Upon Successful Completion of This Topic, Students Will Be Able To

4/1/2018
Internationally Approved Food Technology Program by IFT and IUFoST

ITP431 Food Packaging and Storage Technology
Dr. Nugraha E. Suyatma and Prof. Dr. Rizal Syarief

Food Science and Technology Department
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB
Learning Outcome
Upon successful completion of this topic,

students will be able to:
 describe the properties and uses of metal and

glass materials and their application as food
packaging.
2
Internationally Recognized Undergraduate Program by IFT & IUFoST
1
4/1/2018
Sub Topik
4.1 Glass packaging
4.2 Metal packaging
3
4
2
4/1/2018
Metal can's advantages

 Rigid
 Capable of being thermally processed
 Easy to process on high-speed lines
 Readily recyclable
 Total barrier to gas and light
 An important means of delivering a shelf-
stable product
1809
Nicolas Appert, "father of canning,"
received the 12,000 franc prize from
the French government for
preserving food by sterilization.
The common expression used to
describe such a process is
“canning”.
1810
Peter Durand received a patent from
King George III of England for a tin-
plated iron can as a food container.
3
4/1/2018
1880-1890
Introduction of the first automatic can making machinery
greatly increased production.
1922 - Eric Rotheim of Oslo, Norway develops aerosol can.
1957 - Aluminum was introduced in metal can making.
1960 - Easy-opening can was introduced.
4
4/1/2018
TYPE OF CAN MATERIALS

1. Tin-plate can
Tin-plate packaging can is tin-coated steel plates on
both sides
2. Tin-free steel can (TFS)

Packaging can without tin
Made with Chrome coating, known as ECCS
(Electrolytic Chromium Coated Steel)
3. ALUMINIUM CAN
Composition of steel plate
• Depending on the corrosion behaviour, strength and

durability, steel base plates have been classified into
three types: D, L, and MR.
• Different grades are phosporous, copper, nickel, and
chromium content.
• Type L :
– the most restrictive composition
– specified for the most corrosive food.
5
4/1/2018
TINNING PROCESS
 Tin coating may be applied to the steel

base
 by hot-dipping, or
 by electrolytic deposition.
 In recent years, hot-dipping process is
outmoded
 almost 100% of the tin coating is carried
out by electrolytic process due to many
advantages.
Figure 5.1
Three-piece (left) and two-piece(right) can construction

Internationally Recognized Undergraduate Program by IFT &Food
IUFoST Packaging and
12
01/04/2018
Storage Technology
6
4/1/2018
Common Metal Container Shapes
Figure 5.2 Examples of specialized can shapes
(1) Starts from a stack of tinplate sheets which are

coated with a lacquer, dried and stoved in ovens for
20 min. Different lacquers are used for different
products,
(2,3) the lacquered sheets are first cut into strips
and then the strips are cut to the correct
blank size for the can bodies
( 4) the body blanks are now rolled into

cylinder
7
4/1/2018
HOW TO MAKE A CAN ?
(5) the two edges are welded together

electrically.
3 types of
Side seam
(6) other sheets have meanwhile been cut into

circular blanks for the ends of the can
(7) these can end blanks are curled at the rims

and a sealing compound flowed into the curl.
Side Seam at Body Can
Mechanical, welded, and adhesive-bonded side seams for

three-piece cans body
8
4/1/2018
Side Seam Bonding

 Adhesive bonding, or cementing, uses a thermoplastic
adhesive extruded onto a hot can blank. Being an attractive
body-assembly method for not being subjected to thermal
processing having full wrap around lithography i.e.,three-
piece beverage containers ,some frozen juice concentrate
and paint cans
 Soldered a can, (solders : 97.5% lead and 2.5% tin). Lead

extraction by food products and a potential problem with
soldered seams. Being no longer permitted for food in
North America
 Welded cans, (strong and eliminate potential lead hazards).
HOW TO MAKE A CAN ?
(5) the two edges are welded together

electrically.
(6) other sheets have meanwhile been cut into

circular blanks for the ends of the can
(7) these can end blanks are curled at the rims

and a sealing compound flowed into the curl.
9
4/1/2018
HOW TO MAKE A CAN ?
(8) a lip (or flange) is now formed at both

ends of the welded body cylinder
(9) the end is now seamed to the body to
give a can ready for filling and closing
by the packer who seams another end
on to the body after filling.
Double Seaming Process
Double-seaming is the attachment of the can end to the body.

