Social Media and Web Analytics Unit-2: Fundamentals of Computer Networking

Social media and Web analytics
Unit-2
Fundamentals of Computer Networking
This tutorial will discover the definition of computer networking, its types, computer
networks work, networking concepts, commonly used terms, networking and internet, how it
works, and network topologies.
What is a Computer Network?

"A Computer Network is defined as a set of two or more computers that are linked
together?either via wired cables or wireless networks i.e., WiFi?with the purpose of
communicating, exchanging, sharing or distributing data, files and resources."
Computer Networks are built using a collection of hardware (such as routers, switches,
hubs, and so forth) and networking software (such as operating systems, firewalls, or
corporate applications).
Though one can also define the computer networks based on their geographic location,
a LAN (local area network) connects computers in a definite physical dimension, such
as home or within an office.
In contrast, a MAN (Metropolitan area network) connects computers ranging between

multiple buildings in a city.
The Internet is the most significant example of WAN (Wide Area Network), connecting
billions of networking devices across the world.
One can also describe the concept of computer networking by its communicating protocols,
the physical arrangement of its networking elements, how it manages network traffic, and it's
functioning.
Computer networks are globally used by businesses, the entertainment industry, education in
the research field for communication and transferring their data from source to destination
node.
All the other technologies, including the internet, Google search, instant messaging apps,
online video streaming, social media, email, cloud kitchen, cloud data storage, etc., all
exist because of computer networks.
Computer Network Types

Below are the most common computer network types that are frequently used these days:
o LAN [Local Area Network}

o WLAN [Wireless local area network]
NOTES BY- SIDDHARTHA SINGH
CHIEF PROCTOR & ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
KIPM TECHNICAL CAMPUS
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o CAN [Campus Area Network]
o MAN [Metropolitan Area Network]
o PAN [Personal Area Network]
o SAN [Storage Area Network]
o VPN [Virtual Private Network]
o WAN [ Wide Area Network]
1. LAN
LAN or Local Area Network is a group of devices connecting the computers and other
devices such as switches, servers, printers, etc., over a short distance such as office, home.
The commonly used LAN is Ethernet LAN. This network is used as it allows the user to
transfer or share data, files, and resources.
2. WLAN

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WLAN or Wireless local area network is similar to LAN with the difference that it uses
wireless communication between devices instead of wired connections. WLAN typically
involves a Wi-Fi router or wireless access point for devices, unlike smartphones, laptops,
desktops, etc.
3. CAN

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CAN or Campus Area Network is a closed corporate communication network. A CAN is a
mobile network that may contain a private or public part. CANs are widely used colleges,
academies, and corporate sites.
4. MAN
MAN or Metropolitan Area Network is typically a more extensive network when compared
to LANs but is smaller than WANs. This network ranges between several buildings in the
same city. Man networks are connected via fiber optic cable (usually high-speed connection).
Cities and government bodies usually manage MANs.

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5. PAN
PAN or Personal Area Network is a type of network used personally and usually serves one
person. This network usually connects devices unlike your smartphones, laptop, or desktop to
sync content and share small files, unlike songs, photos, videos, calendars, etc. These devices
connect via wireless networks such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Infrared, etc.
6. SAN
SAN or Storage Area Network is a specialized high-speed network that stores and provides
access to block-level storage. It is a dedicated shared network that is used for cloud data
storage that appears and works like a storage drive.

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SAN consists of various switches, servers, and disks array. One of the advantages of SAN
is that it is fault-tolerant, which means if any switch or server goes down, the data can still be
accessed.
7. VPN
VPN or Virtual Private Network is a secure tool that encrypts point-to-point Internet
connection and hides the user's IP address and virtual location. It determines an encrypted
network to boost user's online privacy so as their identity and data are inaccessible to hackers.

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8. WAN
WAN or Wide Area Network is the most significant network type connecting computers over
a wide geographical area, such as a country, continent. WAN includes several LANs, MANs,
and CANs. An example of WAN is the Internet, which connects billions of computers
globally.
Networking terms and concepts

Some of the most commonly used terms in day-to-day networking life are as discussed
below:
1. IP address
An IP address or Internet Protocol is a unique number that represents the address where
you live on the Internet. Every device that is connected to the network has a string of
numbers or IP addresses unlike house addresses.
You won't find two devices connected to a network with an identical IP address. When your
computer sends data to another different, the sent data contains a 'header' that further contains
the devices' IP address, i.e., the source computer and the destination device.
2. Nodes
A node refers to a networking connection point where a connection occurs inside a
network that further helps in receiving, transmitting, creating, or storing files or data.

