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Tutorial Problems in Fluid Mechanics
Tutorial Problems in Fluid Mechanics
Tutorial Problems in Fluid Mechanics
L. Baranyi
TEMPUS-JEP 1501
Project 9
University of Miskolc
1994
CONTENTS
Preface
List of References ..................................................... ... ........... .... ......... ... ...... 123
Appendixes
A Notation ..... ... ...... ............. .... ........... .... .. ........................... .. ......... .. ... ..... . 124
B Moody diagram ......................................... ..................... ..... .... .... .......... 127
ii
Preface
These tutorial problems are intended primarily for foreign students who study the
subject FLUID MECHANICS in English medium at the Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering, University of Miskolc. It is hoped, however, that it may also be of some
service to other engineering students.
The material is reasonably self-contained together with the unpublished lecture
notes of the author but references are also given for further reading. The choice of
notations largely follows the recommendations of the International Standards
Organisation, and the international system of units (SI) is used throughout the
material. The number of problems involved is relatively low, but more or less
detailed specimen solutions are given to all problems. The author encourages
students to try and solve a lot of problems by their own. I would like to emphasize
physical understanding to make students aware of the variety of phenomena that
occur in real fluid flow situations.
The study aid contains seven chapters for wording the problems and further seven
for the answers and specimen solutions. A list of symbols used and a copy of the
Moody diagram are also included.
The acceleration due to gravity should be taken g = 9.81 m/s 2 and the density of
water is to be chosen to be 1OOO kg/m 3 if it is not stated otherwise.
Figures are not to scale in this study aid.
The author gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the TEMPUS
JEP-1501.
Laszlo Baranyi
1
1 .1 Determine the gravity force W that can be sustained by the force F acting on
the piston of the Figure.
E 0= 240 mm diam
0 • •I
"U 1
E
E
0 w
~
.. · ~ .... , .. '-~
"U
II
. '
,
. _, . . .... "
'. ". ,- \ .
F= 1 M N ._
,..• .
•
~
.
.
'
•
.
' •
'•
•
;..
\.
' ' ._ I
I
.
" .. ,,... .. . . "' \ .- - . • •• -, - • • • I Hydraulic Jack
\ .. I\"• - _,,,,,..,, ... :'J· .,.,, ..... ··
' • -, -·.. •. •' -- 0 ·I 1 .~ .' . ' . •' ,,._,
.- .. · ,. '..<.·-: :.-:• :.:.' _-.. ._-: : ·. __. _:: ,'
·, ' . . '.. . , . ,... -
1 .2 Neglecting the mass of the container find the force F tending to lift the circular
top AB.
...
"" f.h= l m
•.
'
· .
...,.
.... 3 3
:~ 9 =-10 kg Im
.·J--;...-
" •
....
,.
:7
.....::
..' ,,·' .
...·.· ·.~
1.3 For isothermal air at O °C, determine the pressure and density at H = 3000 m
when the pressure is p 0 = 0.1 MPa abs at sea level (gas constant
R = 287 Nm/(kgK) ).
1.4 In the Figure the liquids at A and B are water (p) and the manometer liquid is
oil (pJ.
h 1 = 300 mm; h 2 = 200 mm; h 3 = 600 mm
Find pressure difference PA - Ps .
2
..
...~~·
.,
~ --........
p
0
i; h1
.. Mercury
h2
..
~
(q m =13600kg lm'>
·;
1.6 The ratio of cistern diameter to tube diameter is 10. When the air in the tank is
at atmospheric pressure, the free surface in the tube is at position 1 . When the
cistern is pressurized, the liquid in the tube moves 20 mm Y= 200 mm} up the
tube from position 1 to position 2. What is the cistern pressure that causes
this deflection? The density of the liquid is p = 800 kg/mJ .
3
Cistern
1.7 Find the gauge difference N1 11 in the U-tube if the water level in the container is
raised by ,1/-1 = 1.5 m (see the Figure).
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Water
=_-_-
-=-=-=-=--=--=-=
~w-
_-_ - _-_-
-=-=-=- =- =-=- lqw=-1000 kg/~)
_- _-_- _- _- -
__
c.C>
If) Mercury 3
0 {qm= 13600 kg/m ) t.h
- - -- --- ------,__ 0 11
- - - - - - - - - - - -- --- ---
A
A'
a :0.6 m
b = 1.Sm
c:0 .3m
d ,,z.4m
1.9 Locate the pressure centre for the gate in the Figure. The gate is 1.3 m wide.
(w = 1.3 m)
r 1·
w
·1
l
h=2m h '-- · ~ ·
le -
x
- 3 - ,-
- 9 =~ 0 !9 I~ - - - h=1.5m
l z~~ - - - _ - _ - _- Gate -
- - - - -
--- ---
1.11 Find the resultant force due to water on both sides of the gate including its
line of action.
H =-3m
-GaTe_ - ~...:::.
-_-_- 9 -
w =-1. 3 m - - h =2 m
(Gatewict!_h) ::_
6
1.12 Calculate the force exerted by water on one side of the vertical annular area
shown in the Figure.
- - - 3 J - - --
Water (~ .. 10 kg /m) _
H= 2m
1.13
- - - - - - 3 - -
- _ - Water (9 = 999 kg /m) _ - _
H =2m
7
1.14
- Water - W=2m
<<f=1d kg /m )
3
_ - _-_ (width of the pool)
1.1 5
z
A
Water - - -
_t~ = 10'lkg/rt) _-
D x
- - - c
8
A cylindrical barrier (see the Figure) holds water as shown. The contact
between cylinder and wall is smooth.
Determine
(a) the force per metre pushing the cylinder against the wall,
(b) the density of the cylinder (pJ
Water - - -
- - 5-
(~ : 1oq_o kg tm_)
I- - _ I - - - __
-
_-r _ -
- - -
H= 4m
- - -
-
-j-
-- --
- - -
1.17 A crude accelometer can be made liqiud-filled U-tube as shown. Find the
acceleration for L =0.4 m and Ni= 0.2 m.
9
-- a
z
A
_.____...... B - - - - - - - - - - - ' - -- x
~ b .I
1.19 A cubical box 1.3 m on an edge is open at the top and filled with water.
When it is accelerated upward 2.5 m/s2, find the magnitude of water force
on side of the box (p = 1OOO kg/mJ).
10
1.20 When the U-tube is not rotated, the water stands in the tube as shown. If
the tube is rotated about the eccentric axis at a rate of co = 8/s, what are
the new levels of water in the tube? e = 0.18 m; Neglect capillarity effects.
{~-
-- -~
·- I 2t
1.21 The U-tube is rotated about a vertical axis through A at such a speed that
the water in the tube begins to vaporize at the closed end (A), which is at
20 °C (pv = 2500 Pa).
What is the angular velocity?
~
Open p =10 1300 Pa
o
Closed z
'\.,_
l
"--A
~~~~~~~~~~-
E
...., ~ = 998.2 kg trr?
0
,,
£
1.22 Locate the vertical axis of rotation and the speed of rotation of the U-tube
shown in the Figure so that the pressure of liquid at the midpoint of the
U-tube and at A are both zero guage.
11
Closed
--- - - - ----- --""'
~~~~~~~~~~~~,_A
L ... 0 .6 m
.. 1
1.23 Water stands in this cylindrical tank as shown when no rotation occurs. If
the system is rotated about the axis of symmetry of the tank, determine the
allowable angular velocity, m1, to avoid spilling.
----
,- I
.
H·l m - - - - - Water - -
- h .. 0. 7 5 m - • - - - -
- -- - -
1.24 A cylindrical container of radius R = 0.5 m and height H = 1.5 m with axis
vertical is open at the top and totally filled with water (p = 103 kg/m3).
Determine
(a) The maximum rate at which the container can be rotated before the liqiud
free surface just touches the bottom of the tank,
(b) The force acting on the bottom of the tank (neglect the weight of the tank).
1.25 A circular cylinder of radius r0 and height h0 with vertical axis is open at the
top and filled with liquid. At what angular velocity must it rotate so that half
the area of the bottom is exposed?
(h 0 = 1 m, r0 =0.5 m)
12
1.26 Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the spherical
surface and explain why the line of action goes through the centre 0.
p z
otm
H-=3m _ - _ -
- Water - - - -
- 3 -
(q =-10 kg/m)
3 -=-- -- - - _
__ _
M~rcury
13
1 .28 What is the resultant force from the fluid acting on the door AB which is a
quarter circle? The width of the door is w = 1.3 m. Give the elevation above
the ground of the pressure centre.
