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A Review on Use of Mineral Processing Technologies in Recycling Industry

Conference Paper · December 2013

DOI: 10.17491/cgsi/2016/95891

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 A Review on Use of Mineral Processing Technologies in Recycling Industry.
*Abhishek Maheshwari1, Manishankar Panda2 and Himanshu Gurnani3
1
Department of Fuel and Mineral Engineering, Indian School of Mines (abhishekmaheshwari.ism@gmail.com).
2
Department of Fuel and Mineral Engineering, Indian School of Mines (pandamanishankar@gmail.com).
3
Department of Fuel and Mineral Engineering, Indian School of Mines (himanshugurnani.ism@gmail.com).
*Corresponding Author: Student, Department of Fuel and Mineral Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Contact No - +91-9572718905,
Email Id- abhishekmaheshwari.ism@gmail.com, Address: Room no. 60, Emerald hostel, ISM Dhanbad, Jharkhand- 826004, India

ABSTRACT

This paper summarises the importance of waste recycling for metal and non-metal extraction. The potential
and limitations of several mineral processing technologies in waste recycling are discussed. Waste recycling
has a number of key environmental and economic benefits, also a number of studies and literature suggest
that recycling of waste is a boon to the environment. In this paper, emphasis is laid on solid waste, e-waste,
paper waste, aluminium bodied vehicles, metallurgical slag, and waste water. Recovery of valuable elements
from these wastes and their re-utilisation can alleviate the threats to the environment. In addition a review of
current processing techniques which are practiced for recycling in different countries is presented. Thus,
with the application of mineral processing technologies, waste recycling can be done more flexibly and
economically.
Keywords: Recycling, Mineral Processing, Waste-water