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Multiple devices could be connected to the Internet or network using wired or wireless nodes.
To form a network connection, one requires two or more nodes where each node carries its
unique identification to obtain access, such as an IP address. Some examples of nodes
are computers, printers, modems, switches, etc.
3. Routers
A router is a physical networking device, which forwards data packets between
networks. Routers do the data analysis, perform the traffic directing functions on the
network, and define the top route for the data packets to reach their destination node. A data
packet may have to surpass multiple routers present within the network until it reaches its
destination.
4. Switches
In a computer network, a switch is a device that connects other devices and helps in node-
to-node communication by deciding the best way of transmitting data within a network
(usually if there are multiple routes in a more extensive network).
Though a router also transmits information, it forwards the information only between
networks, whereas a switches forwards data between nodes present in a single network.
Switching is further classified into three types, which are as follows:
o Circuit Switching
o Packet Switching
o Message Switching
o Circuit Switching: In this switching type, a secure communication path is established

between nodes (or the sender and receiver) in a network. It establishes a dedicated connection
path before transferring the data, and this path assures a good transmission bandwidth and
prevents any other traffic from traveling on that path. For example, the Telephone network.
o Packet Switching: With this technique, a message is broken into independent components
known as packets. Because of their small size, each packet is sent individually. The packets
traveling through the network will have their source and destination IP address.
o Message Switching: This switching technique uses the store and forward mechanism. It
sends the complete unit of the message from the source node, passing from multiple switches
until it reaches its intermediary node. It is not suitable for real-time applications.

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5. Ports
A port allows the user to access multiple applications by identifying a connection
between network devices. Each port is allocated a set of string numbers. If you relate the IP
address to a hotel's address, you can refer to ports as the hotel room number. Network devices
use port numbers to decide which application, service, or method is used to forward the
detailed information or the data.
6. Network cable types

Network cables are used as a connection medium between different computers and other
network devices. Typical examples of network cable types are Ethernet cables, coaxial,
and fiber optic. Though the selection of cable type usually depends on the size of the
network, the organization of network components, and the distance between the network
devices.
Computer Networks and the Internet

The Internet is the major example of a WAN, which connects billions of computers globally.
Internet follows standard protocols that facilitate communication between these network
devices. Those protocols include:
1. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

2. IP (Internet protocol or IP addresses)
3. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
4. UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
5. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
ISPs (Internet Service Providers) NSPs (Network Service Providers) effectively support
the internet infrastructure. The infrastructure allows the transportation of data packets to the
recipient device over the Internet.
Internet is a giant hub of information, but this information is not sent to every computer
connected to the Internet. The protocols and infrastructure are responsible for managing to
share the precise information the user has requested.
How do they work?

1. The Computer networks are formed by connecting multiple nodes such as computers,
desktops, routers, hubs, and switches with the help of either wired cables (Ethernet, data

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cables, fiber optics) or wireless networks (Bluetooth, Wi-Fi). This network connection
enables the nodes to communicate and exchange data over the network.
2. Networks follow communication protocols to send, receive, create or forward data. Each
note connected with a network is allocated a unique IP (Internet Protocol), the IP address used
to identify a device and enables the other devices to identify it.
3. Routers and Switches are the virtual or physical medium that supports and manages the
communications between networks. Routers examine the data packets to conclude the best
route, following which the data can easily reach its destination node. In contrast, Switches
connect the devices if there are multiple routes in a more extensive network and facilitate
node-to-node communication, ensuring that the data packets traveling across the network
reach their destination node.
Network Topology
"Network topology is defined as the arrangement of computers or nodes of a computer
network to establish communication among all."
A node refers to a device that can transmit, receive, create, or store information. The nodes
are connected via a network link that could be either wired (cables, Ethernet) or wireless
(Bluetooth, Wi-Fi).
To help build a successful network in different situations, topologies are further classified
into several types.
Though there are several topologies but in this tutorial, we will discuss the commonly used
ones, which are as follows:

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1. Bus Topology
o A Bus network topology supports a common transmission medium where each node is
directly connected with the main network cable.
o The data is transmitted through the main network cable and is received by all nodes
simultaneously.
o A signal is generated through the source machine, which contains the address of the receiving
machine. The signal travels in both the direction to all the nodes connected to the bus network
until it reaches the destination node.
o Bus topology is not fault-tolerant and has a limited cable length.