- Water - - - - -
-_ -
- q
=1000 k-,J
g
-----
- - -
-
-- -- --
------ -
- s
p
A
-:.... Water--_
- - 3- - -
- ~: 10_ kg !'._rn~
- - - - __
_....__ __, _ - - -
14
2 KINEMATICS OF FLUIDS
2.1 Which of the following motions are kinematically possible for an incompressible
fluid? (k is constant)
(b)
kx ky
(c) Vx = 2 2; Vy = 2 2; Vz =Q
x +y x +y
2.2 The velocity potential of a two-dimensional motion is 4> = kxy. Find the
streamlines.
2.4 Parametric equation for the position of a particle in a flow field are given as
Find the equation of the pathline for a location at (x,y) = (1,2) at t = 0. Compare
with a streamline through the same point.
2.5
y [mm)
u
bt2 ,3) Lines marked
3
a(i,[) influidat t · O
h 2 !---+--'~ c (3,2)
I I
1 -~ - I
d(21)
o
I I
-..-~...--.....--.....--.....--.....---.&--~~~~·,.._..,...~~~- x [mm J
1
3 / 4 /5
15
A viscous flow in the narrow gap between parallel plates is shown. The velocity
field in the narrow gap is given by v = U y I h T, where U = 4 mm/s and
h = 4 mm. At t = O two lines, ac and bd, are marked in the fluid as shown.
Evaluate the positions of the marked points at t = 1 .5 sec and sketch for
comparison. Calculate the rate of angular deformation and the rate of rotation
of a fluid particle in this velocity field.
Determine:
(a) the derivative tensor of v,
(b) the acceleration
(c) the velocity potential (provided it exists)
v = -ayT + f3xl
where a and f3 are positive constants. Calculate
2.9 The velocity field of a fully developed laminar flow in a pipe is described as
V x =Vy =0
Vz =A[ R2 -(x2 + y2)] (where x 2 + y 2 5 R2)
Determine:
(a) the symmetric part of the derivative tensor of v,
(b) the acceleration field,
(c) rate of linear and angular deformation,
(d) rate of rotation ,
(e) velocity potential (if exists).
v = -<iljl + (J}l(J
with m= 1O s- 1. Calculate
p
atm
- - - - -
3.4 Water may be considered to flow without friction through the siphon. The
water flow rate is 0.03 m3 /sec, its temperature is 20 °C, and the pipe diameter
is 75 mm. Compute the maximum allowable height h, so that the pressure at
point A is above the vapour pressure of the water. (Pv = 2. 5 kPa;
p = 998.2 kg/m3 ; Patm =100.5 kPa)
A
•
D=75mrn
- _ - _ - - - - q -_ - - -
Lar g e tank
3.5 A smoothly contoured nozzle is connected to the end of a garden nose. At the
nozzle inlet where the velocity is negligible, the water pressure is 160 kPa
(gauge). Pressure at the nozzle exit is atmospheric. Assuming that the water
remains in a single stream that has negligible aerodynamic drag, estimate the
maximum height above the nozzle outlet that the stream could reach.
17
3.1 Air flows steadily and at low speed through a horizontal nozzle, discharging to
the atmosphere. At the nozzle inlet, the area is 0.1 m2 • At the nozzle exit the
area is 0.02 m2 . The flow is essentially incompressible, and frictional effects
are negligible. Determine the gauge pressure required at the nozzle inlet to
produce an outlet speed of 50 m/s. (p=1 .23 kg/m 3 )
ICD
I
%,
At =- 0 .1 m
Large
t an k
lnrniscible
fluids
z - -
- -- 9 - - - -- - h-2 ---
- · -2 - -
- -
--
v
_- - - x -- - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - --
3.3 A glass tube with a 90° bend is open at both ends. It is inserted into a flowing
stream of oil so that one opening is directed upstream and the other is
directed upward. Oil inside the tube is 50 mm higher than the surface of the
flowing oil. Determine the velocity measured by the tube.
19
3.6 Two probes are often combined, as in the pitot-static tube in the Figure. The
inner tube is used to measure the the stagnation pressure at point B while the
static pressure at C is sensed by the small holes in the outer tube. In flow
fields where the static pressure variation in the streamwise direction is small,
the pitot-static tube may be used to infer the velocity at point A in the flow, by
assuring PA =Pc- (Note that when PA:.i: Pc· this procedure will give erroneous
results).
(p=l000kg/m3 ; Pm =13600kg/m3 ; .1h=300mm)
0
Flow
- - - - - - --
~·--
A ~ > v
E-
20
3.7 Water flows in a circular pipe. At one section the diameter is 0.3 m, the static
pressure is 260 kPa (gauge). the velocity is 3 m/s, and the elevation is 10 m
above ground level. The elevation at a section downstream is O m, and the
pipe diameter is 0.15 m. Find the gauge pressure at the downstream section if
frictional effects may be neglected.
. .. " . . .·. .. ..
~.""··~~:·.·.·-·:;
... ~· ' . 0 1l , .. . ._ .
- - Gasoline- - -
( .. 2m ' . I '
.. ..... .
'•
\.
1
- - - - qG -- - - _::: .
t - ',;' :' ' \
' .
. ..
\
-- - - - - - -- -----------
21
3.10 For the venturi meter and manometer installation shown in the Figure
determine the volume rate of flow for the manometer reading .1h.
Data: 0 1 =200mm; 0 2 =150mm; z 1 = 1m; z 2 =1.3m; .1h = 0.2m;
p=1000kg/m3 ; Pm =13600kg/m3
......__ __ A
s ~
-~L---z = O
'Sm
3.11 Neglecting losses and surface tension effects, derive an equation for the
water surface r of the jet of the Figure in terms of y/H.
- ----
- - - -1---
-- - - - --
-----
-------- --
.. 1 1. 2r
pa.m
I
E
-
-- -- - -- - - - - - -- --
- - - vlarge tank
- - - -,...-
H
>----
3
q =-1000 kg /m !'--.
A
t-
I B
•
""' -
~ -3000
m
kg/m
3
3.13 The tank shown in the Figure has a well-rounded orifice with area Aj = 7cm2 •
At the time t=O, the water level is at height H=2 m. Develop an expression for
the water height, z 1 , at any later time, t. The cross-sectional area of the tank is
A = 0. 7 m2. You can neglect frictional effects, and the quasi-steady form of
the Bernoulli's equation can be used.
- Tank area - -
3.14 The tank with hemisphere shape has a well rounded orifice with area
Ai= 0.01 m2 • At time t=O the water level is at height R=2 m. Develop an
23
expression for the water height, z1 , at any later time, t. Determine time T,
belonging to z1 = R/2. You can neglect the unsteady term in the Bernoulli's
equation.
24
4 MOMENTUM EQUATION
4.1 Water in an open channel flows under a sluice gate as shown in the sketch.
The flow is incompressible and uniform at section <D and @. Hydrostatic
pressure distributions may be assumed at sections <D and @ because the flow
streamlines are essentially straight there. Determine the madnitude and
direction of the force (per unit width) exerted on the gate by the flow.
w idt h - w
v1-0.1 m I sec
4.2 Water flows steadily through the reducing elbow in the diagram. At the inlet to
the elbow the absolute pressure is 221 kPa and the cross-sectional area is
0.01 m2 . At the outlet the cross-sectional area is 0.0025 m2 and the velocity is
16 m/s. The pressure at the outlet is atmospheric (patm = 101 kPa). Determine
the force required to hold the elbow in place. (You can neglect the weight of
the elbow and that of the water in it).
L.
4.3 Calculate the pressure loss at abrupt enlargement of the cross-section
(Borda-Carnot head loss) shown in the Figure.
4.4 Fluid issues from a long slot and strikes against a smooth inclined flat plate
(see the Figure). Determine the division of flow (0 1 and 0 2) and the force R
exerted on the plate, neglecting loss due to impact.
Data: e = 60°I
v 0 = 10 m/s
I
0 0 = 0 • 1 m3/s
I
p = 1OOO kg/m3
Vo
4.5
o, (j)
Q.
•·
26
4.6 Plate A is 500 mm in diameter and has a sharp-edged orifice at its centre. A
water jet strikes the plate concentrically with a speed of 30 m/s. With the plate
held stationary, what external force is needed to hold the plate in place if the
jet issuing from the orifice also has a speed of 30 m/s? The diameters of the
jets are 0 = 100 mm and d = 40 mm (p = 1OOO kg/m3 ).
