theBODMASr
ulemus
tbe
observ
ed.
EXAMPLES:
1.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,expr
esst
hef
oll
owi
ngasas
ingl
efr
act
ion:

(
a) (
b) (
c) (
d)

(
e) (
f) (
g)

(
h) (
i) (
j) (
k)

(
l) (
m) (
n)

2.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,s
impl
if
ythef
oll
owi
ngf
rac
tions
:

(
i) (
ii
)

(
ii
i) (
iv)

(
v) (
vi)

3
(
vii
)

3.Expr
esst
hef
oll
owi
ngasas
ingl
efr
act
ion:

(
i) (
ii
)

(
ii
i) (
iv)

(
v) (
vi)

FRACTI
ONWORDPROBLEMS
1.Amangavehalfofhiswealt
htohi
swife,one-f
ift
htoeac
hofhi
stwo
sonsandt
heresttohisdaughter
.Fi
nd:
(
i)t
hef
rac
tiongi
vent
othed
aught
er
(
ii
)hi
sweal
th,i
feac
hsonr
ecei
vedShs16,
000
Sol
n:

(
i)Requi
redf
rac
tion=

(
ii
)IfWi
stheman’
sweal
th,

4
2.Amangav
e ofhi
smoneyt
ohi
swi
feand oft
her
emai
ndert
ohi
sson.
I
fhewasl
eftwi
thShs90,
000,f
indhowmuc
hdi
dhi
ssonr
ecei
ve
Sol
n:

Fr
act
iongi
vent
owi
feands
on=

 Fr
act
ionl
eft=

I
fMi
stheman’
smoney,

3.Amans
pent ofhi
ssal
aryonf
eesand oft
her
emai
nderonr
ent
.If
hewasl
eftwi
thShs270,
000,f
ind
:
(
i)t
heman’
ssal
ary
(
ii
)howmuc
hdi
dhes
pendonr
ent
Sol
n:

(
i)Fr
act
iononf
eesandr
ent=

 Fr
act
ionl
eft=

I
fMi
stheman’
ssal
ary,

5
(
ii
)Expend
itur
eonr
ent

4.I
nas
chool
, oft
hes
tud
ent
sar
eboys
. oft
heb
oysand oft
he
gi
rl
sar
elef
thand
ed.Fi
ndt
he:

(
i)f
rac
tionofl
eft
hand
eds
tud
ent
sint
hes
chool

(
ii
)numb
erofs
tud
ent
sint
hes
chooli
f420ar
elef
thand
ed
Sol
n:

(
i)Requi
redf
rac
tion=

(
ii
)IfNi
sther
equi
rednumb
er,

EER:

1.Si
mpl
if
ywi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or:

2.Expr
ess asas
ingl
efr
act
ion

6
3.Si
mpl
if
ywi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or:

4.Si
mpl
if
ywi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or:

5.Si
mpl
if
ywi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or:

8.Thenumerat
orofaf rac
tioni
s3lessthani
tsdenomi
nator
.Ifthe
numeratori
stripl
edandthedenomi
natorisi
ncr
easedby7,ther
esul
ti
ng
f
rac
tioni
s Fi
ndt
heor
igi
nalf
rac
tion

6.Si
mpl
if
ywi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or:

7.Amans
pent ofhi
sleav
einhi
sshopand onv
isi
ts.I
fhewasl
eft
wi
th15mor
edayst
ospend
,
(
i)f
indt
hel
engt
hofhi
sleav
e

(
ii
)ifaf
ters
pend
ing ofhi
sleav
einhi
sshop,hes
pent oft
he
r
emai
nderonvi
sit
sandreal
izedthathewaslef
twi
th17mor
edayst
o
s
pend
,f i
ndhowmanydayshadhealread
yspent

8.Expr
ess asas
ingl
efr
act
ion

7
9.Gi
v hatab=
ent f
indt
hev
alueof 

10.Expr
ess asas
ingl
efr
act
ion

11.Gi
vent
hef
rac
tions and f
indt
hed
iff
erenc
ebet
ween
t
hel
arges
tandt
hes
mal
les
tfr
act
ions

12.Gi
v hatab=
ent f
indt
hev
alueof 

13.Expr
ess asas
ingl
efr
act
ion

14.Shs12,
000isshar
edamongP,QandR.Ptakesonefi
fthofi
t,Qt
akes
ones
ixt
hoftheremaind
erandRtakeswhati
slef
t.Find
:
(
i)t
hef
rac
tiont
akenb
yR
(
ii
)howmuc
hdoeseac
hrec
eiv
e

15.Si
mpl
if
ywi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or:

16.Expr
ess asas
ingl
efr
act
ion

17.Expr
ess asas
ingl
efr
act
ion

18.Expr
ess asas
ingl
efr
act
ion

19.Expr
ess asas
ingl
efr
act
ion

8
20.Si
mpl
if
ywi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or:

APPLI
CATI
ONOFFRACTI
ONS
EXAMPLES:
1.Bobt akes10daystodi
gagarden.Bent
akes15dayst
odigt
hesame
garden.Findhowlongitwi
llt
akethemtodi
gthesamegard
enift
heywor
k
together.
Sol
n:
I
fT=r
equi
redt
ime

 T=6d
ays
2.Abas i
nc anbefil
leds
eparatel
ybytapsPandQi n6mi nut
esand12
minutesrespec
tivel
y.Findhowlongt
het wotapswil
ltaketofi
llt
hesame
basi
ni ftheyareopenedatoncewhenthebasinisempty.
Sol
n:
I
fT=r
equi
redt
ime

9
  T=4mi
nut
es

3.TapPcanfil
latankin6minutes,whi
letapQcanempt
yitin15minutes
.
Fi
ndhowlongitwil
ltaketof
illt
histankifthet
wotapsareopenedatonc
e
whenthetankisempty.
Sol
n:
I
fT=r
equi
redt
ime

 T=10mi
nut
es
4.Atankc anbef i
ll
edseparatel
ybyt
apsPandQin6minutesand12
minutesr
es pecti
vel
y.TapRc anempt
ythesamet
ankin5mi nutes
.Fi
nd
howlongitwi l
ltaketofil
lthi
stanki
fthet
apsareopenedatoncewhen
thetankisempt y.
Sol
n:
I
fT=r
equi
redt
ime

 T=20mi
nut
es

5.TomandBobt ake12d aysworki

ngt oget
hertoclearagard
en.Ittakes
30daysforTomal onetocleart
hes amegarden.Fi
ndhowlongitt
akesBob
al
onetoc l
earthisgard
en.
Sol
n:
I
fT=r
equi
redt
ime

10
 

 T=20d
ays

EER:
1.Agar d
enc anb ecl
eareds
epar
atelyb
yBobandBenin30d
aysand20days
respec
tivel
y.Findhowlongitwi
llt
akethemt
ocleart
hesamegard
enif
theyworktoget her
.

2.Abas i
ncanbefil
leds
eparatelyb
yt apsPandQi n30minutesand45
minutesres
pecti
vel
y.Findhowlongitwilltaket
ofil
lthi
stankifthetaps
areopenedatoncewhent hetankisempt y.
3.Atankc anb efi
ll
edseparatel
ybyt
apsPandQin12minutesand15
minutesr
es pecti
vel
y.TapRc anempt
ythesamet
anki n10minutes
.Fi
nd
howlongitwi l
ltaketofil
lthi
stanki
fthet
apsareopenedatoncewhen
thetankisempt y.

DECI
MALSNUMBERS
Summar
y:

1.Adec
imalnumb
eri
sanumb
erwi
thad
eci
malpoi
nt.Thus1
75i
sad
eci
mal
numb
er
2.Toc
onv
ertaf
rac
tiont
odec
imal
,di
vid
ethenumer
atorb
ythe
d
enomi
nat
or.Thus and

3.Ad
eci
malnumb
erc
anb
eexac
tori
nexac
t
4.Anexactd ec
imalort
ermi
nat
ingdeci
malisadec
imalt
hatend
s.Thi
s
deci
mali
sc onvert
edintoaf
rac
tionasfol
lows
:

11
(
i)Di
vid
ethed
eci
malb
yonet
oget

(i
i)Mult
ipl
ybot
htopandb
ott
omb
y10f
orev
erynumb
eraf
tert
hed
eci
mal
point
5.Toaddorsubt
rac
ttwod
eci
malnumb
ers
,li
neupt
hed
eci
malpoi
ntsand
thenworkout
.
6.Tomult
ipl
yordi
vid
etwodeci
malnumb
ers
,expr
esst
hed
eci
malnumb
ers
infr
acti
onsandt
henworkout
.

EXAMPLES:
1.Us
ingac
alc
ulat
or,c
onv
ertt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
rac
tionsi
ntod
eci
malnumb
ers
:

(
i) (
ii
) (
ii
i) (
iv) (
v) (
vi)

2.Usi
ngacal
cul
ator
,conv
ertt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
rac
tionsi
ntor
ecur
ring
deci
mals
:

(
i) (
ii
) (
ii
i) (
iv) (
v) (
vi)

3.Conver
tthef
oll
owi
ngd
eci
malnumb
ersi
ntof
rac
tionsi
nthei
rlowes
t
terms:

(
i)05 (
ii
)025 (i
ii
)075 (iv)0
375 (
v)0
625
(
vi)1
75 (
vii
)235 (
vii
i)0
3 (
ix)037 (
x)0
0225

4.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,ev
aluat
e:
Sol
n:

12
5.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,ev
aluat
e:
Sol
n:

6.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,ev
aluat
e:
Sol
n:

7.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,ev
aluat
e:
Sol
n:

8.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,ev
aluat
e:
Sol
n:

13
9.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,ev
aluat
e:

Sol
n:

10.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,ev
aluat
e:

Sol
n:

11.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,ev
aluat
e:

Sol
n:

12.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,ev
aluat
e:

Sol
n:

14
13.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,f
indt
hes
quar
erootof
:

(
i)0
09 (
ii
)0
0081 (
ii
i)0
640
0121

Sol
n:

(
i)

(
ii
)

(
ii
i)

14.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,f
indt
hec
uber
ootof
:

(
i)0
008 (
ii
)0
0270
125

Sol
n:

(
i)

15
(
ii
)

RECURRI
NGDECI
MAL
Summar
y:
1.Arecurri
ngdec
imali
sad
eci
malwi
thend
les
srepeat
ingd
igi
tsaf
tert
he
dec
imalpoi
nt.

2.Ar
ecur
ringd
eci
mal0
272727-------i
sthes
ameas or
3.Ar
ecur
ringd
eci
mali
sconv
ert
edi
ntoaf
rac
tionasf
oll
ows
:
(i
)Formt
woequat
ionsi
nxwi
tht
hes
amer
ecur
ringpar
taf
tert
hed
eci
mal
poi
nt.
(
ii
)El
imi
nat
ether
ecur
ringpar
tbys
ubt
rac
tingt
hos
etwoequat
ions
EXAMPLES:

1.Expr
ess0
363636-------asaf
rac
tioni
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm
Sol
n:

x=0
363636-------

100x=36
363636-------

16
2.Expr
ess asaf
rac
tioni
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm
Sol
n:

x=0
891891-------

1000x=891
891891-------

3.Expr
ess asaf
rac
tioni
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm
Sol
n:

x=1
272727-------

100x=127
272727-------

17
4.Expr
ess asaf
rac
tioni
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm
Sol
n:

x=0
16666-------

10x=1
6666-------

100x=16
6666-------

5.Expr
ess0
0234234-------asaf
rac
tioni
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm
Sol
n:

x=0
0234234-------

10x=0
234234-------

10000x=234
234234-------

18
6.Expr
ess2
014545-------asaf
rac
tioni
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm
Sol
n:

x=2
014545-------

100x=201
4545-------

10000x=20145
4545-------

7.Fi
ndt
heexac
tval
ueof
Sol
n:

19
 x=2
0909-------

100x=209
0909-------

EER:

1.Expr
ess0
242424-------asaf
rac
tioni
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm

2.Fi
ndt
heexac
tval
ueof

3.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,ev
aluat
e:

4.Expr
ess asaf
rac
tioni
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm

5.Expr
ess0
3181818-------asaf
rac
tioni
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm

6.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,ev
aluat
e:

7.Expr
ess asaf
rac
tioni
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm

8.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,f
indt
hes
quar
erootof0
00250
36

9.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,f
indt
hec
uber
ootof0
2160
125

20
10.Expr
ess asaf
rac
tioni
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm

11.Expr
ess asaf
rac
tioni
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm

12.Expr
ess0
818181-------asaf
rac
tioni
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm

STANDARDFORM
Summar
y:

1.St
andar
dfor
misawayofexpress
inganumb
eri
nthef
orm
where andni
saninteger
2.(i
)Toexpressanumberins
tand
ardform,weshi
ftthed
ecimalpoi
nt
unti
lthedi
gitpartAisbet
ween1and10.Thi
sdi
gitAhasadeci
malpoint
pl
acedaft
ert hefi
rstdi
git
.

(
ii
)Thepowerpar
t s
howshowmanypl
acest
omov
ethed
eci
malpoi
nt

3.Ther
ulesofi
ndi
cesappl
ytoc
alc
ulat
ionsi
nst
and
ardf
orm
EXAMPLES:
1.Expr
esst
hef
oll
owi
ngnumb
ersi
nst
and
ardf
orm:

(
i)25000 (
ii
)3860 (
ii
i)568
3 (
iv)74
8 (
v)3
584 (
vi)4000

(
vii
)0
435 (
vii
i)0
000263 (
ix)0
007 (
x)0
00356 (
xi)

(
xii
) (
xii
i) (
xiv)

(
xv) (
xvi
)

2.Byexpr
ess
ingeac
hoft
henumb
ersi
nst
and
ardf
orm,ev
aluat
ethe
fol
lowi
ng:

21
(
i)0
00040
002 (
ii
)0
0050
00004 (
ii
i)8000000
0005

(
iv) (
v) (
vi)