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2. Ring Topology
o A Ring topology is a modified version of bus topology where every node is connected in a
closed-loop forming peer-to-peer LAN topology.
o Every node in a ring topology has precisely two connections. The Adjacent node pairs are
connected directly, whereas the non-adjacent nodes are indirectly connected via various
nodes.
o Ring topology supports a unidirectional communication pattern where sending and receiving
of data occurs via TOKEN.

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3. Star Topology
o In a Star network topology, every node is connected using a single central hub or switch.
o The hub or switch performs the entire centralized administration. Each node sends its data to
the hub, and later hub shares the received information to the destination device.
o Two or more-star topologies can be connected to each other with the help of a repeater.
4. Mesh Topology

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o In a Mesh topology, every node in the network connection is directly connected to one other
forming overlapping connections between the nodes.
o This topology delivers better fault tolerance because if any network device fails, it won't
affect the network, as other devices can transfer information.
o The Mesh networks self-configure and self-organize, finding the quickest, most secure way to
transmit the data.
o One can form a full mesh topology by connecting every single node to another node in the
network. Full mesh is expensive and is only used in the networks, which demands high data
redundancy.
o Another type of mesh topology is partial mesh topology, where only a few devices are
connected, and few are connected to the devices with which they share the most information.
This mesh type is applicable in the networks, requiring less redundancy or a cost-effective
network topology that is easy to execute.
Data Collection
The Data Collection menu of the General tab allows you to configure how your website
data will be collected for analysis by Logaholic. Each of the three Data Collection methods
has its own setup procedure as well as its own advantages and disadvantages. A fourth
method, Logaholic’s Hybrid Mode, allows you to combine methods to give you greater
flexibility over how your website data is collected.
Click on the name of the Method listed below for more information.
1. Javascript Based Tracking

This option provides you with the Javascript code that you can copy and paste into each web
page you wish to track within Logaholic. To track your entire website, simply copy this code
once into a common header or footer component (or other common HTML component) that
displays on every page of your website. This code is executed with each page as it is
displayed, transferring the tracking information for use within Logaholic. The code is
invisible for your visitors and will not slow down or block your site in case there is no
connection with your Logaholic.
2. Log File Analysis (FTP Download)

This option will copy the web server log file from your remote server to a subdirectory of the
folder where Logaholic is installed locally for processing. This option requires that you use
either an installed FTP Client or Logaholic’s built-in FTP function. To configure this option,
you will also need to provide the credentials of your FTP account and FTP access to the
location of the log files on the remote server.

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3. Log File Analysis (Local file)
This option imports your local web server log file into Logaholic for analysis, the logfile
contains information about your website visitors, where they came from, how they navigate
your site, etc., To configure this option, you will need to provide the directory pathname of
your local web server log file.
4. Hybrid Mode
Hybrid Mode provides the best of both worlds, combining web server log data with
Logaholic’s unique Java Tracker data, which includes data not available in your web server
logs.
Panel based measurement

Panel based measurement refers to the use of certain technologies that monitor how
certain subgroups of individuals behave, and uses those observations to make
general conclusions about the population. The advantage of this method is that you can
make conclusions with far fewer data points.
ISP measurement
An ISP (internet service provider) is a company that provides individuals and organizations
access to the internet and other related services. An ISP has the equipment and the
telecommunication line access required to have a point of presence on the internet for the
geographic area served.
ISPs make it possible for customers to access the internet while also providing additional
services such as email, domain registration and web hosting. ISPs may also provide different
internet connection types, such as cable and fiber. Connections can also come in the form of
high-speed broadband or non-broadband. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
states that to be considered high-speed, a connection must have download speeds of at least
25 megabits per second (Mbps) and upload speeds a minimum of 3 Mbps.
An ISP is also sometimes referred to as an internet access provider. ISP is also sometimes
used as an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish a service provider that
is a separate company from a telephone company.

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How do ISPs work?
ISPs are connected to one or more high-speed internet lines. Larger ISPs have their own high-
speed leased lines, so they are less dependent on telecommunications services and can
provide better service to their customers.
ISPs also keep thousands of servers in data centers -- the number of servers depends on their
internet service area. These large data centers manage all customer traffic. Multiple ISPs are
also connected to large backbone routing centers.
ISPs and the different types of services