4.7 What is the force on the elbow-nozzle assembly from the water? The water
issues out as a free jet from the nozzle. The interior volume of the nozz.le elbow
assembly is 0.1 m 3. Give answer in terms of Patm· (the effect of atmosphere
should be taken into consideration)
Data: v1 = 1.5 m/s
0 1 =0.3 m
0 2 = 0.15 m
P1 = 100 kPa (gauge)
p = 103 kg/ m3
27
Nozzle
p
alm
01
-- - - -- · ~
L. P,
o,
' E.lbow
9
--·-----
4.8 Water fills the piping system of the Figure. At one instant p 1 = 70 kPa,
p 2 = 0 kPa, v, = 3 m/s and the flow rate is increasing by Q= 0. 0032 m3 I s2 .
Find the force Fx required to hold the piping system stationary at the
mentioned istant.
4.9
~
v - -----
~A
28
The sketch shows a vane with turning angle of 60°. The vane moves at
constant speed, U = 6 m/sec, and receives a jet of water (p = 1OOO kg/m 3)
that leaves a stationery nozzle with speed, V = 25 m/sec. The nozzle has an
exit area of 0.002 m2. Determine the force that must be applied to maintain
the vane speed constant.
4.10 A jet of water of area Aj = 1290 mm2 and speed vj of 18 m/s impinges on a
trough which is moving at a speed u of 3 m/s. If the water divides so that two-
thirds goes up and one-third goes down, what is the force on the trough?
4.11 Water issues from a large tank through a 1300 mm2 nozzle at a velocity of
3 m/s relative to the cart to which the tank is attached. The jet then strikes a
trough (long open vessel) which turns the direction of flow by an angle of 30° ,
as is shown in the Figure. Assuming steady flow, determine the thrust on the
cart which is held stationary relative to the ground by the cord. (You can
neglect friction between the ground and the cart wheels.)
29
4.12 Assume that the scoop shown which is 200 mm wide (w = 200 mm), is used
as a braking device for studying decelerating effects such as those on space
vehicles. If the scoop is attached to a 1OOO kg sled that is initially haveling
horizontally at the rate of 100 m/s, what will be the initial deceleration of the
sled? The scoop dips into the water (p = 1OOO kg/m 3J 80 mm
(d = 80 mm).
4.13 The sprinkler of the Figure discharges 0.3 Vs water through each nozzle.
Neglecting friction, find its speed of rotation. The area of each nozzle opening
is 100 mm2.
w A I1
r-+-~~~~-+-'2--~~~~~~~--J
2 A
r1 .. 300 mm
30
'l' = 9+6x-4y+7.xy
5.4 Four sources of equal strength Q = 1m3/s perm are located at points P1, P2.
P 3 and P4 , as shown in the Figure. Find the velocity distributions along x and y
axes.
.Q.
Q Q
~(-2,-1) f?, 2 ,- 1)
4
31
5.5 Two infinite straight vortexes of equal strength 111=7r: m2 Is are located at
points P 1 and P2 , as shown in the Figure. Vortex at point P 1 has the clockwise
direction of spin, while those at P2 has the reversed direction of spin.
Find the velocity distribution along y axis.
y
~(-2,1) ~ (2 ,1)
a a
5.6 In an infinite 2-D flow field a sink of strength -3 m3/s per metre is located at the
origin and another of strength -4 m3/s per metre at (2 m, 0). What is the
magnitude and direction of velocity at (0,2 m)? Where is the stagnation point?
5. 7 A source with strength 0.2 m3/(sm) and a vortex with strength 1 m 2/s are
located at the origin. Determine the equations for velocity potential and stream
function. What are the velocity components at x = 1 m, y = 0.5 m?
5.8 The nozzle in the Figure is shaped such that the velocity of flow varies linearly
from the base of the nozzle to its tip. Assuming one-dimensional steady flow,
what is the convective acceleration midway between the base and tip if
diameters D an dare 0.9 m and 0.3 m, respectively, the nozzle length L is
5.4 m, and the discharge is 0. 7 m3/s? Also, what is the local acceleration
midway between the base and tip?
5.10 The nose of a solid strut 100 mm wide is to be placed in an infinite two-
dimensional air stream of velocity 15 m/s and density 1 .23 kg/m3 and is to be
made in the shape of a half body. Determine the strength of the corresponding
source, the distance between the stagnation point and the source, the
equation of the surface in rectangular co-ordinates based on the source as
origin, and the difference in pressure between the stagnation point and the
point on the strut where it is 50 mm wide.
5.13 Select the strength of doublet needed to portray a uniform flow of 20 m/s
around a cylinder of radius 2 m.
5.14 A circular cylinder 3 m in diameter rotates at 500 r.p .m. When in an airstream,
p = 1.2 kg/m3, movig at 120 m/s, what is the lift force per metre of cylinder,
assuming 90 percent efficiency in developing circulation from the rotation.
5.1 6 On a long circular cylinder with its axis perpendicular to an otherwise uniform,
infinite, two-dimensional stream, the stagnation points are at <p = 240° and
<p =300°. what is the value of the lift coefficient?
Figure). Find the difference in velocity and pressure between points E and F,
i.e., L1v = vE -vF, 4J = pF -pE , respectively.
y
L
34
6 LAMINAR FLOW
p
atm
6.2 A viscous oil flows steadily between horizontal parallel plates. The flow is
laminar and fully developed. The total gap width between the plates is
h = 3 mm. The oil viscosity is 11 = 0.5 Ns/m2 , and the pressure gradient is
-1200 N/ m2/m. Find the magnitude and direction of the shear stress on the
upper plate, and the volume flow rate through the channel, per metre of width.
6.3 A film of water (p = 103 kg/m3 ; v = 10·6 m2/s) in steady laminar motion runs
down a long slope, inclined a = 30° below the horizontal. The thickness of the
film is o = 0.8 mm. Assume that the flow is fully developed, and at zero
pressure gradient. Determine the surface shear stress and the volume flow
rate per unit width.
35
6.4 A continuous belt passing through a chemical bath at speed, U = 0.5 m/s,
picks up a liquid film of thickness, h = 1 mm, density, p = 900 kg/m 3 , and
kinematic viscosity, v = 10-3 m2/s. Gravity tends to make the liquid drain down,
but the movement of the belt keeps the liquid from running off completely.
Assume that the fluid is fully developed laminar flow with zero pressure
gradient, and that the atmosphere produces no shear stress at the outer
surface of the film. Determine the velocity profile, the shear stress distribution
and the average velocity.
p .. p
atm
)(
1--- -1--- y
belt bath
6.5 A crankshaft journal bearing in an car engine is lubricated by SAE 30 engine oil
at 21 OF (71 = 0.0096 Ns/m2). The bearing is 76 mm in diameter, has a
diametrical clearance of 0.064 mm and rotates at 3600 rev/min. It is 32 mm
long. The bearing is under no load, so the clearance is symmetric. Determine
the torque required to turn the journal, and the power dissipated.
6.6 A continuous belt passing through a chemical bath at speed, U = 0.5 m/s,
picks up a liquid film of thickness, h = 0.8 mm, density, p = 850 kg/m 3 , and
kinematic viscosity, v = 10·3 m 2/s. Gravity tends to make the liquid drain down,
but the movement of the belt keeps the liquid from running off completely.
Assume that the fluid is fully developed laminar flow with zero pressure
gradient, and that the atmosphere produces no shear stress at the outer
surface of the film. Determine the velocity profile, the shear stress distribution
and the average velocity.
36
p
atm
Belt Bath
6.7 In the Figure U = 0.7 m/s. Find the rate at which oil is carried into the pressure
chamber by the piston and the shear force and total force F acting on the
piston.
6p b
9
'))
-
-
F
u
Pressure chamber
L
6.8 The data for the steady, fully developed laminar flow between two plates
shown in the Figure:
Determine the tangential force per square metre exerted on the upper plate
and its direction.
37
6.9 Water at 60 °C ( p =983 kg/ m3 ; v =4. 5x10-7 m2 Is) flows between two
large flat plates. The lower plate moves to the left at a speed of 0.3 m/s. The
plate spacing is h = 3 mm, and the flow is fully developed, steady and laminar.
Determine the pressure gradient required to produce zero net flow at a cross
section.
_ u_ L~L~1~//h~L~ L/ /L,/
x
6.10 A sealed journal bearing is formed from concentric cylinders. The inner and
outer radii are 25 and 26 mm, the journal length is 100 mm, and it turns at
2800 rpm. The gap is filled with oil in laminar motion. The velocity profile is
linear across the gap. The torque needed to turn the journal is 0.2 Nm.
