Ventura, Brittany M.

BSE SST II-1

March 31, 2022
Activity No. 1

Define the following: (2 points each)

1. Galleon Trade
o also known as the "Manila galleon.", was a Spanish sailing vessel that
conducted an annual round journey (one vessel per year) across the
Pacific between Manila (Philippines) and Acapulco (Mexico) between
1565 and 1815. They were the only method of contact between Spain and
its Philippine colony, as well as the Spaniards in Manila's economic
lifeline. Manila became one of the world's great ports during the prosperity
of the galleon trade, functioning as a crossroads for trade between China
and Europe. However, as other powers began to trade directly with China
in the late 18th century, galleon trade became less important.
2. Suez Canal
o The Suez Canal is a man-made waterway in Egypt that runs north-south
through the Isthmus of Suez. The Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean
Sea with the Red Sea, making it the quickest sea route from Europe to
Asia. It has become one of the world's busiest maritime waterways since
its completion in 1869. The Suez Canal is significant because ships bound
for Asia previously had to embark on a tiring journey around Africa's
southern tip, the Cape of Good Hope. The canal is widely used and tightly
safeguarded due to its strategic location.  
3. Export crop economy
o The Spanish opened new ports to foreign trade between 1855 and 1873,
including Ilo-Ilo in Panay, Zamboanga in western Mindanao, Cebu on
Cebu, and Legaspi in Bicol. It became their respective route for exporting
their crop to various locations.
4. Inquilino
o Also called "tenants." An inquilino is a laborer indebted to a landlord who
permits him to establish a farm on parts of his property (typically in the
marginal regions to keep trespassers out) in exchange for working for the
landlord without pay. The inquilinos provided crucial manpower for chores
like livestock collecting (rodeo) and slaughtering.
5. Liberalism
6. Cadiz Constitution
o The Cádiz Constitution is an important document in the history of
constitutionalism and the liberal movement in Spain, as well as
neighboring countries and America, around the turn of the nineteenth
century. Cádiz is the birthplace of the constitutional monarchy in Spain,
Europe, and Latin America.
 7. Bourbon reforms
o The term "Bourbon reforms" refers to the process by which the bourbon
dynasty in Spain modified the structures it inherited from its Habsburg
predecessor in the sectors of trade, economy, politics, administration, and
military in the 18th century. The bourbon reforms have been termed "a
revolution in government” for their sweeping changes in the structure of
administration as they sought to strengthen the power of the Spanish
state, decrease the power of local elites in favor of officeholders from the
Iberian Peninsula, and increase revenues for the crown.
8. Monopoly
o It is a one-firm business. There is only one manufacturer of a one-of-a-
kind product with no substitutes on the market, and new firms are
prohibited from entering the market. It could control supply, as well as the
product's pricing. Monopolists are usually created or controlled by the
government. The sources of power that provide monopolies the shields or
barriers against entry by other enterprises are usually knowledge and
ownership of technology, territorial jurisdictions, or legal rights.
9. Capitalism
o Liberalism is a political and economic doctrine that emphasizes individual
autonomy, equal opportunity, and the safeguard of individual rights
(mainly to life, liberty, and property), initially against the state and later
against both the state and private economic actors, such as enterprises.
Liberals typically believe that government is necessary to protect
individuals from being harmed by others, but they also recognize that
government itself can pose a threat to liberty
10. Education in the 19th century
o Both boys’ and girls' education dramatically improved over the nineteenth
century. There were still dame schools for extremely young children in the
early nineteenth century. They were operated by women who taught little
reading, writing, and arithmetic to the children. For starters, the lessons
and the way of learning were different. While subjects focused on areas
such as grammar and arithmetic, which we also learn today, they had
more of a focus on memorizing information. And more broadly, there was
a range of education issues in Western countries – education was far from
universal, and it was the poorest who suffered the most from this. 

Please read the following:

1. Rizal’s family background and childhood.
o Jose Rizal was the seventh of the eleven children of Francisco Mercado
Rizal and Teodora Alonso Realonda. As a typical Filipino, Rizal was a
product of a mixture of races. In his veins flowed the blood of both East
and west – Negrito, Indonesian, Malay, Chinese, Japanese, and Spanish.
The hero’s father, Francisco (1818-1898) was born in Binan, Laguna and
he studies Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila,
 Meanwhile, Dona Teodora, the hero’s mother, was born on November 8,
1826, and was educated at the College of San Rosa, a well-known college
for girls in the city. He had ten siblings namely Saturnina, Paciano,
Narcisa, Olimpia, Lucia, Maria, Conception, Josefa, Trinidad, Soledad. T
sibling relationship of the Rizal children was affectionately cordial.
o The Rizal family belonged to the principalia, a town aristocracy in Spanish
Philippines. It was one of the distinguished families in Calamba. By the
power of honesty, hard work, and frugal living, Rizal’s parents were able to
live well. As evidence of their wealth, Rizal’s parents were able to build a
large stone house that was situated near the town church and buy another
one.
o Childhood of Jose Rizal had a simple, contented, and happy life. Don
Francisco and Dona Teodora loved their children, but they never spoiled
them. They were strict parents, and they trained their children to love God,
behave well, be obedient, and respect people, especially the folks.
Whenever the children, including Jose Rizal, got into mischief, they were
given a sound spanking. They believed in the maxim “Spare the rod and
spoil the child”. Every day the Rizal (parents and children) heard Mass in
the town church, particularly on Sundays and Christian holidays. They
prayed together daily at home before retiring to bed and night. After the
family prayer, all children kissed the hands of their parents. Moreover,
they were given ample time and freedom to play by their strict parents and
religious parents. They played merrily in the Azotea or the garden by
themselves.

2. Read on his early and higher education and create a timeline.

Rizal’s early and higher education
1869 His brother Paciano brought Jose Rizal to the
school of Maestro Justiniano Cruz in Binan,
Laguna.
1871 Jose continues his education under the
instruction of Lucas Padua.
1872 Rizal entered Ateneo.
1877 He graduated from Ateneo Municipal and
received the degree of Bachelor of Arts, with
highest honors.
1877- During his first term at UST, he studied
1878 Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy, and History
of Philosophy.
1878- It was during the school term that Rizal pursued
1879 his studies in medicine
1881 Rizal acquired the title of "perito agrimensor"
(expert surveyor) when he studied
vocations course in Ateneo.
 1882 He enrolled in Universidad Central de Madrid
taking up two courses: Philosophy and
Medicine
1884 He conferred the degree of Licentiate in
Medicine
1885 He was awarded the Degree of Licentiate in
Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad
Central de Madrid with a rating of excellent.
After studying at the Universidad Central de
Madrid, Rizal went to Paris to acquire more
knowledge in ophthalmology.
1886 After gathering some experience in
ophthalmology, he left Paris and went to
Heidelberg, Germany
1887  He also attended classes at the University of
Paris, and he completed his eye specialization
course at the University of Heidelberg.