ISPs provide the following internet services:
 Cable. This service uses coaxial cable -- the same type of cable that delivers TV. Cable
internet has low latency, which is good for users who need less delay or lag time. Cable
has a download speed of 10 to 500 Mbps and an upload speed of 5 to 50 Mbps.
 Fiber. Fiber internet uses fiber optic cable to transmit data to provide much faster speeds
compared with cable or digital subscriber line (DSL). Fiber has download speeds of 250
to 1,000 Mbps and upload speeds of 250 to 1,000 Mbps. Fiber is good for online gamers
and other heavy internet users.
 DSL. DSL connects users to the internet using a telephone line. It is widely available, but
is slowly being replaced by more reliable broadband connections such as cable and fiber.
DSL is slower and offers download speeds of 5 to 35 Mbps and upload speeds of 1 to 10
Mbps. It is a good option for users in rural areas and those who mainly surf the web or
stream TV on only one device.
 Satellite. Satellite internet access works through the use of communication satellites.
Ground stations relay internet data as radio waves to and from satellites that are likely in
low Earth orbit and to farther ground stations. Satellite is slower, with download speeds
of 12 to 100 Mbps and upload speeds of 3 Mbps, but it is a good option for users in
remote areas.
Search-engine databases
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Search-engine databases help users quickly find the information they need in a high quality and
cost-effective manner. They are primarily used for searching the data content. These databases
are highly optimized for keyword queries and typically offer specialized methods such as full-
text search, complex search expressions, and ranking of search results.
When to use a search-engine database

 For applications that require powerful queries and aggregation.
 For applications that need to support full-text searches.
 For applications that need to support distributed search functionality for high scalability.
 For applications that require secondary indexing.
 For geo-spatial searches.
 For ranking and grouping of search results.
Use cases for search-engine databases

 Full-text search.
 Navigational search.
 Logging and analytics.
 Time-series data such as metrics and application events.
 Metric analysis.
 Analyzing large volumes of data scraped from the web.
Organizational Structure
An organizational structure is a system that outlines how certain activities are directed in
order to achieve the goals of an organization. These activities can include rules, roles, and
responsibilities.
The organizational structure also determines how information flows between levels within
the company. For example, in a centralized structure, decisions flow from the top down,
while in a decentralized structure, decision-making power is distributed among various
levels of the organization.
Having an organizational structure in place allows companies to remain efficient and

focused.

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KEY TAKEAWAYS
 An organizational structure outlines how certain activities are directed to achieve the
goals of an organization.
 Successful organizational structures define each employee's job and how it fits
within the overall system.
 A centralized structure has a defined chain of command, while decentralized
structures give almost every employee receiving a high level of personal agency.
 Types of organizational structures include functional, divisional, flatarchy, and
matrix structures.
 Senior leaders should consider a variety of factors before deciding which type of
organization is best for their business, including the business goals, industry, and
culture of the company.
Understanding an Organizational Structure

Businesses of all shapes and sizes use organizational structures heavily. They define a
specific hierarchy within an organization. A successful organizational structure defines each
employee's job and how it fits within the overall system. Put simply, the organizational
structure lays out who does what so the company can meet its objectives.
his structuring provides a company with a visual representation of how it is shaped and how
it can best move forward in achieving its goals. Organizational structures are normally
illustrated in some sort of chart or diagram like a pyramid, where the most powerful
members of the organization sit at the top, while those with the least amount of power are at
the bottom.
Not having a formal structure in place may prove difficult for certain organizations. For
instance, employees may have difficulty knowing to whom they should report. That can lead
to uncertainty as to who is responsible for what in the organization.
Having a structure in place can help with efficiency and provide clarity for everyone at
every level. That also means each and every department can be more productive, as they are
likely to be more focused on energy and time.
Centralized vs. Decentralized Organizational Structures

An organizational structure is either centralized or decentralized. Traditionally,
organizations have been structured with centralized leadership and a defined chain of
command. The military is an organization famous for its highly centralized structure, with a
long and specific hierarchy of superiors and subordinates. In a centralized organizational
system, there are very clear responsibilities for each role, with subordinate roles defaulting
to the guidance of their superiors.
There has been a rise in decentralized organizations, as is the case with many
technology startups. This allows companies to remain fast, agile, and adaptable, with almost
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every employee receiving a high level of personal agency. For example, Johnson & Johnson
is a company that's known for its decentralized structure. 2 As a large company with over 200
business units and brands that function in sometimes very different industries, each operates
autonomously. Even in decentralized companies, there are still usually built-in hierarchies
(such as the chief operating officer operating at a higher level than an entry-level associate).
However, teams are empowered to make their own decisions and come to the best
conclusion without necessarily getting "approval" from up top.
Types of Organizational Structures