Calculate the viscosity of the oil. Will the torque increase or decrease with
time? Why?
6.12 A simple and accurate viscosimeter can be made from a length of capillary
tubing. If the flow rate and pressure drop is measured, and the tube geometry
is known, the viscosity can be computed. A test of a certain liquid in a capillary
viscosimeter gave the following data:
Flow rate: 880 mm 3/sec
Tube diameter: 0.5 mm
Tube length: 1m
Density: 999 kg/m3
Pressure drop: 1.0 MPa
6.13 Consider fully developed laminar flow in the annulus between two concentric
pipes. The inner pipe is stationary, and the outer pipe moves in the z direction
6.14 A water injection line is made from smooth capillary tubing with inside
diameter, O = 0.25 mm. Determine the maximum volume flow rate at which
flow is laminar. Evaluate the pressure drop required to produce this flow rate
through a section of tubing with length, L = 0. 75 m.
(p = 1000 kg I m3 ; v = 10-6 m2 I s)
6. 15 A liquid drug with the viscosity and density of water (p = 1OOO kg/m 3 and
v = 1o-6 m2/s) is to be administered through a hypodermic needle. The inside
diameter of the needle is 0.25 mm and its length is 50 mm.
Determine
(a) the maximum volume flow rate for which the flow will be laminar,
(b) the pressure drop required to deliver the maximum flow rate,
(c) the corresponding wall shear stress.
-----x
6.17 A board 1 m by 1 m that weighs 220 N slides down an inclined ramp with a
velocity of 0.15 m/s. The board is separated from the ramp by a layer of oil 0.5
mm thick. Neglecting the edge effects of the board, calculate the approximate
dynamic viscosity 71 of the oil.
6.19 If a thin oil (v =0.001 m2/s) 3.5 mm thick flows down a surface inclined at 30°
to the horizontal, what will be the maximum and mean velocity of flow?
40
6.20 Two vertical parallel plates are placed 2 mm apart. If the pressure decreases
at a rate of 9 kPa/m in the positive z direction (vertically upward} in the fluid
between the plates, what is the maximum fluid velocity in the z direction? The
fluid has a viscosity of 0.1 Ns/m2 and a density of 850 kg/m3.
41
7 TURBULENT FLOW
7.2 For water at 65 °C (p = 980.6 kg/m3; v = 4.5 x 10-7 m 2/s) calculate the
discharge for the pipe of the Figure.
73m
SO mm diam
Wrought i ron (E =- 0. 046 ml
.....______._ _ Z= Q
2
7.4 A racing car weighing 7110 N attains a speed of 386 km/h (vo) in the first
400 m. Immediately after passing through the timing lights, the driver opens
the drag chute. The chute area is 2.32 m2 and it has a drag coefficient of 1.2.
Air and rolling resistance of the car may be neglected. The local air density is
1.237 kg/m3. Find the time required for the machine to decelerate to 160 km/h
(v 1).
7 .5 Water (p = 1OOO kg I m3) flows in the pipe shown and the manometer deflects
HJ= 800 mm. What is f for the pipe if c =3 ml s .
42
q .: 2500
m
kg /n{ L.
7.6 Air ( 71 =1.81 x10...o N ·s/m2 ) flows in a 3-cm smooth tube at a rate of 0.012
(p = 1OOO kg/ m3) discharge of 0.283 m3/s in the system. Where is the point
of minimum pressure in the pipe, and what is the magnitude of pressure at
that point?
Elevation=?
L 1 -90 m Elevation= 30 m
/i
- - - - - i - - - -- - - - - - --t
- - - -
43
7.9 Points A and B are 3 km apart along a 60-cm new cast-iron pipe
7.10 What diameter of cast-iron pipe (e=0.26 mm) is needed to carry water
7.12
Valve
- ) " :- ·
. . LT . ---.. .
Large
f 1- 4m
,
----_ - _-
--
I
€ . O.OC005
· -_- - - - ~
.
d•0.1m
Find the loss coefficient Kv of the partially closed valve that is required to
reduce the discharge to 50 % of the flow with the value wide open (Kvo = 0. 2)
as shown in the Figure.
7 .13 Determine the elevation of the water surface in the upstream reseNoir if the
_ - _ - _ - _- water -:_ -
Hi•? - - - - - ~ --'- V :_ - - -
E
d 1 •0,3m f • 0.02 -
Ill
0
y
Hi-2m - _- _- _- _ - _- _-
N
-0
K0 =0.39 (fordi)
L1= 20 m .1 L2 -1om
I· •I
7 .14 The pressure at a water main is 300 kPa gauge. What size of pipe is needed
to carry water (p =103 kg/ m3; v = 1o-s m2 Is ) from the main at a rate of
0.025 m 3/s to a factory that is 140 m from the main? Assume galvanized-steel
pipe ( E= 0. 2 mm) is to be used and that the pressure required at the factory
is 60 kPa gauge at a point 1O m above the main connection.
45
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 1
gz+P =canst
pd
P= J..!£. = Po ln.E._
p P
0
Po Po
Hence
gz + Po In .E._ =const
Po Po
Boundary condition: p =p 0
at z =0, so canst= 0
Solving the equation for p yields the variation of pressure with elevation
p=Po exp(-_JJ_z)
RTO
46
Then
Hence
1.7 PA=Pe
Po + pgH = Po + Pm9'1h1 (1)
where H is the height of the water column above point A.
When the level of the water in the container is raised by .6.H: pi =p 9 .
(2)
1.8 p + gz = const = Po + gd
p p
whence
k =0.65 m
1.9
wh 3
I }2 h 13
y =H - k= -r-+y = + H - -= - m
P A Ye c wh( H - ~) 2 6
k = H-yp =5 16 m.
M =1.9865 x 104 Nm
1.11 Gauge pressure at the left-hand side (LHS) of the wall: p - p0 = pg( H - z)
Force at the LHS:
- - ( ) - (H-2h)hwi=5.1012x10
-
F; = F;i = p-p0 c, Agate i = pg
i 4-
[N)
C1 ... centroid of area on the LHS of the gate (see the Figure)
h2
=-h - =-5
2 12( H-;) 6
m (see the Figure)
F2 = -2.5506 x 10 4
T [N]
Line of action at the RHS:
49
wh 3
-h +12
h 2
- - =-= - m
2 whh 3 3
2
f
- ----i-- --
- - - - --
- -- - - - -
----
P1 • P2 pressure centres
at the LHS and RHS of
the gate, respectively
H
h
2
4
1.12 F =(p -p0 )c A = pgH(rJ- r/) ir = 4.62285x10 N
c...centroid of area
Fr~e surface
:=. - 9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -_ - -_ - - -
wl3
y,=Yc +_!,_= H + ~sina+ ( 12 )=6.222m
Aye Lw H + L sin a
2
yp-Yc=0.22 m
51
r2 'fr
Fz =-W = --0 - wpg =-3.0819 X 104 N
2
1.15
(a) The force exerted against the wall is due to the horizontal force on AB. The
horizontal components of force on BC and CD cancel. Hence,
(b} For equilibrium the weight of the cylinder must be equal to the vertical
component of force exerted on it by the water. The vertival force on
BCD is
2
F zBCD =pg 1( 2'lrR. +2R 2)
The vertical force on AB is
52
R n) .
2
2
FzAB = -prJ 1( R -4
Hence
Since the elementary forces go through 0, the resultant force goes through
0, as well.
0 8
53
1.17
Equation of motion for the relative equilibrium
pf -Vp =pa,
Hence Vp =p(f -a) (1)
NI a
tana= - =-
L g
NI
a =-g =4.905 ml s2
L
~=-pa
dx
~ =-pg
dz
Boundary condition 2: x = L: z = 0; p =p 0
54
HI
a =-g =4.905 ml s2 .