It involves two curling steps (Look attentively the shape and
position of seam roll)
10
4/1/2018
Video: Double seaming in Canning Process
DOUBLE SEAMS
The double seam is a critical can component. Every angle, radius, and dimension must be
correct to ensure a hermetic seal
11
4/1/2018
DOUBLE SEAMS
STANDARD DIMENSIONS
csnk seam seam body e.h. end body overlap
length thickness hook length thickness wall (mm)
thickness
standard seam
mm 3.14 2.90 1.13 2.09 1.86 0.20 0.21 1.29

miniseam / euroseam
mm 3.20 2.59 1.01 1.91 1.67 0.18 0.16 1.19
microseam
mm 2.05 1.46 0.97 0.97 0.93 0.16 0.16 0.66
• Calculated Overlap = Body hook + end hook + end thickness - seam length
• Optical overlap (ACTUAL Overlap) = overlap from direct measurements.
CAN EVALUATION
%Overlap = A / C x100
Calculated Overlap = Body hook + end hook +
end plate thickness - seam length
12
4/1/2018
CAN EVALUATION
CANADIAN FOOD INSPECTION AGENCY

13
4/1/2018
Types and properties of resins used in internal can coatings
14
4/1/2018
Types and Properties of Can Enamel

1. Epoxy-phenolic. The most widely used at present; resistant
to acids, with good flexibility. adhesion characteristics, and
high heat stability. A wide range epoxy-phenolic lacquers are
available to cover a large variety of applications, such as fruits,
fruit juices, vegetables. soup, meats, and marinated fish.
2. Phenolic. Outstanding chemical stability and low
permeability, especially against sulfide ions. Contains meat
and fish products.
3. Vinyl. Good adhesion and flexibility. It cannot resist
sterilization at high temperatures. Free from odor and flavor.
Function as second lacquer layer for beer, wine and
carbonated beverages and for cakes, sweets, dry foods and
pharmaceutical products.
15
4/1/2018
Types and Properties of Can Enamel

4. Oleoresinous. It is usually modified with the addition of zinc
oxide so as to prevent blackening of product due to reaction of
tin with sulfur compounds.
 Subdivided to two groups :
 “R” or fruit enamels – protect the natural pigment of
highly colored fruits such as dark berries, red beats and
red cabbage.
 “C” enamels – prevent the discoloration of foods
containing proteins such as corn, peas, poultry and
seafoods.
5. Acrylic. Used when a good color retention and high resistance
to heat are required. Formerly used only for exteriors.
Two-piece cans
Advantages of two-piece can:
reduced metal usage
improved appearance
elimination of a possible leakage location
more elaborate tooling required
 Deeper draws and multiple draws and draw-
and-iron process
16
4/1/2018
1. Single drawn or multiple drawn (DRD) can

 Drawing is the operation of reforming sheet metal into a
shallow cup without changing its thickness
 Re-drawing is the operation of reforming a two-piece can
into one of smaller diameter, and therefore greater height
without changing its thickness.
 Drawn and re-drawn containers are often referred to as
DRD cans.
SINGLE DRAW
MULTIPLE DRAW
The wall and the bottom have the

same thickness
17
4/1/2018
2. Drawn and wall ironed (DWI)

cans
• Drawing: form into a shallow

cup
• Ironing is the operation of
thinning the wall of a two-piece
can by passing it through
hardened circular dies.
• Very economical for making
cans where the height is
greater than the diameter
Two-Piece Cans
Straight lines become distorted in different

directions during drawing
18
4/1/2018
Two-Piece Cans: DWI
The punch and the ironing rings are shown in this

exaggerated illustration. The punch finishes its stroke
against the bottoming tool
Food Packaging and 37
01/04/2018 Internationally Recognized Undergraduate Program by IFT & IUFoST
Storage Technology
How to make Aluminium Can
19
4/1/2018
REVIEW
20
4/1/2018
HOW TO MAKE A CAN ?
• Can end are constructed from aluminium, tinplate or TFS

• Three-piece cans use a plain end (non-easy-open)
HOW TO MAKE A CAN ?
• Stay-on Tab (SOT) End: • Easy open end:
21
4/1/2018
DON'T EVER GIVE UP!

