Polymer:

A polymer is a chemical compound or mixture of compounds consisting of repeating structural

units created through a process of polymerization. Historically, products arising from the linkage
of repeating units by covalent chemical bonds have been the primary focus of polymer science;
emerging important areas of the science now focus on non-covalent links. 
Natural polymeric materials such as shellac, amber, wool, silk and natural rubber have been used
for centuries. A variety of other natural polymers exist, such as cellulose, which is the main
constituent of wood and paper. The list of synthetic polymers includes synthetic rubber phenol
formaldehyde resin (Bakelite), neoprene, nylon, polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
polystyrene, polyethylene,polypropylene, polyacrylonitrile, PVB, silicone, and many more.
Polymerization: It is the process of combining many small molecules known as monomers into
a covalently bonded chain or network. During the polymerization process, some chemical groups
may be lost from each monomer. 
Properties: The physical properties of a polymer are strongly dependent on the size or length of
the polymer chain. For example, as chain length is increased, melting and boiling temperatures
increase quickly.
Tensile strength
The tensile strength of a material quantifies how much stress the material will endure before
suffering permanent deformation. This is very important in applications that rely upon a
polymer's physical strength or durability. For example, a rubber band with a higher tensile
strength will hold a greater weight before snapping. In general, tensile strength increases with
polymer chain length and cross linking of polymer chains.
Young's Modulus quantifies the elasticity of the polymer. It is defined, for small strains, as the
ratio of rate of change of stress to strain. Like tensile strength, this is highly relevant in polymer
applications involving the physical properties of polymers, such as rubber bands. The modulus is
strongly dependent on temperature.
Visco-elasticity describes a complex time-dependent elastic response, which will
exhibit hysteresis in the stress-strain curve when the load is removed. 
Dynamic mechanical analysis or DMA measures this complex modulus by oscillating the load
and measuring the resulting strain as a function of time.
Impact resistance also tends to increase with chain length, as does the viscosity, or resistance to
flow, of the polymer in its melt state.
Applications of Polymers:
Macromolecular science has had a major impact on the way we live. It is difficult to find an
aspect of our lives that is not affected by polymers. Just 50 years ago, materials we now take for
granted were non-existent. With further advances in the understanding of polymers, and with
new applications being researched, there is no reason to believe that the revolution will stop any
time soon.
This section presents some common applications of the polymer classes introduced in the section
on Polymer Structure. These are by no means all of the applications, but a cross section of the
ways polymers are used in industry.
Natural rubber (Elastomers)
Natural rubber is a polymer whose repeating unit is isoprene.
This material, obtained from the bark of the rubber tree, has been
used by humans for many centuries. It was not until 1823,
however, that rubber became the valuable material we know
today.
Much of the rubber used in the United States today is a synthetic variety called styrene-butadiene
rubber (SBR). Today, the United States consumes on the order of a million tons of SBR each
year. Natural and other synthetic rubber materials are quite important.
Plastics
The polymer (low density polyethylene (LDPE) is characterized by a large degree of branching,
forcing the molecules to be packed rather loosely forming a low density material. LDPE is soft
and pliable and has applications ranging from plastic bags, containers, textiles, and electrical
insulation, to coatings for packaging materials.
Americans consume approximately 60 billion pounds of plastics each year. The two main types
of plastics are thermoplastics and thermosets. Thermoplastics soften on heating and harden on
cooling while thermosets, on heating, flow and cross-link to form rigid material which does not
soften on future heating. Thermoplastics account for the majority of commercial usage.
Another form of polyethylene differing from LDPE only in structure is high density polyethylene
(HDPE) or linear polyethylene. This form demonstrates little or no branching, enabling the
molecules to be tightly packed. HDPE is much more rigid than branched polyethylene and is
used in applications where rigidity is important. Major uses of HDPE are plastic tubing, bottles,
and bottle caps.
Fibers
Fibers represent a very important application of polymeric materials, including many examples
from the categories of plastics and elastomers.
Natural fibers such as cotton, wool, and silk have been used by humans for many centuries. In
1885, artificial silk was patented and launched the modern fiber industry. Man-made fibers
include materials such as nylon, polyester, rayon, and acrylic. The combination of strength,
weight, and durability have made these materials very important in modern industry.
Processing Polymers
Once a polymer with the right properties is produced, it must be manipulated into some useful
shape or object. Various methods are used in industry to do this. Injection
molding and extrusion are widely used to process plastics while spinning is the process used to
produce fibers.
Injection Molding
One of the most widely used forms of plastic processing is injection molding. Basically, a plastic
is heated above its glass transition temperature (enough so that it will flow) and then is forced
under high pressure to fill the contents of a mold.
Extrusion
Extrusion is similar to injection molding except that the plastic is forced through a die rather than
into a mold. However, the disadvantage of extrusion is that the objects made must have the same
cross-sectional shape. Plastic tubing and hose is produced in this manner.
Spinning
The process of producing fibers is called spinning. There are three main types of spinning: melt,
dry, and wet. Melt spinning is used for polymers that can be melted easily. Dry spinning involves
dissolving the polymer into a solution that can be evaporated. Wet spinning is used when the
solvent cannot be evaporated and must be removed by chemical means.