L
1.18
(a)
p( x, z) = -p{axx + gz) +canst
Boundary condition: x =b/2: z = h, p =p 0
Hence
p( x, z) = Po -r[a, (x - ~) + g( z - h) l (1)
(2)
- 1 -
1.19 Newton's 2nd law: f --Vp =a
p
or Vp = p(t -a)= -p(g +a)k
H
Force on one side F = (p - PJcA = p(a+ g) - H 2 =13.523 N
2
Gauge pressure
H ---9 _:- _-_.-_-_-_-_ C
di stribution
-=- ~- J - --~2 -_
= =j= = -
-::_-_-_-_·-_-_ -
---- - -- - ----1=:;:=:7----tl- x
l.. H qgH
Top v iew
H - ---x
- 1 -
f --Vp =a
p
r= -gez; a= -role,
Hence
_,
56
()p=prol
()r
dp
- = -pg
dz
Integration yields
2
p(r,z) =p -r ol )
( 2 - -gz +canst
Since P 1 = P2 = p 0
1.21
2
p(r,z) =p -r ol )
( 2 - -g z +canst
Boundary condition 1: r =r 0
: z =h; p =P0
Hence
(r2 _ r.2)
0
ro2
p(r,z) =Po +p +p<J(h-z)
2
1.22
z
~
c
x
h
.__
L/2
I
r
--
J
. __ _
L
B
_ J- <._
>
2
p =p -r ol
--gz ) +canst
( 2
(1)
(2)
L 2
x = - =0.15 m
4
w=
L
..J9h = 5.7184 s-1
1.23
2 z
p(r,z) =p( -r ol--gz ) +canst
2
Boundary condition:
r =0: z =zo1· p =p 0
Hence
h
2
p(r,z) =Po +p[-r ol
- -g(z -z0 ) ]
2 r
Free surface:
r 2 ol
p(r,z) = p0 , hence z - z 0 = -2g- (paraboloid of revolution)
(1)
R2 ol
z0 =h---
4g
Hence
R2ro2
ZR=h + - - (3)
4g
2
F= f[p(z=O,r)-p ]dA=pgHfR( !_ ) 27rfdr=pgH~=5.7786 kN
0
R2
A 0 R 2
(acts downward)
(Fis equal to the weight of the fluid contained in the tank after rotation, which
is one half of the weight of the fluid originally in the container)
1.25
\ I
\ I
\ I
/
' ..... /
ro
w
60
(1)
2 1 2
r, 1t = 2 ro 1t so
4
F =
z
!_
pg 2 3
R3tr =20546.02 N
Force goes through 0 since the elementary forces are normal to the sphere
at all points and hence points to 0.
1.28
61
sinE> = ~·
p'
d = RsinE>= R ~
F
=0.6062 m
1.29
Hence
Hence
62
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 2
2.1
2.2
v = grad</J; v =ky·
X I
vy =/()(' vz =0
I
dx dy
-= - (1)
x 2 - y 2 = const
2.3
Basic equation:
dx dy dz
- =-= - (1)
Separating equations (1) into two and substituting the velocity components
leads to the system of streamlines
xy =k, (2)
x= k 2 exp(~ z) (3)
2.4
It follows from the initial condition that
C1 =1 and C2 =2
hence
dxp at
vx =dt- =ae =ax
dx dy
-= -
After substitution the velocity components and integration the equation of the
streamline through point (1 ,2) is obtained as
b
y =2x a
2.5
vy =0,· .1x --vt
x
3 +---t-- ---+--i--t-.
'---4---1-__.1---....___,___.__,__ x [mm]
1 3 4 5 6 7
64
2.6
(a) streamline at t = 0 through point (1, 1,0):
Y=X
(b) pathline
dx x t2
v =X (1+At)=-P --7 fn_E_=t+A- (1)
xp p dt Xpo 2
dy
vyp =Yp = - dtP (2)
The combination of equations (1) an (2) (taking into account that xpo = 1 and
dropping subscript p), yields
x = exp[ln y +;(In y)
2
J
2.7
v = VcI> (1)
x3 y2 z2 )
4>=V0
( -+-+ - +z +const
3 2 2
2.8
dx dy
(a) -=-
x2 y2
- + - = 1·
a2 b2 I
where a2 = 2ac ·, 2
b2 = c
f3
They are circles if a =f3
where
D=
(c)
2.9
0
(a) 0 -Ax]
-~y
-Ay
cN -
(b) a=-=O
dt
2.10
(a) x2 + y2 = c = R2
circles with centres at the origin
67
s= =!_(o+o)
2 = c
=O =
a =!_(o-oc) =D
= 2 = = =
so there is rotation
dV
(~ steady since - =-O
dt
2.11
- ()./ - - ()./
a =-+(v · V)v =-+v -+v1 -+v -
()./ ()./ ()./
dt (}( x dx # z()z
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 3
v2 p
P +gz +-1-=_g_+gz +-2- v2
Bernoulli's equation: _1 (1)
p 1 2 p 2 2
P v2
- + gz + - =canst (1)
p 2
v2 p
P +gh + -1- v2
_1
2 = atm +- (2)
P2 2 P2 2
v2 p
Patm +g(fli +h2) + -o- 2
=-1 +gh2 +~ (3)
~ 2 ~ 2
v1 =V0 =0 here.
Equation of continuity:
d21r
Q=-V (4)
4
3.3
Apply Bernoulli's equation between points 1 and 2:
(1)
(2)
3.4
Bernoulli's equation between points O and A:
(1)
8Q2
h =Po -Pv - =7.604m
p D4rr2g
71
3.5
Neglecting friction write the Bernoulli's equation between points 1 and 2:
P1 =Potm +gH
p p
whence
H = p1 -Patm =16.310m
pg
3.6
Apply Bernoulli's equation between points A and B:
(1)
(2)
Taking into account that PA= Pc and combining equations (1) and (2). yield
3.7
Application of the Bernoulli's equation and the equation of continuity, yields
3.8
The combination of the Bernoulli's equation and the equation of continuity
written between points 1 and 2, yields
72
3.9
Bernoulli's equation between points C-D:
(2)
Equation of continuity:
. d2 7r
m=pv
o
-4 (3)
Taking into account that p8 =Pc and the combination of equations (1) -(3),
yields
3.10
Bernoulli's equation:
v2 p
P +gz + -1-=2 v2
_1 +gz + -2- (1)
p 1 2 p 2 2
Equation of continuity:
(2)
(3)
73
& _7
0 = D12 te
4 (£)'- 1
2gLlh = 0.02653 m' /s
3.11
Application of the Bernoulli's equation between points 1 and 2, and 1 and 3,
yield
(1)
V3 =.J2g(H+y) (2)
(3)
d (
5
)--0.2
r=--2.. 1+l...
2 H
3.12
Bernoulli's equation between points 0 and E:
3.13
Bernoulli's equation for points 1 and 2, yields
(1)
Equation of continuity:
(2)
The definition of v1 :
dz
v = - -1 (3)
1 dt
2g r:;-
2 .yz, (4)
(~) -1
Jii-~ 2
~ t =(1.414213562 - 0.0022 14725t)2
(~) -1
2
3.14
The method of solution is the same as in Problem 3.13. The only difference is
that the cross-sectional area of the tank varies with z 1
Ti =213.70 sec
75
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 4
Assumptions
- steady incompressible flow
- hydrostatic pressure distributions at <D and a>
I
Water _ , G)1
v1 =0. 'l m/sec 1
Lx ......
,7~7~7~7~7...;:/;;;::/:;.../:::;:;/;,.../:::;:;/:.,..::/:;;:./.;:/:;:../.,.::/:;:=/;.-/..-/,...,1--7.,...7..-7..-7..,._.7
Hz-0 . 056~
A, A, 0
A, A2
76
~
CV
------ """ ~
L.
Choose CV as shown by the dashed line
Assumptions: - uniform flow at sections CD and @
- neglect weight
- incompressible flow
Basic equations:
(2)
Taking into account the assumptions equation, (1) will have the form
-JpciA
Ai
+F = m(v2 -v1),
4.3
G
r-------,
I CV I
,.--r--=-:=-=r~ I
-
I
- - · -I
I
q I
I
L ______ JI
Assumptions:
- steady, incompressible flow
- uniform flow at sections © and (2)
- pressure over the annular face GD (experimental evidence)= p 1
- neglect weight of the fluid in CV
- neglect friction along the wall
Basic equations:
(2)
(4)
4.4
....
R ... - F
0, = Oo 1+cos e = 0.075 m3 I s
2
02 = Qo 1 - cos e = 0. 025 m3 Is
2
The force R exerted on the plate must be normal to it. For the momentum
equation normal to the plate,
79
(1)
(2)
J J !J J
CV
ptdV -
CS
pciA =
CV
pvdV +
CS
vpv. ciA (3)
Assumptions:
- steadly, incompressible, frictionless flow
- uniform flow at sections 1 and 2
- the weight of the fluid in CV can be neglected.
The combination of equations (1) and (2) yields the inlet gauge pressure p 1g as
a function of flow rate Q
Taking into account the assumptions, equation (3) will have the form
-JPgdA + F = m( v v 2 - 1)
Ai
whence
Fx=F=-847.77 N
80
4.6
L.