44
22
4/1/2018
Why glass packaging
Advantages of glass as food packaging:

1. inert to most chemicals
2. perfect foods container.
3. impermeability
4. clarity
5. perceived image
6. rigidity
7. stable at high temperatures
Disadvantages :
1.breakability;
2.high weight;
3.high energy costs
23
4/1/2018
Why glass packaging
Preference for glass:

Consumer preferences:
Recyclability (24%)
Hygiene/Cleanliness (22%)
Freshness/taste (21%)
See the product (19%)
Naturalness (11%)
Appearance (3%)
Why glass packaging
90%
24
4/1/2018
Chemistry of glass
Material composition:
- Silicate sands (SiO2) - approx. 75%
- Limestone (CaO) – approx. 10%
- Ash Soda (Na2CO3) – approx. 15%
- Recycled glass in form granules (cullet) – 10%
- Alumina (Al2O3) to increase hardness and durability
- Na2SO4 and As2O3 to reduce seeds and blister
Table. General composition of Container Glass
Chemical constituent % Function

Silica (SiO2) 72.10 Glass forming
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) 1.81 Stabilizing
Iron oxide (Fe2O3) 0.12 Impurity
Calcium oxide (CaO) 9.55 Stabilizing
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 1.55 Stabilizing
Managenese oxide (MnO) 0.17 Firming
Sodium oxide (Na2O) 13.96 Fluxing
Potassium oxide (K2O) 0.59 Fluxing
Sulphate (SO4) 0.16 -
25
4/1/2018
Chemistry of glass
Proportions of materials used in composition of various types of glass
Colored Glass:
Colored glass will protect
the contents of a bottle
from light in varying
degrees, depending on
the color.
Only amber and red glass

are really effective as UV
barrier.
26
4/1/2018
Chemistry of glass
Table. Ingredient for Colouring Glass

Grey Nickel oxide and titanium oxide combined
Blue Cobalt oxide
Blue-green Iron-chromide
Yellow Ferric oxide, antimony acid
Yellow-green Chromic oxide
Red Cadmium sulfida, cuprous or cupric oxide
Amber Carbon and sulphur compound
Black Iron oxide in large amounts
Violet Manganese
Materials
Glass Manufacturing
Dry Mixing
Melting
“Gob” forming
Press&blow process for Blow & blow process for

wide mouth bottle narrow neck bottle
Coating, external treatment
Annealing
Inspection
Figure. Flowsheet for manufacturing of glass container
27
4/1/2018
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
28
4/1/2018
Video: How to make Glass Containers
Manufacturing
Blow and blow process Press and blow process
29
4/1/2018
Manufacturing
Coatings for glass containers

• Protection to abrasion and friction
• Improve resistency to breakage
• Lubrification: easier in handling
• Improve appearance (more glossy)
• Example: Silicon-polyethylene glycol, Epoxy
Manufacturing
30
4/1/2018
There are 3 basic parts of a glass container, based on the

three parts of the molds in which they are made: Finish,
Body, Bottom
The finish is part of the jar or
bottle used for holding the cap
or closure
The body is that portion which is
made in the 'body-mould' in
manufacturing. It is the largest
part and lies between the finish
and the bottom.
The bottom of the glass

container is made in the
'bottom plate' part of glass
mould.
Design and molds
The finish
• The part that takes the closure is called the finish because
in the days of handmade bottles the neck was made last.
Today the automatic machines make this part first, but it is
still called the finish.
• The area through which the container is filled with product
• Glass finishes are standardized by GPI (Glass Packaging
Institut)
31
4/1/2018
Design and molds
Design and molds
32
4/1/2018
FIG. Bottom marks on bottles and jars

are sometimes put in the bottom plate
of the mold for a glass container as
trade marks or brand symbol.
Fill points:
• Pharmaceutical and Food
products are usually filled to a
point halfway up the shoulder.
• Cosmetics and toiletries often
are filled to the base of the
neck, for a better appearance
Bottle Design Features