Functional Structure
Four types of common organizational structures are implemented in the real world. The first
and most common is a functional structure. This is also referred to as a bureaucratic
organizational structure and breaks up a company based on the specialization of its
workforce. Most small-to-medium-sized businesses implement a functional structure.
Dividing the firm into departments consisting of marketing, sales, and operations is the act
of using a bureaucratic organizational structure.
Divisional or Multidivisional Structure

The second type is common among large companies with many business units. Called the
divisional or multidivisional structure, a company that uses this method structures its
leadership team based on the products, projects, or subsidiaries they operate. A good
example of this structure is Johnson & Johnson. With thousands of products and lines of
business, the company structures itself so each business unit operates as its own company
with its own president.
Flatarchy Structure
Flatarchy, a newer structure, is the third type and is used among many startups. As the name
alludes, it flattens the hierarchy and chain of command and gives its employees a lot of
autonomy. Companies that use this type of structure have a high speed of implementation.
Matrix Structure
The fourth and final organizational structure is a matrix structure. It is also the most
confusing and the least used. This structure matrixes employees across different superiors,
divisions, or departments. An employee working for a matrixed company, for example, may
have duties in both sales and customer service.
Benefits of Organizational Structures

Putting an organizational structure in place can be very beneficial to a company. The
structure not only defines a company's hierarchy but also allows the firm to layout the pay
structure for its employees. By putting the organizational structure in place, the firm can
decide salary grades and ranges for each position.

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The structure also makes operations more efficient and much more effective. By separating
employees and functions into different departments, the company can perform different
operations at once seamlessly.
In addition, a very clear organizational structure informs employees how best to get their
jobs done. For example, in a hierarchical organization, employees will have to work harder
at buying favor or courting those with decision-making power. In a decentralized
organization, employees must take on more initiative and bring creative problem solving to
the table. This can also help set expectations for how employees can track their own growth
within a company and emphasize a certain set of skills—as well as for potential employees
to gauge if such a company would be a good fit with their own interests and work styles.
What Are the Four Types of Organizational Structures?

The four types of organizational structures are functional, divisional, flatarchy, and matrix
structures.
What Are the Key Elements of an Organizational

Structure?
Key elements of an organizational structure include how certain activities are directed in
order to achieve the goals of an organization, such as rules, roles, responsibilities, and how
information flows between levels within the company.
What Is an Organizational Structure Example?

An example of an organizational structure is a decentralized structure, which gives
individuals and teams high degrees of autonomy without needing a core team to regularly
approve business decisions. A good example of this decentralized structure is Johnson &
Johnson. With thousands of products and lines of business, the company structures itself so
each business unit operates as its own company with its own president.

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Social media and Web analytics

What is a Computer Network?

In contrast, a MAN (Metropolitan area network) connects computers ranging between

Computer Network Types

o LAN [Local Area Network}

NOTES BY- SIDDHARTHA SINGH

NOTES BY- SIDDHARTHA SINGH

NOTES BY- SIDDHARTHA SINGH

NOTES BY- SIDDHARTHA SINGH

NOTES BY- SIDDHARTHA SINGH

Networking terms and concepts

NOTES BY- SIDDHARTHA SINGH

Switching is further classified into three types, which are as follows:

o Circuit Switching: In this switching type, a secure communication path is established

NOTES BY- SIDDHARTHA SINGH

6. Network cable types

Computer Networks and the Internet

1. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

How do they work?

NOTES BY- SIDDHARTHA SINGH

NOTES BY- SIDDHARTHA SINGH

NOTES BY- SIDDHARTHA SINGH

NOTES BY- SIDDHARTHA SINGH

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1. Javascript Based Tracking

2. Log File Analysis (FTP Download)

NOTES BY- SIDDHARTHA SINGH

Panel based measurement

NOTES BY- SIDDHARTHA SINGH

ISPs and the different types of services

When to use a search-engine database

 For applications that need to support full-text searches.

 For applications that require secondary indexing.

 For geo-spatial searches.

 For ranking and grouping of search results.

Use cases for search-engine databases

 Logging and analytics.

 Time-series data such as metrics and application events.

 Analyzing large volumes of data scraped from the web.

Having an organizational structure in place allows companies to remain efficient and

NOTES BY- SIDDHARTHA SINGH

Understanding an Organizational Structure

Centralized vs. Decentralized Organizational Structures

Types of Organizational Structures

Divisional or Multidivisional Structure

Benefits of Organizational Structures

NOTES BY- SIDDHARTHA SINGH

What Are the Four Types of Organizational Structures?

What Are the Key Elements of an Organizational

What Is an Organizational Structure Example?

NOTES BY- SIDDHARTHA SINGH

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