Assumptions: v1 =v2 = v3 =v
- steady, incompressible frictionless flow
- uniform flow at sections 1 and 3
J J J J
F = vpv .clA = 111 pv .ciA + vpv .clA + v3 pv .clA
CS Ai A2 AJ
4.7
Nozzle
p
a tm ,... - - - -- ....... "<:
Elbow
o,
Vz CV-0--
• ~
~I
dAz
- -- ~CV \
L. P,
r-- --
I
--
I
J
1G) o, ~
·--
~
~
dA1
h
l,l
.&
4.8
The x component of the momentum equation for CV
f~
CV
p dV = p 8 1L1A1 + p 8 2 L2 A2 (2)
4.9
Select control volume (CV) moving with the vane at constant velocity, U, as
shown in the Figure.
CV is inertial
Assumptions:
- Flow is steady relative to the vane
- Magnitude of relative velocity along the vane is constant
w =lw1I =lw2 1=V-U =19 m /s
- Properties are uniform at sections 1 and 2
- The weight of the fluid in the CV may be neglected
- The flow is incompressible
- Frictional effects can be neglected.
Basic equation:
f
CV
pfdV- f
CS
pcJA = ~ f
CV
f
pA!dV + wpAl ·dA
CS
(1)
4.10
4.11
r ... __ _
(1)
(2)
4.12
Select CV fixed to the scoop (see the Figure).
in which vt1 and v12 are the whirl components of the absolute velocities. Then
Q
V11 =Vr1 - mr, = ~ -mr,; (2)
r,1 +r2 Q
m= =11. 538 rad I s .
r:2
1
+ r.2
2
A
86
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 5
()tp d<l>
Vx = - = - =-4+7x (1)
C>yt dx
()tp d<l>
Vy =- dx =~=-6-ly (2)
5.2 Following the procedure shown in the solution of Problem 5.1 we have
'P(x,y) = 2xy-x +canst
vz can be determined:
vz = -2( x + y) z +canst
5.4 The complex potential and conjugate complex velocity for the four sources
v = -dW
_ =-Q-
dz 21t
[ _ 1_+
Z-Z1
1
Z-Z2
+ +-1-]
1
Z-Z3 Z - Z4
v (y = 0) = Q [ x - 2a + x +a 2 ]
x 1C (x-a) +b2 (x + a) + b2
vy(y =O) =O
vx(x=O)=O
iI' iI'
W(z) =- ln(z-z1 )- - (z-z 2 )
21C 21C
v{z) = dW =; r(_1__ 1 )
dz 21C Z-Z1 Z-Z2
2
v)x = o) = ( )2
4+ y - 1
y
5.6
Q. = - 3 m2 I s
Q2 =- 4 m
2
Is
a:: 2m
88
Complex potential:
1
v(z1 ) = - (1-2.Si) ,
2n
i.e.,
2 5
vx =-1- [m / s]; vy =- · [m/s]; v=0.42854 m/s; <p1 =291.80°
2n 2n
5.7
y
Q+i r .
W ( z) = In z =<P + / 'l'
2n
_ _(z ) = o + i r
V1 = V
1
=
o
( +i r ) 1 z •
_ = Vx 1 -I Vy 1
1
2 tr Z1 2 tr Z1 Z1
Vx 1 = 0.089127 m/s; Vy 1 =0.114592 m/s
v1 =0.14517 m /s; <p=52.125°
where
40 4Q
Vbase = -2- and Vtp = -2- (1)
0 tr dtr
Acceleration:
dv Vbase ( )
8 ( X ) = V - = -- Vtp -Vbase + 2X (
Vtp -Vbase
)2 (2)
dx L L
from which
a(x =LI 2) = 8.9683 m / s2
Local acceleration:
dv
a =-= 0
L df
2
vy =-AL+c(x)
2
90
whence
x2
Vy =A2+D(y)
where Ofy) is an arbitrary function of y.
2
If we let D(y) = AL then the equation will also satisty continuity
2
5.10
y
As y m pt~le_ _
2b =0.1 m
- - x
strea mline
Y+_9_tan-
'I'= v..
2n
(Y)
x
1
or
91
Q
p =v_y+ - <p (2)
2tr
where cp is the polar angle.
Stagnation point z5 is on the dividing streamline which separates the 'inner'
and 'outer' flow.
'P = Q
0 2
(3)
Q= 2 b v_ = 1. 5 m3 I s I m
Z5 =- Q =-0.01592 m
2tr v_
Xi = 0 (or <p1 = rr I 2)
Using the Bernoulli's equation between the stagnation point and point 1, the
pressure difference is
5. 11
y
A
2b=0.1 m
B
{=0.2 m
Find: a, Q, vmax
Complex potential:
W(z) = v. .z +_g_tn(z
2rr z-a
+a).
Conjugate complex velocity:
-( )
V Z =V... - -
Qa 1 (1)
n z 2 -a2
(2)
bla
2 bv.. + 2Qa !_ J d(y I a) 2 = 2b v.. + 20 tan-1(b) = Q (3)
rr: a 1+(y I a) rr: a
0
b =aco - t(
b v..-
rr:)
Q
(4)
a =0.078103 m
0 = 0.470600 m3 /s
The maximum velocity outside the oval can be obtained from equation (1):
1
vmax -- -v ( z-
- +
_ l·b) -- v"" + Qa 2 2 -- 4 • 3604 m I s
rr: a +b
5.12
y
94
W(z) = V 00
Z +..9..[tn(z +a)-ln(z -a)] (1)
2Tr
At points A and B
'l'A = 'P(y = o; <p, = <f'2 = 7r) = o; 'Pa= 'P(y = o; <p, = <f'2 = o) = o
hence the constant for the Rankine oval is 0 ('P = 0)
The derivative of (1) gives
_ dW Oa 1
V= - = V - - --
2
z -a2
00
az Tr
v(x=O,y)=v"'+ Qa l a2 =vx(x=O,y)
7r y2 +
1112
2 Jvx(x=O,y)dy=Q (2)
0
which gives
h1(2a)
h v + 20a !__
00 Tr a
J 1+(y
d(y I a) =h v + 20 tan-1(}}_) =0
I a)2 ... Tr 2a
0
h = 2 tan( 7r - TrV..,h)
a 2 20
5.13
M = R 2 v = 80 m3 I s 00
5.14
95
The circulation:
0
I' = 11Drr- w
2
2 '!TI)
Since (J.) = 60 I
2
F;. = ir1-D n1Jpv"' =95.933 kN / m
60
5.15
As it is known the velocity around the cylinder can be calculated as
= -2v_sin <p - ~
v'P( <p)
2
(a) From Bernoulli's equation between a point at infinity and stagnation point,
gives
Since
Whence
vqi( <p) = - 2J20 sin <p - ./60
5.16
Since
96
- - --- x
Lift coefficient:
5 .17
The conjugate complex velocity around a circle with radius a placed in a
uniform stream (see Fig. 1) can be written as
ft)
Vcircle =[ 2v"°sin(<p-a)+ 21r8]e (
I' - I <p - -
2
(1)
~,,_c_' 0
O'
Figure 1
a2
'=f(z) = z+ - (2)
z
"l
®
c
- A
2a-- -L
D
B
2a- -L
~ 2 2
Figure 2
; =2x; ri =0
As it is known
- - vcrol& (3)
vplate - df I
dz Zc1c19
Hence the velocity around the plate from equation (3) is obtained as
The pressure difference between points C and D can be obtained from the
Bernoulli's equation
5.18
Velocity around the plate is given as (see the solution of Problem 5.17)
Taking into account the properties of the mapping (the circle into plate) angles
belonging to points E and F are easily obtained as
<pE= l20°; <pp= 240°.
Hence
By using the Bernoulli's equation the pressure difference '1p can also be
obtained
99
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 6
Here
(v·V)v =O (the flow is supposed to be fully developed)
f =gT (body force per unit mass)
Vp =O (see the wording of the text)
v = v(y) T
Hence equation (1) reduces to
v(y) =JL.(2y8-y 2 ).
2v
Here the boundary conditions
y =0: V=O
dv
y =0: T=TJ-=0
dy
were taken into account.