1. Introduction the sustainability of the resources and alleviates

Traditionally, a nation’s economy was judged by
the consumption of its resources. But in today’s
depleting resources world, one can say, a nation’s
economy is strengthened by its ability to recycle
its resources. Growth of population, increasing
urbanisation, rising standards of living due to
technological innovations have contributed to an
increase both in the quantity and variety of wastes
generated by industrial, mining, domestic and
agricultural activities. Waste management is one
of the important factors with which we can face
the future challenges and contribute for the
sustainable development of the environment.
Mineral processing technologies play a significant
role in the recovery of essential metals and non-
metals from the waste. Waste recycling ensures
the problems of the environment.
The recycling process makes use of various
methods such as liberation, classification,
separation etc. for the final product. The
technology used for such methods such as
crushers, grinders, screens, cyclones, froth
flotation etc. are already used in mineral
processing. Recycling is done for economic gains
and helps in reducing pollution. The use of
recycling materials saves natural resources and
energy. Recycling creates less air and water
pollution than the primary production of raw
materials. Recycling saves storage space creates
new jobs in companies engaged in the collection,
production and distribution of secondary raw
materials and saves considerable resources [1].
Mineral processing technologies have long been
used in the material processing industry. With
increase in the concern for environment, recycling
industry has got a big boost for processing
secondary materials.
In view of the proven strength of mineral
processing and scope for its application to metal
extraction from mining/metallurgical wastes
including the man-made secondary materials and
environmental protection, a need for
comprehensive review was felt. The present
review focuses on analysing and compiling
researches relating to the processing of End of
Life vehicles (ELV), solid wastes, metallurgical
slag, electronic scraps/wastes (cathode ray tubes-
CRTs), Waste water treatment etc.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Cathode Ray Tubes
Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) are considered to be
one of the hardest types to recycle. CRTs have
relatively high concentration of lead
phosphorous, both of which are necessary for the
display. The glass in CRTs typically contains
enough waste to require managing it as hazardous
waste under certain circumstances.
Indian Scenario
In the present era computer waste is the most
prominent of all e-waste due to the quantity as
well as rate at which it is generated. The computer
hardware sector has displayed a phenomenal
growth in the past few years keeping pace with the
rapid growth in the software sector. And given the
continuous innovations and technological upgrade
that takes place in the hardware segment,
obsolescence risk remains a key area of concern
for companies that have made huge investments in
their IT systems. This obsolescence could be
brought about by several factors such as the
perception that superior efficiencies could be
achieved by investing in superior IT equipment, or
due to the poor design of computers that do not
facilitate easy upgradability, or due to the steady
decline in prices of computers and computer
peripherals, making them more affordable to
a increasing number of businesses.
The most disturbing aspect of computer waste – or
techno-trash, as it is also known – is the rate at
which it is accumulates. According to a study by
the Manufacturers Association for Information
Technology (“MAIT”), together with GTZ, the
German Technical Cooperation agency, India
generated 330,000 MT of electronic waste in
2007, while an additional 50,000 MT was
illegally imported into the country. In 2013, the
e-waste estimated to be generated in India
would touch 470,000 MT [1].
and Flow Sheet Description
The first stage involves a controlled size reduction
process. This process reduces complete tube and
screen down into smaller pieces this facilitates the
separation of leaded from unleaded glass ready for
Fig. 1
sorting. Monitor tubes are fed and reduced CRT carries a negligible amount of unleaded glass. The
glass is given out as product from the shredder is two glass cullets are then bulked up for sale to
sent for sound environment disposal. Then the CRT manufacturers, where they are used to make
next stage where Iron and Steel (Ferrous) metals new CRTs in a closed loop recycling solution.
are removed from the reduced material uses
electromagnets. In this process the material moves
on a conveyor system and the magnets are placed
above that system, as the material passes by the
ferrous metals are attracted towards the magnet
while others keep moving on the conveyor.
In the second stage of metal removal in which
Aluminium and copper (non-ferrous metal) is
separated from the glass material, this is achieved
using eddy currents (created by rapidly alternating
magnetic fields) which induce non-ferrous metal
to leap away from the conveyor whilst glass
material falls straight down, this glass material
collected goes for the next stage of processing.
The metal removal stage is followed by wash
stage during which the leaded and unleaded glass
both are washed in a tumbler filled with certain
amount of water and fitted with a suction pump at
the top, this pump facilitates the removal of Iron
oxides and Phosphorous that coat the inside of the
cathode ray tube, it also sucks out any glass dust
produced in the sizing process. The phosphorous, Fig. 2
oxides and dust are then sent for safe
environmental disposal, whilst the glass is sent on 2.2 Printed Circuit Boards
to the sorting stage. Then the material is passed One of the major challenges is recycling the
through glass sensing technology. This technology printed circuit boards from the electronic wastes.
recognizes different properties between leaded The circuit boards are made of precious metals
and unleaded glass. The speed of a conveyor is such as gold, silver, platinum, etc. and base metals
known and so a computer knows when leaded [11]
such as copper, iron, aluminium, etc . Printed
glass reaches the end of the conveyor. Momentum Circuit Boards (PCB) are made from a mixture of
carries unleaded glass over a splitter whilst leaded glass fibre, fortified resin and various kinds of
glass is re-directed. Separated unleaded glass is metallic compounds and fire retardant materials.
[1]
then 99.97 % pure . The leaded content thus When waste & old circuit boards are not treated
properly, the release of carcinogens from the fire
retardant causes harm to the environment and
people’s health. On the other hand, waste & old
circuit boards have a fairly high economic value.
The metal content of printed circuit boards is
substantially higher than that of ordinary mineral
ores. The metal content of a PCB can be from 10
to 60%, the majority of which is copper, with
[12]
small amounts of gold, silver, nickel, and tin
There is also presence of recoverable rare metals.
Flow Sheet Description
Fig. 3
For recycling these PCBs and obtaining the metals
present in it, the waste PCBs are collected and
components like Capacitor, Resistor and IC etc.
are removed manually. The Bare PCB thus
[13]
obtained is sent for crushing
After the primary crushing, the PCBs are sent for
either secondary crushing i.e. fine Crushing or
Grinding through Ball Mill where the PCBs are
reduced to a size of 1 to 2 mm. The crushed PCB
is mixed with water to form slurry and is collected
in a diffluence drum with the help of a pump. The
slurry from this drum with an optimum pulp
density is fed to the Shaking table where the feed
gets divided into metals and Non-Metals because
. of the difference in their densities. The water used
[14]
in this entire process is sent for reuse . The
metals mainly obtained from the recycling process
are Copper, Gold, Stannum and Iron.
2.3 Vehicles
The production of vehicles is increasing day-by-
day, so is the waste from them. Certain parts of
vehicles can be reused such as spares. However,
the number of these parts is so small that they
appeared large dump cars. Large dumping of cars
creates landfill and environmental problems [6].
Recycling motor vehicles at the end of the life
cycle (ELV) is a regulated process that has led to
the development of new industries. It has multiple
effects related to environmental protection,
sustainable use of natural resources, energy
saving, labour intensive employment, improving
economic performance and the achievement of
significant profits, as well as the realization of
sustainable development of the entire automobile
industry[5].
Indian Scenario
The increase in the manufacture of vehicles results
in high energy usage and increase in the harmful
emissions and greenhouse gases[7]. These efficient
.
recycling of these goods helps in saving energy,
reduces emissions, conserves resources, preserves
foreign exchange, and creates large avenues for flow sheet between the different types of
employment. The recycling of vehicles at the ELV processes.
presents a major challenge and great opportunity
in the Indian context. The annual production of
automobiles in India has increased tenfold,
while the population on the road has
quintupled. It is projected that in the next ten
years, annual production of cars will reach six
million, and two-wheelers will more than
double, to cross thirty million[4]. There will be
corresponding increases in the numbers for
commercial vehicles and some other categories.
As newer vehicles appear, older vehicles reaching
the end of economic life would need to be
scrapped.