1.Bottle Parts and Shapes（Figure 6.5 ）
Smooth round shapes-easily formed
Suitable on filling lines
Labeled at relatively high speeds
Accurately positioned in spot-labeler
Greater strength-to-weight ratios
Better material utilization
Figure 6.5 Glass bottle nomenclature
66
33
4/1/2018
Defects
Defects in glass. Some of the faults which may be found in bottles. Many
of these are veryInternationally
rare, but others
Recognized willProgram
Undergraduate be found more frequently.
by IFT & IUFoST
67
End of lecture
Life success quotes..
Keep your promises and you will have

successful relationships with everyone in
your life.
68
34
4/1/2018
Thank you…
‫شكرا‬ ‫شكرا‬ ‫شكرا‬
ขอขอบคุณ
谢谢
ありがとうございました
70
35

Upon Successful Completion of This Topic, Students Will Be Able To

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Upon Successful Completion of This Topic, Students Will Be Able To

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

4/1/2018

Internationally Approved Food Technology Program by IFT and IUFoST

Dr. Nugraha E. Suyatma and Prof. Dr. Rizal Syarief

Upon successful completion of this topic,

 describe the properties and uses of metal and

4.1 Glass packaging

4.2 Metal packaging

Metal can's advantages

Internationally Recognized Undergraduate Program by IFT & IUFoST

Internationally Recognized Undergraduate Program by IFT & IUFoST

Internationally Recognized Undergraduate Program by IFT & IUFoST

1922 - Eric Rotheim of Oslo, Norway develops aerosol can.

1957 - Aluminum was introduced in metal can making.

1960 - Easy-opening can was introduced.

Internationally Recognized Undergraduate Program by IFT & IUFoST

TYPE OF CAN MATERIALS

2. Tin-free steel can (TFS)

Composition of steel plate

• Depending on the corrosion behaviour, strength and

Internationally Recognized Undergraduate Program by IFT & IUFoST

 Tin coating may be applied to the steel

Internationally Recognized Undergraduate Program by IFT & IUFoST

Three-piece (left) and two-piece(right) can construction

Common Metal Container Shapes

Figure 5.2 Examples of specialized can shapes

Internationally Recognized Undergraduate Program by IFT & IUFoST

(1) Starts from a stack of tinplate sheets which are

( 4) the body blanks are now rolled into

HOW TO MAKE A CAN ?

(5) the two edges are welded together

(6) other sheets have meanwhile been cut into

(7) these can end blanks are curled at the rims

Internationally Recognized Undergraduate Program by IFT & IUFoST

Side Seam at Body Can

Mechanical, welded, and adhesive-bonded side seams for

Side Seam Bonding

 Soldered a can, (solders : 97.5% lead and 2.5% tin). Lead

 Welded cans, (strong and eliminate potential lead hazards).

Internationally Recognized Undergraduate Program by IFT & IUFoST

HOW TO MAKE A CAN ?

(5) the two edges are welded together

(6) other sheets have meanwhile been cut into

(7) these can end blanks are curled at the rims

Internationally Recognized Undergraduate Program by IFT & IUFoST

HOW TO MAKE A CAN ?

(8) a lip (or flange) is now formed at both

Internationally Recognized Undergraduate Program by IFT & IUFoST

Double Seaming Process

Double-seaming is the attachment of the can end to the body.

Video: Double seaming in Canning Process

Internationally Recognized Undergraduate Program by IFT & IUFoST

mm 3.14 2.90 1.13 2.09 1.86 0.20 0.21 1.29

Internationally Recognized Undergraduate Program by IFT & IUFoST

Internationally Recognized Undergraduate Program by IFT & IUFoST

CANADIAN FOOD INSPECTION AGENCY

Types and properties of resins used in internal can coatings

Internationally Recognized Undergraduate Program by IFT & IUFoST

Types and properties of resins used in internal can coatings

Internationally Recognized Undergraduate Program by IFT & IUFoST

Types and properties of resins used in internal can coatings

Internationally Recognized Undergraduate Program by IFT & IUFoST

Types and Properties of Can Enamel