Shear stress distribution:
i( y) = 11 ~; = pg( 8 - y)
Flow rate:
Q =J vdA = wg83
3v
A
Average velocity:
100
o go2
C=-=-
A 3v
The velocity maximum:
02
vmax =v(y =o) =L
2v
6.2
y
- - 1
0= f--Vp+ v!Jv (1)
p
Here f = -g J
v=vx(y)T
(2)
y =0: vx =0
y =h: vx =0
v (y)=--1 ap(hy-y2)
x 21] dx
d 2 vx g sina
dy2 =- v
y=O: vx =0
dv
Y = 8: 't = 11-x =0
dy
is as follows
g sin a ( 2 s:- 2)
vx ( y ) = 2v yu-y
g 83 sin a
0=
f
A
f
vxdA=1· vxdY=
O
3
-3 3
v =1.67424x10 m /s/m
102
(1)
Boundary conditions:
y = 0: vx = u
dv
y= h: 'r = 1J-"=0
dy
Average velocity:
Control:
6.5
Model
(since a << R 1 curvature effects
can be neglected )
y
1
/?//J~?;1~77 7/ j
c::::;====::::::;::::::::::::::;;==========+=====:::iu ~ Rw
777_.,-
Assumptions:
103
v(y)=Omy
x 2 a
dv mD 2
-r=71-x =71-=4297.7 N/m
dy 2a
02
T =-cAR =-r '1CL =1.2478 Nm
2
d 2 v =-sina
__
x
g
2
dy v
v)y) = U+ gsina(y2-2hy)
2v
Shear stress distribution
i{y) = pg sina(y-h)
Average velocity:
h
J ()
c = h1 vx y dy =U- gh sin
2
v a =0.4982 m/s
3
0
104
Control:
- -u
Boundary conditions:
y = 0: vx = u
y = 8: vx =0
Taking into account these boundary conditions the velocity distribution can be
written as
v (y) = u(1-Y) 1
+ - L1p (y 2
-y8)
x 8 21} L
0
0 = Dn[ vx(y)dy =
J U 8 - ,1p83L
D"l 2 1211
l=2.7482x10~ 3 3
m Is =2. 7482 cm Is
y = 0:
vx = 0
y =a: vx = U
Velocity distribution:
1
v (y) =Uy +- (!_ P1 -p2 -gsin e){ay-y2 )
x a 2v p L
i-0 = -r( y = a) = 11 U - ~ ( P1 - P2
a 2 L
- p g sin e) = 51. 61 7 N I m2
F =-i-
A =-51.617 N I m2 (downward)
0
6.9
x - -- // 1:-L L LrL.L:~LLL /L /
- --U
106
Bounday conditions:
y =0: vx =u
y = h: vx =0
Velocity distribution:
h
~h 3
v(y)dy=U -h - - 1 --=0
Q=
f
0
2 2pu (Jx 6
Hence
~ = BpuU
2
=88.470 NI m2
dx h
6.10
Mode l
y
The gap width a = 0.5 mm is small, so the flow may be modelled as flow
between infinite parallel plates.
dv 1
-r=11- x = - 11 R1 m
dy a
Torque:
(1)
Since
2m
(J)= -
60
15aT 2
11 = rr2 =0.034739 Ns Im
R13 n L
Torque will decrease, since the temperature of the oil will increase with time
and so its viscosity will decrease.
6.11
/ Q
tx
y ~-O(gouge)
,
p" p (gauge)
108
Boundary conditions:
y =0,a: vx =0
(N. B.: In reality at x =a: vx =-v pieton )
v = _l_(ay-y 2 )
x 2v
where
J = 2. p - g (which is the energy loss per unit mass per unit length)
pL
a
Q= 011:J vx(Y )dy = 12vL
011: (p_-g)a3 = 209408. 69a3
pL
[m3 Is] if a [m] (1)
0
30v . ti.
amax = p1Ston = 1. 31x10-.s m = 13.1 µm
3 p
- -g
pL
Q = 11:'1pD4
12817L
109
6.13
u !!._(r dvz) = 0
r dr dr
to yield
(1)
-' ) =
-~,r 11 -dvz = 11-1
C
dr r
r=r;: Vz =O
r =ro: Vz =U
to give
In( 'i)
and C2 =-U I ( ( 0 )
in -
'i
c nt D
Recn·r = 2300 = - 0-V
Critical flow rate:
2
Qcrit = 0 1C Cent = D 1CV Reem = 4.51604 x10- 7 m3 Is = 27.096 cm3 I min
4 4
1Ct1p 04
0=---
128pvL
whence the pressure drop:
6.15
111
(b) ..1p =
128 pvLQ =0.23552 MPa
n04
v(r) = ..1p
4pvL
(024 -r2)
and the shear stress can be obtained as
i_r) = 11 dv = - tlp r
dr 2L
wsine= 'rCl.lbe b 2
(1)
On the other hand it follows from the Navier-Stokes equations that the velocity
distribution of oil below the cube is
(2)
dv 17U (3)
'r=fl-x = -
dy 8
dv 71U
'r =71- x =- (2)
dy h
Equating the shear stresses occuring in equations (1) and (2), yields
., = HWsine
n
L2U =0.28063 Ns/m2
6.18
Oil
z =0: v'P =0
(1)
z=O: v'P=rw
The cp component of the Navier-Stokes equations for this case can be written
as
6.19
sin ex ( 2 ~ 2 )
Vx ( y ) = g 2v yu-y
2
vme.x =vx (y =8) =g 82vsin ex =0. 030 mI s
2
''"' = g 8 sin ex = -2 V
c =-1 Jli v ( YJ-iY =0.020 ml s
80 x 3v 3 me.x
~)
2
d vz =!__( 9 +2-
dy 2 v p dz
Taking into account the no-slip condition on the walls we have
vz(y) =-1
2v
(g+!_p ~)(y2
dz
-8y)
2
1 a ) = 0.0033075 m / s (upward)
8 ( g +-..1!_
vmax=vz(y=812)=--
8t> p dZ
114
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 7
(1)
Reynolds number:
4
Re=co = pO =13790.14
v 71Dn
The relative roughness:
El D =8.33x10-4
The friction factor f can be obtained from the Moody diagram as a function of
Re and e/O
f = 0.0293
By using this value the distance L to be found can be obtained from equation
(1)
05n2 An
L= LJtJ = 18.369 km
8pfQ 2
7.2 The application of the energy equation between points 1 and 2, gives
(1)
where the head loss
L c2
hL =f - - (2)
0 2g
2g (z1 - z 2 )
C= (3)
L
1+f -
D
The average velocity c can be calculated by only iteration since the friction
factor f also depends on c.
115
c1 = 7. 353 mI s
The Re number:
co
Re1 = - 1- =8.17 x10
5
v
The new friction factor from Moody diagram:
f2 =f(Re1,e ID) =0.0195
With this
C2 = 7.298 m/ S
Flow rate
0 2 rc
0 = - c =0.01433 m3 /s
4
7 .3 Relative roughness:
EID = 0. 00023
Re number:
Re= cD =
40
= 3.82 x105
v Drcv
Friction factor from Moody chart:
f(Re,e /0) =0.0154
Head loss:
L 80 2
hL =f- 4 rc2 =14.32 m
DO g
Power:
P=pgOhL =8.4107kW
116
7.4 Writing Newton's second law for the car in the direction of motion gives
dv
-Fo =m dt (1)
where
1 2
F0 =-C0 pv A (2)
2
is the drag force
1 A ft vJ dv
--c p - dt = - 2 .
2 ° m0 V0
v
Finally,
(1)
hL =f- -
L c2 (2)
02g
The application of hydrostatic law to the two legs of the U-tube, gives
P1 +pgz1 = P2 +pg(z2 -NI) +Pm9'1h (3)
f =(Pm
p
-1) 0 29
cL
'1h 2
=0.0327
117
p= :T 3
= 1.308 kg/ m
Reynolds number:
L c2
L1p =pt - - =141.37 Pa
d 2
7.7 Write the energy equation between water surfaces of the reservoirs
Z1 -Z2 = hL (1)
where
(2)
and
(3)
p _c2
g( z1 -zb) _ _!2.. ( ~ ) c2
_ = K 2 +t- +Kb - (4)
p 2 d 2
Since
118
7.8
Re= cO = 4 0p = 20881.1
v OmJ
E/0=3.07 X10-4
whence
c2 P c2 P
eA -2 = ; + g zA; ea - 2 =; + g Za
From these equation
(1)
Pe
-+g Ze
PA
=-+g ZA +g hL (2)
p p
119
where
(3)
g hL =e8 - eA =41. 9 Nm I kg
The flow rate can be obtained from equation (3):
(4)
E /0 = 0.000433
Re= cD = 40 (5)
v 0'1t'V
First trial (Re is unknown)
401
From (5): Re1 = = 6. 103 x10 5
0'1t'V
Second trial
f2 = t(Re1, e ID)= 0.017
7.10
(1)
120
where
P1 = P2 =Parm
(3)
Re= 40 (4)
D7rV
Neglect minor losses and for the first trial assume f = 0.02; then from (3):
8fL0 2
D =s 2 ( ) = 0. 5885 m
1t g Z1 -Z2
4
Then Re= 0 = 6.123 x10 5
07rV
e/0=4.4x10-4
t(Re, e/O) =0.0172
2nd trial: D =0.5710 m.