Flow Sheet Description

Conversion begins by flattening the hulk and
feeding it, along with a mixture of light-iron and
domestic scrap, into a primary shredder which
pounds the charge into fist-sized pieces. Steel and
iron fragments are collected by strong electro-
magnets and the dust, paper and plastic is sucked Fig. 4
[8]
away by air elutriation . The remaining
combination of non-ferrous metallic and non- 2.4 Plastic Wastes:
metallic residues is sent to sink float/heavy-media In the present era, there has been a steep increase
plant for further separation where metals like Zn, in the amount of plastic waste by households and
Mg, Pb, and Cu are recovered. All these different industry. The growth of plastic waste has a great
metals are separated from one another and from impact on the management of Municipal Solid
the residues, by a series of separation processes Waste (MSW) by land filling and Incineration,
flotation, sieving and eddy current separation are because available space for land filling of MSW is
commonly used. From the eddy current declining and plastic incineration may cause
separation, Glass and rubber are recovered. The harmful emission and toxic fly and bottom ash
remaining combination is sent to spectrographic which contain lead and cadmium [1].
for aluminium recovery. A detailed flow sheet is
given below. A distinction has been made in the
 characteristics of plastics waste and the physical
properties of plastics demonstrates that although
several separation technologies (including
automatic sorting, gravity separation and
electrostatic separation) can be applied to separate
mixed plastics, they generally have their
Table 1 limitations.
The best way for disposal of plastic waste disposal
is recycling. Although several mineral processing
technologies like sorting, gravity separation and
electrostatic separation can be applied to separate
mixed plastic waste, they have their limitations.
Froth flotation is the major and efficient
separation method proved useful for mixed plastic
waste separation [3].

Flow sheet explanation:

The plastic waste is fed to the shredder or crusher
for size reduction up to -10 mm. The product is
then treated with alkali for 15-20 min. After
treating with alkali it is rinsed and sent for
conditioning plasticiser. The conditioned product
is subjected to froth flotation where the overflow
Fig. 5
froth contains PVC product. The underflow
suspension is rinsed to obtain PET product.
2.5 Paper
Plastics flotation utilizes the difference in surface
properties of different plastics. There are four
Many products are consumed or destroyed in use.
main methods available in the literature, namely
Office paper is not. In use it gains a surface coat
(a) carrying out flotation in a liquid medium (may
of print and is only occasionally torn, punched or
be aqueous mixture or non aqueous) with a
creased. This raises the possibility that it could be
specific value of surface tension (b) Selective
cleaned rather than sent to a centralized recycling
wetting of the plastics surface by chemical
facility to be reduced to a pulp and re-formed.
conditioning such as adsorption of chemicals (i.e.
Such a cleaning process might be cheaper,
wetting agents or polymers) (c) selective wetting
environmentally preferable and encourages more
by physical conditioning and (d) selective
recycling than the conventional process.
hydrophobic modification to the plastics surface
[3]
by chemical conditioning . The analysis on the
The key task of office paper recycling is to
remove print. This is usually in the form of a
surface coating of 50–100 mg of toner which
consists of Calcium, 10–1000 million 0.005–
0.025mm diameter spheres of thermoplastic resin
carrying black pigment. These spheres have been
attached to the surface paper fibres under pressure
and at a temperature of 100–200 ◦C as the paper
leave a laser printer or photocopier [16]. In contrast
ink jet print and pen ink are usually very small
(below 50 m) particles of pigment or dye that have
been deposited deep in the paper fibres by a
solvent (often water) that has then evaporated
Indian Scenario
The pulp and paper industry is one of the oldest in
India. Today there are about 550 paper mills in
India, using a variety of raw materials ranging
from forest-based wood to agricultural residues
such as wheat straw, rice straw, and bagasse to
waste paper. Approximately 35% are based on
chemical pulp, 44% on recycled fibre and 21% on
agro-residues [1].
By 1993 Indian paper production had risen to 2.4
million tonnes per year. Demand for paper is
likely to increase at a much faster rate in the
future. The operating capacity of the industry
currently stands at approx. 9.3 million tons. With
such high rate of paper production the rate of
production of paper waste is also very high.
Flow sheet Explanation
The conventional recycling process may be
divided into four steps; collection, print removal,
re-forming and delivery. The collection process is
similar to that of other recycled products and the
re-forming and delivery steps are identical to
those used in the manufacture of new paper. The
main step is Print removal step and it will be
discussed in detail here:
The ink removal process requires waste paper to
be disintegrated into its constituent cellulose fibres
and mixed with water. This is usually done by
placing the paper in water and then using a mixer
to apply shear forces to the water. The shear
forces disengage print particles from the fibres,
and the separation technologies described below
are used to separate the two. The separated
particles and any rejected fibre tend to be placed
in landfill or incinerated.
The print particles are separated by a combination
of filters, centrifugal cleaners, flotation cleaners
and washing [15]:
Filters let cellulose fibres (l–4mm long and 0.01–
0.04mm diameter hollow tubes) pass through and
trap larger particles.
Centrifugal cleaners spin the fibres, water and
print causing particles with differing densities to
move towards the outside of the spinning water at
different rates. This allows material whose density
differs from that of cellulose fibre to be separated
based on the distance it has travelled towards the
edge of the spinning water in a set amount of time.
Flotation dilutes pulp again to around 1–3% pulp
per unit of water and then passes air bubbles
through it. These air bubbles attract some print
and dirt particles preferentially and carry them to
the top of the water where they form dirty foam.
This foam is scraped off and disposed of. The
process can be aided with the use of surfactants.
The size of the print particles may be reduced by
dispersion or increased by agglomeration.
Agglomeration uses chemicals, usually
combination of solvent and surfactant, to cause
ink particles to join together into larger clusters
allowing them to be more easily filtered.
Dispersion uses surfactants or shear forces to
break the ink into smaller particles. This is done
either to ease washing or to make any remaining
print indistinguishable to the human eye. Both
Fig. 6
agglomeration and dispersion may be carried out
at 60–80 ◦C in order to soften toner print particles.
Washing dilutes pulp to around 1–3% pulp per
unit of water and then passes it through a fine
screen. The water flows through the screen, taking
very small contaminants and water-soluble print
with it and leaving the clean fibres. Detergents
may be added to increase the likelihood that the
print will be borne by the water and not re-settle
on fibres.
The print free pulp will then be passed into the
conventional paper making process to be re-
a formed. This may start with a bleaching stage
(which uses hydrogen peroxide, oxygen or ozone
to whiten the pulp) and will then involve the
replacement of any additives (that may make up
30% of an office paper’s mass) that have been
removed as a side-effect of the ink removal stage
(often all the additives are lost). The pulp is then
diluted in water and poured and pressed onto
meshes to form flat sheets before being passed
between hot drums to dry. Once formed into dry
sheets the paper is cut, packaged and transported
through retail distributors back to the users who
purchase the recycled paper—usually at slightly
higher cost than un-recycled paper.
2.6 Municipal Solid Waste:
Solid waste:
The term solid waste means: material such as
household garbage (includes recycling), food
wastes, yard wastes, and demolition or
construction debris. It also includes discarded
items like household appliances, furniture, scrap
metal, machinery, car parts and abandoned or junk
vehicles.
Types of solid wastes:
Solid waste can be classified into different types
depending on their source:
a) Household waste is generally classified as
municipal waste,
b) Industrial waste as hazardous waste, and
c) Biomedical waste or hospital waste as
infectious waste.
Indian Scenario expected to change much in absolute terms in the
In India, the collection, transportation and disposal near future. However, the ratio between the other
of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) are unscientific two components has changed in past years and is
and chaotic. Uncontrolled dumping of wastes on expected to change further, with the shift
[9]
outskirts of towns and cities has created over occurring in favour of recyclables . At the
flowing landfills, which are not only impossible to moment, the country has no policy on segregation
reclaim because of the haphazard manner of of recyclables and hence these too, are dumped
dumping, but also have serious environmental along with the organic waste.
implications in terms of ground water pollution
and contribution to global warming. Burning of Flow sheet explanation
waste leads to air pollution in terms of increased The MSW is first fed to the primary shredder
TSP and PM10 emissions, which is equivalent to where the size of the particle is reduced. It is then
vehicular emissions at times. India’s average passed through a sieve.
waste utilization rate for 1990:91 was about 29%
as compared to the global average of 36%. The
recovery rate was 14% of the total consumption in
the same year. The global recovery rate was,
[1]
however, much higher at 37% . In majority of
urban centres in India, MSW is disposed by
depositing the same in low-lying areas outside the
city. Compaction and levelling of waste and a
final covering by earth are rarely observed
practices at most of these disposal sites. These
low-lying disposal sites, being devoid of a
leachate collection system, landfill gas monitoring
and collection equipment, can hardly be called
sanitary landfills and are more in the nature of
The oversize particles are manually sorted into
dumping sites. Nearly all the Indian cities dispose
recyclable and non-recyclable particles. The non-
of their waste by simple dumping and only about
recyclable particles are sent for landfill. The
9% practice the environment friendly way of
undersize particles are then passed through the
disposal.
second sieve where the retained material is stored
The Indian municipal waste can be broadly
and the passing material is sent to the magnetic
categorized into organic waste (biodegradable),
separator. In the magnetic separator ferrous and
recyclables and others. Of these three, the organic
non-ferrous materials are separated. The non-
waste component has remained constant over the
ferrous and non-metallic minerals are further
past many years at approximately 40% and is not
separated through decomposition followed by
conditioning. The coarse from conditioning is sent fairly good amount of BF slag is utilized in

