University Of Engineering And Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

CE-120
Building Construction Engineering
Instructed By: Engr Arsalaan Khan
Presented By: Asmar-ud-Din
Semester: 2nd
Department Of: Civil Engineering
Registration No: 19pwciv5272
 “Types Of Foundation, Selection Of Foundation”
“Topics”
Selection Of Foundation
Types Of Foundation
Shallow Foundation
 Footing
 Types Of Footing
Foundation Plan
Foundation Laying Out
Excavation
 “Types Of Foundation, Selection Of Foundation”
Selection Of Foundation
Following are the parameters on the basis of which selection of
foundation type can be made for a building
The type of building.
The type and intensity of loads acting on various parts of buildings
which may be live loads, dead loads, wind loads, earthquake loads etc.
Nature of the soil on which the foundation directly acts.
The bearing capacity of the soil on which the foundation directly acts.
In addition to all these being an engineer economy must be also taken
into account while making selection of foundation for a building
 “Types Of Foundation, Selection Of Foundation”
Types Of Foundation
Foundations can be broadly classified into the following categories
1.Shallow Foundation
2.Deep Foundation
 “Types Of Foundation, Selection Of Foundation”
Shallow Foundation
The foundations which are provided immediately beneath the lowest
part of the structure, near the ground level, are known as shallow
foundations.
Shallow foundations are mostly placed on the first hard and firm strata
available below the ground level.
Shallow foundations are usually constructed at the depth of (2m-5m).
The depth of shallow foundations are less than its width.
Shallow foundations consists of components which are called
footings.
 “Types Of Foundation, Selection Of Foundation”
Footing
Footing is the term concerned to shallow foundation. Footing is the part
of foundation which is constructed below the foundation either with
concrete or brick masonry which is in direct contact with the soil. The
main function of the footing is to transfer the vertical loads directly to
the ground.
 “Types Of Foundation, Selection Of Foundation”
Types Of Footings
Different types of footings are
1.Wall/Strip Footing
2.Isolated/Independent Footing
3.Combined Footing
4.Strapped Footing And Cantilever Footing
 “Types Of Foundation, Selection Of Foundation”
1.Wall/Strip Footing
They are most common and simplest type of footing which support
the long masonry or RCC wall is called wall/strip footing.
In this case the width of footing is twice the width of the wall that
transfer load to it. Sometime its width is even more wider or we can
say that the width of continuous/wall or strip footing is based after
looking at the bearing capacity of the soil. That is if the bearing
capacity of the soil is high enough to support the building then the
width of the footing will be less and vice versa.
In case of load bearing structures generally this type of footing is
used.
“Types Of Foundation, Selection Of Foundation”

Strip/Wall Or Continuous Footing

 “Types Of Foundation, Selection Of Foundation”
2.Isolated/Independent Footing
Isolated or independent footings are the types of footings which used
in the area where columns are highly loaded because these type of
footings are used to support the columns individually.
This type is further divided into three types
Simple footing
Sloped footing
Stepped footing
 “Types Of Foundation, Selection Of Foundation”
3.Combined Footing
Combined footing is formed when two independent or isolated footings are
combined.
They are generally used to support two or more columns.
Suppose we have to construct two columns which are very close to each
other then the footings of these two columns will overlap with each other. In
such a scenario we have to construct the combined footings.
Based on the shape combined footings are classified into different types
Rectangular combined footing
Trapezoidal footing
When the loading is uniform for all the columns then rectangular footing is
used and if loading is non uniform then trapezoidal combined footing is
used
“Types Of Foundation, Selection Of Foundation”

Combined Footing
 “Types Of Foundation, Selection Of Foundation”
4.Strapped Footing Or Cantilever Footing
Strap or cantilever footing is the special type of combined footing in
which the two isolated or independent footings are combined to each
other by a beam called Strap Beam.
This special type of beam is used to transfer and to distribute the load to
the adjacent footings.
 “Types Of Foundation, Selection Of Foundation”
Foundation Plan
Prepare the foundation plan which shall clearly indicate
Position of baselines/grid of the building
Center to center distance between two baselines
Width of foundation
Section title of foundation
“Types Of Foundation, Selection Of Foundation”
 “Types Of Foundation, Selection Of Foundation”
Setting out/Foundation laying out
Before laying out the foundation, the area should be cleared from any
grass, shrubs or trees, and roughly level of site.
Locate the baseline of the building using a string stretched between
two pegs inserted outside the building footprint.
Make a line perpendicular to the baseline at one of its end, using
Pythagorean theorem, large wooden square or theodolite.
Use same procedure for locating baseline of all foundations of the
building.
Check the layout by comparing diagonals of rectangular space.
Foundations lines are marked on either side of the baselines with lime.
Masonry pegs are also constructed instead of using pegs.
“Types Of Foundation, Selection Of Foundation”
 “Types Of Foundation, Selection Of Foundation”
Excavation
After setting out, excavation of foundation is done whether manually
or mechanically within the foundation lines.
Excavated material shall be dumped sufficiently away from the
trenches to avoid its falling back in the trenches and provides enough
space for walking.
Proper protection should be made against surface water flowing into
the trenches from nearby drains.
Excavated trenches shall retain their shape, till the foundations are
constructed.
In case the foundations are deep or the soil is not hard, temporary
supporting is done via shoring.
Base of the foundation trench shall be properly levelled before start of
concreting.
 “Types Of Foundation, Selection Of Foundation”
Shoring/bracing/timbering of trenches
It is process of temporarily supporting sides of trenches to prevent
their collapse during excavation and to provide safety to workers.
Following are members of shoring in foundation
 Poling boards: Vertical members placed on the side of trenches
directly at certain distance or after providing sheeting.
 Sheeting: Horizontal planks provided parallel to and directly
against the sides of trenches.
 Struts: Horizontal members driven across trench b/w poling boards.
 “Types Of Foundation, Selection Of Foundation”
Vertical Section Of Column And Foundation
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