7.11
whence
D =s B02f (1)
0.03 1t2 g
Re= cD = 40 (2)
v D7rV
121
Assume f =0.015
From (1) D =0.2105 m
Still assume z= 0. 03
!lf-1 =ht =(t f1+f2a +e3 +Ke +2Ke1> +Kvo +Kexit) 2gc2 (1)
Assume f= 0.015
Kv =2g'11"1-(r,e1+f2+f3 +Ke+2Ke1b+Kexi1)=18.176
C1 d
122
(1)
(2)
7 .14 Energy equation between the water main (m) and the factory (0
(1)
2
d= Bf LQ (3)
s ,('[Pm ;Pt +g(zm -z,)]
Assume f = 0.02; Then from (3)
d = 0.100 m
4
Then e/d = 0.002; Re= cd = Q = 3.18xl05
u dTro
f =0.024 (Moody diagram)
Try again:
from equation (3): d = 0.1037 m
Use next commercial size.
123
List of References
2. Baranyi L.- Kalmar L.: Tutorial Problems in Fluid Mechanics (in Hungarian)
Tankonyvkiad6, Budapest, 1990
APPENDIX
A
NOTATION
a Acceleration m/s2
a Distance m
A Area m2
b Distance m
c Distance m
CL Lift coefficient
D Diameter m
D Derivative tensor of v 1/s
d Diameter m
d Distance m
e Specific energy Nm/kg
e Distance m
J Specific body force vector m/s2
f friction factor
fr Force vector N
g Acceleration of gravity m/s2
h Vertical distance m
H Vertical distance m
hl Head loss m
I Second moment of area m4
J Energy loss per unit mass per
unit length m/s2
k Distance m
K Minor loss coefficient
L Lift force N
L Length m
I Length m
e Length m
M Strength of a doublet m3/ s
M Moment Nm
m Mass kg
m Mass flow rate kg/s
ii Normal unit vector
n Speed of rotation rev/min
p Pressure N/m2,Pa
p Pressure potential N/m, Pam
125
p Power w
Q Volume flow rate m3/s
Q Strength of a source/sink m3/s/m
r Radius m
R Radius m
R Distance m
R Gas constant Nm/(kgK)
R. Force vector N
Re Reynolds number
s Distance m
s Symmetric part of D 1/s
t Time s
T Time s
T Temperature oc
T Torque Nm
u Velocity, velocity component m/s
u Velocity m/s
v Velocity vector m/s
v(z) Complex conjugate velocity m/s
v Velocity, velocity component m/s
v Velocity m/s
v Volume m3
w Relative velocity m/s
w Width m
w Weight N
W(z) Complex potential m2/s
y Distance, depth m
Ye Distance to centroid of area m
Yp Distance to pressure centre m
z Vertical distance m
z Complex position vector m
W(z) Complex potential m/s2
a Angle
f3 Angle
r Rate of angular deformation 1/s
8 Thickness m
r Circulation m2/s
r Strength of the potential vortex m2/s
v Nabla operator 1/m
fl Laplace operator 1/m2
i1h Manometer reading m
i1p Pressure drop N/m 2
126
E Roughness height m
l1 Viscosity Pa·s
0 Angle
v Kinematic viscosity m2/s
<1> Velocity potential m2/ s
p Density kg/m3
-r Shear stress N/m2
tp Stream function , two dimensions m2/s
m Angular velocity vector rad/s
(JJ Rate of rotatation rad/s
Q Skew-symmetric part of D 1/s
~CD )>
0. 1 1 I I I I I 11 I I I II I I I I I I I 0 ""O
0 ""O
I
0.0 1-.\.~l~ll---,t-_ I I
--r:C::c-'r i t1ca I I I I . .N I
II II I
: a. m
'< z
0.0
-
:,_Laminar~ zone~
._,_~ flow
I
,
A
Irazone
nsi tlQn , ' Fu"" rou~g[!:h~z~o~n.'..'.e~~r+=+:+=i:=t=t--+-H-t+rrc=.jt:::t.::ttt:ttt:l=l:it:1
-
a.
~·
0
x
0.0 0.05
I I ~~ ' I 0.04 ~
I ~ r-r:::i--
0.06 1-+++-+\--t--i--+-*X~ I'\. ---- ,_ ,__ ,__ - ---:: - - ~-
0.03
L...J'-'-~(".' I\
--u. \
Ol \
II ~,~
~ ~
r-
- ...
, J
-~'-+--+-+-:i-+-tH-H-T-111
I
0.05 ..._._
-
,_ \\
--.
'3 \
-·,
i
I
I
/, ,,.;r,
~.....
'~
- '\
0.02
._ ..... l/0 Vll ' ...... ... ~ 0.015
0.04 ,_ ~\~ 6 \ ~ 2. \
v,"
w,v,
I'.
'" ',._
... ~
r--
---
0.01 w I ~
- I I v, to._
._ , ~ ...... " I
I I \ I 88: ' i-...· I ' ' I I
I \ 1 ~ ,,. ""\: ~ ~ r-- " - , I 0.008 vi
V>
'--
I ' ~ I"' "-"' ~r--.._ I .
ij_ II
ll>
c:
0.006 .s=. .....
~~ '~"""""- ~· ~
r.-, I '\. '\ I
N
3u 0.03 1---'-++- Recr I r-.... ' , .,... 1 1- 00 .....i
r-
• : :- .... - •
I r I '"' I I .
.~
::i
~ V/ i "' ...... t - ! ,_. - 0.004 ~
~
c:
_g 0.025 ~W=l=+--+--~1!-+-H+~1rl-ti--t-~~~~-'§~~
~~ ... I ,,, ;:.,_
,..., - - ...
,.._ I
-
·-
i-
f-- _,_ f'
-
. ' --
·--i--+-t-+-t-H-tt-t-r-r-n
l 1- - - t ---,i- -
ll>
>
.;;;,
u
·;:: '
\
I I I ~ ;:;::::,,.... ~
~ ~,.,,._. . . . ,-....._r--.,....
' ' I I I 0.002 ~
ll>
l.J..
' " ~ , ,.... T°"'tr-.. -----
a::
0.02 I ~ ........ r--....._-- 1 ' I ii
0.001
' ~ -....... .......... ._
I J ''
I ' ' I I
0.0008
I "'"'""" .......... I
I
~['.....
~"-.
,...,_ ''°' I 0.0006
[]~~f--+-~!-l-t-j~~l-J-t-l-+i--t--/--lr-J-J·-j-ti-t-t-t--rt---i-'~~~::::-r-- ·-~~
i ..... ,_ ' I
0.0004
0.0 15
L---l--W-i.-~~++-+-t-HH--+--H-tt--t-J-jHT111
1
I
-W++--+-l-~t-H+HH-1"i1r--
Smooth pipes
,_,_ - --· ·- -
I
J_..j;2:~::J~~:;::!~J::t-t:::::~~:f
.: J ti'..r--,..
,_
~ ~
r--
r--;: ::f==f-t-t-r+-+~-r~~;:;::~:==t==j==fl=il=f1=19Ff9 0.0002
~
........
~ I"!'
~ ...
1' ...._ --1--l--l-+-H-HH-+r-H
~ ~
1- '
' 0.0001
~ ...... r--..-,...,._ ~
l ~t:::::- . . . . 0.000,05
~~~ ~
0.01 -" ..... ~
;:,::--._ .......
0.009 t=tx:ii::r:==:=r:::::=i==t-J--t-ti-l--l-+-t+-l---t--t--t-J-+-rt-r--t-t1H-t=:===t==:~J=::-J ~~
~ '
:::: --,..........
~IJ]::[__,_-l--J--l-1-++-~~-++-~-t--t~j--j---t-Jl-<-t=ttt::::::=jt==t=::
I ._~ ~ ,. . -i-....... I
0.000,0 11
0.008
2 3 4 5 6 8 104 2 3 4 56 8 105 2 3 4 5 6 8 106 2 3 4 5 6 8 107 ~ 2-;: - 4 ~ 8108
10 3
\~
Reynolds numbe r. Re= -µ-
pVU (
0 = 0.000.001 _/' 15 = 0.000.005