to landfill, the fine to storage and the intermediate cement making.

is extracted as the final product.

Flow sheet explanation

2.7 Metallurgical Slag Conventionally, the raw blast furnace slag (BFS)

Slag, by-product formed in smelting, welding, and is sent to a screen where the oversize particles are

other metallurgical and combustion processes sent to the primary crusher and the undersize

from impurities in the metals or ores being treated. particles are sent to the ball mill for further

Slag consists mostly of mixed oxides of elements reduction. The product from the ball mill is sent to

such as silicon, sulphur, phosphorus, and classifier for separation. The coarse, intermediate

aluminium; ash; and products formed in their and fines are sent to magnetic separators. The

reactions with furnace linings and fluxing ferrous materials are concentrated as iron

substances such as limestone. Slag floats on the concentrate. The non-ferrous coarse and

surface of the molten metal, protecting it from intermediate material is sent to the tumbling mills

oxidation by the atmosphere and keeping it clean. for further liberation while the fines are fed to the

Slag forms a coarse aggregate used in certain eddy-current separator for extraction of non-

concretes; it is used as a road material and as a ferrous metallic materials. The remaining material

source of available phosphate fertilizer[10]. from eddy-current separator is sent to the

Ferrous and non-ferrous smelting processes pneumatic loader for plastics recovery. The final

produce different slags. The smelting of copper waste is dumped as slag product.

and lead in non-ferrous smelting, for instance, is

designed to remove the iron and silica that often
occurs with those ores, and separates them as iron-
silicate-based slags. Slag from steel mills in
ferrous smelting, on the other hand, is designed to
minimize iron loss and so mainly contains oxides
of calcium, silicon, magnesium, and aluminium.
With hardly any significant utilization of red mud
which is generated to the tune of 66 million tons
every year globally at the rate of 1.0–1.5 ton/ton
of alumina production.