3.Byexpr
essi
ngeac
hofthenumb
ersi
nthef
orm wher
eni
sev
en,
eval
uatethef
oll
owi
ng:

(
i) (
ii
)0
020
0015 (
ii
i)150040000

4.Byexpr
essi
ngeachofthenumb
ersi
nthef
orm wher
eni
sev
en,
fi
ndthesquar
erootof:

(i
)0
250
64 (
ii
)0
160
09 (
ii
i)0
00360
25 (
iv)0
0081
0
0004

5.Withoutusi
ngac
alc
ulat
or,ev
aluat
ethef
oll
owi
nggi
veyourans
weri
n
stand
ar dfor
m:

(
i) (
ii
)

(
ii
i) (
iv)

6.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,ev
aluat
e:

22
7.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,ev
aluat
e:

EER:

1.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,ev
aluat
e:

2.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,ev
aluat
e:

3.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,ev
aluat
e:

4.Wi
thoutus
ingac
alc
ulat
or,ev
aluat
e: gi
veyourans
weri
nthe

f
orm wher
e andni
sani
nteger

APPROXI
MATI
ONSANDESTI
MATI
ONS
Thi
sdeal
swithroundi
ngoffanumb
erc
orr
ectt
oagi
vennumb
erofd
eci
mal
pl
acesorsi
gni
ficantf
igur
es.
Summar
y:

1.Deci
malpl
acesar
ecount
edf
romt
hed
eci
malpoi
nt.Thus74
564has3
deci
malpl
aces

23
2.Toroundupanumb ertoagiv
ennumb erofdec
imalpl
aces
,thed
igi
tin
thenextdeci
malplac
emus tb
egr eat
erorequalto5.Thustot
wodeci
mal
plac
es 86287863and3
38473 38.

3.(
i)Anyd
igi
tthati
snotzer
oiss
igni
fic
ant
.

(
ii
)Zerosatthebeginni
ngandattheendofanumberarenots
igni
fic
ant
,
wel
lasthezerosbetweennonzer
odigi
tsares
igni
fic
ant.

(i
ii)Si
gni
fic
antf i
guresarec
ountedf
romt hef i
rstnon-zerodi
git.Thus
tothreesi
gnifi
cantfi
gures8
6387864,3068473 07,0
060287
0
0603and40284004030000

EXAMPLES:
1.Roundof
fthef
oll
owi
ngnumb
erst
o2d
eci
malpl
aces
.

(
i)49
37649
38 (
to2d
.p)

(
ii
)8
2648
26 (
to2d
.p)

(
ii
i)5
9976
00 (
to2d
.p)

NB:Wr
iti
ngzer
osi
n(i
ii
)ab
oves
howst
hatt
henumb
eri
swr
itt
ent
o2d
p.

2.Roundof
fthef
oll
owi
ngnumb
erst
o3s
igni
fic
antf
igur
es.

(
i)8
0046  8
00 (
to3s
.f)3045

(
ii
)0
070580
0706 (
to3s
.f)

(
ii
i)4526  4530 (
to3s
.f)

(
iv)3048  3050 (
to3s
.f)

(
v)24170  24200 (
to3s
.f)

24
3.Us
ingac
alc
ulat
or,c
onv
ertt
hef
rac
tion i
ntoad
eci
malnumb
er
c
orr
ect4d
eci
malpl
aces

4.Us
ingac
alc
ulat
or,f
indt
hes
quar
erootof21c
orr
ectt
o3d
eci
malpl
aces

5.Us
ingac
alc
ulat
or,f
indt
hec
uber
ootof4c
orr
ectt
o3s
igni
fic
ant
fi
gures

6.Gi
venthat=3142andr=3.
3,f
indt
hev
alueof c
orr
ectt
o4
si
gni
fic
antfigur
es

7.Giventhat=314,r=24andh=3,f
indt
hev
alueof
corr
ec tt
o2d ec
imalpl
aces

8.Gi
v hat=3
ent 14andr=1.
6,f
indt
hev
alueof c
orr
ectt
o4
s
igni
fic
antf
igur
es

ERR:

1.Roundof
fthev
alueof0
070368t
o:
(
i)3d
eci
malpl
aces
.
(
ii
)4s
igni
fic
antf
igur
es.

2.(
i)Roundof
f2
09974t
o3d
p.

25
 (
ii
)Roundof
f0
070865t
o3s
f.

(
ii
i)Roundof
f5
0036t
o3s
f.

(
iv)Roundof
f364800t
o3s
f.

(
v)Roundof
f3
9963t
o2d
p

(
vi)Roundof
f0
4586t
o2d
p

(
vii
)Roundof
f452700t
o3s
f
2.Asquar
ehasanar m2.Fi
eaof20c ndt
hel
engt
hofi
tss
ide,c
orr
ectt
o
1d.
p.

4.
5.
6.

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

26