The generation of 250–300 kg of the blast furnace

Fig. 8
(BF) slag per ton of iron (450 million ton slag
generated globally) and 300–500 kg of slag per
2.8 Waste water Treatment
ton of the steel produced is a formidable amount
Process waters exiting from mining, petroleum
of solid waste available for treatment, although
and metallurgical operations are widespread
throughout the world and can become
contaminated by various pollutants. These • As a unit process (ancillary or main process) to
substances include powders, chemicals, metal remove contaminants which are not separated by
ions, oils, organic and others, sometimes other means. Depending on performance (water
rendering the water useless for recycling as quality), process water can be adequately treated
process water, often dangerous for the and recycled
environment, and sometimes causing losses of • As a treatment unit on floating solids in
valuable materials. Sources of water thickeners (concentrates or tailings);
contamination may be found at mines, mills, off • As an auxiliary process to bio-oxidation lagoons
shore platforms, processing plants, tailing ponds, or sludge thickening in water reuse;
etc. • As a process for removing various organics,
Treatment residuals chemicals, including petroleum, from
The treatment of aqueous or oily effluents is one water;
of the most serious environmental issues faced by • As a solid/liquid separation process in acid mine
the minerals and metallurgy industries. Main drainage neutralization with lime;
pollutants are residual reagents, powders, • As a unit process for sludge thickening.
chemicals, metal ions, oils, organic and some may The main differences between ‘‘conventional’’
be valuable (Au, Pt, Ag). Flotation had its flotation of ores and flotation applied to water
beginning in mineral (ore) processing and as such treatment is shown in the table given below:
has been used for a long time in solid/solid
separation applications using stable froths to
selectively separate different minerals from each
other. Regarding applications of flotation in waste
water treatment mainly dissolved air floatation
technique is employed its main applications have
been in the removal of the solids, ions,
macromolecules and fibers, and other materials
from water [13].
Flotation technology can be incorporated in
mining and industrial wastewater-treatment Table 4
schemes in the following ways:

3. Summary

The type of mineral processing technology employed to recycle a particular type of waste and the substances
recovered is tabulated below:
 Type of Waste Typical Mineral processing Substances
technique employed Recovered
End of life Vehicles Crushing, Magnetic separation, Aluminium, Copper,
Heavy media separation, sink float Glass, Magnesium,
Density separation , Electrostatic Plastics, Rubber,
separation Steel, Zinc.

Solid Wastes Crushing, Magnetic Separation, Cu, Al, Zn, Cr, Fe,
Gravity Separation, Froth flotation Cd, Pb, Mn, Ni, As,
Hg etc.
Metallurgical Slag Crushing, Magnetic separation, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni,
Density separation , Electrostatic Pb, V, Mo, Co, Fe, Al
separation, Classification
Plastic Wastes Sorting, Gravity Separation, Froth Organic
flotation and Electrostatic Compounds/Polymers
Separation
Mining and Industrial Waste Air Flotation Heavy Minerals,
Water Various Ore Minerals
CRT Crushing, Magnetic Separation, Fe, Al, Glass, Cu,
Eddy Current Separation, Washing, Plastic
Optical Sensing.
PCB Crushing, Grinding, Density Cu, Au, Fe, Stannum
Separation via Shaking tables and Non-metals

Paper Filtration, Density separation via Clean Fibres of Paper

centrifugal cleaners, Froth Flotation
and Washing.
4. Conclusion:
It is evident from the foregoing that the mineral
processing technology plays a significant role in
the recycling industry. The advancement in the
mineral processing technology helps, in addition
to improving processing of the ROM, in more
economic and efficient recycling of wastes.
Recycling of wastes also generates more
employment. In India the recycling management
is not effective. The processing plants, which
already have the required technology, can develop
a secondary circuit to process the wastes from the
processing plants like waste water, metallurgical
slag etc. This method is currently developed in
many countries. A successful recycling of the
assessed wastes is very important regarding
increase of resource efficiency, avoidance of
possible scarcities and reduction of the overall
environmental impacts linked with the wastes.
Furthermore the positive contribution of the
recycling sector to employment and to adding
value should be taken into account. The expected
demand growth for the investigated wastes could
indicate different developments:
– Growth of environmental-friendly technologies.
– Growth of overall mining production combined
with related environmental stress;
– Enormous increase of the meaning of recycling
technologies and related infrastructures in the next
5-10 years,
– Investments of several billions USD will be
essential for an enhanced circular economy
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10. Recycling oppurtunities in UK for aluminium
bodied cars—by—Graeme Hoyle
11. Sims Recycling Solution
12. Attero Recycling
13. Jiangxi Mingxin Metallurgy Equipment Co.
Ltd.
14. E-Recycle (www.pcb-recycle.com)
15. Desktop paper recycling: A survey of novel
technologies that might recycle office paper
within the office --by-- Thomas A.M.
Counsell, Julian M. Allwood
16. www.papermart.in