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Hoang Hai Ha
HCMUT-OISP
Email: hoanghaiha@hcmut.edu.vn
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 1 / 49
Problem
a 11 a 12 . . . a 1n
0 a 22 . . . a 2n
A=
.. .. . . . ..
. . .
0 0 . . . a nn
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 3 / 49
Problem
a 11 0 0 0
a 21 a 22 . . . 0
.. .. . . .
. ..
. .
a n1 a n2 . . . a nn
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 4 / 49
Method LU factorization
LU FACTORIZATION METHOD
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 5 / 49
Method LU factorization
LU FACTORIZATION METHOD
AX = B ⇔ LU x = b
(
LY =B
⇔
UX =Y
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 5 / 49
Method LU factorization
1 0 0 0
`21 1 ... 0
L=
.. .. ... ..
. . .
`n1 `n2 . . . 1
u 11 u 12 . . . u 1n
0 u 22 . . . u 2n
U =
.. .. . . . ..
. . .
0 0 . . . u nn
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 6 / 49
Method LU factorization
u 1 j = a 1 j (1 É j É n)
ai 1
`i 1 = (2 É i É n)
a 11
iP
−1
u ij = a ij − `i k u k j (1 < i É j )
k=1
jP−1
µ ¶
1
`i j = `i k u k j
ai j − (1 < j < i )
ui j k=1
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 7 / 49
Method LU factorization
E XAMPLE 2.1
Factorize
matrix
A = LU by Doolittle’s method, where
1 1 −1
31 2
2
4
3
A = 5 3 8
2 −2 5
5 3 8
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 8 / 49
Method LU factorization
E XAMPLE 2.1
Factorize
matrix
A = LU by Doolittle’s
method, where
1 1 −1
1 0 0
31 22 34 3
A = 5 3 8 ⇒ L = 5 1 0,
2 −2 5 6
5 3 8 5
l 32 1
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 8 / 49
Method LU factorization
E XAMPLE 2.1
Factorize
matrix
A = LU by Doolittle’s
method,
where
1 1 −1 1 1 −1
3 2 4
1 0 0 3 2 4
1 2 3 3
A = 5 3 8 ⇒ L = 5 1 0, U = 0 u 22 u 23
2 −2 5 6
5 3 8 5
l 32 1 0 0 u 33
u 22 = a 22 − 53 · 12 = 11
30
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 8 / 49
Method LU factorization
E XAMPLE 2.1
Factorize
matrix
A = LU by Doolittle’s
method,
where
1 1 −1 1 1 −1
3 2 4
1 0 0 3 2 4
1 2 3 3
A = 5 3 8 ⇒ L = 5 1 0, U = 0 u 22 u 23
2 −2 5 6
5 3 8 5
l 32 1 0 0 u 33
u 22 = a 22 − 53 · 12 = 11
30
u 23 = a 23 − 53 · −1
4
= 21
40
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 8 / 49
Method LU factorization
E XAMPLE 2.1
Factorize
matrix
A = LU by Doolittle’s
method,
where
1 1 −1 1 1 −1
3 2 4
1 0 0 3 2 4
1 2 3 3
A = 5 3 8 ⇒ L = 5 1 0, U = 0 u 22 u 23
2 −2 5 6
5 3 8 5
l 32 1 0 0 u 33
u 22 = a 22 − 53 · 12 = 11
30
u 23 = a 23 − 53 · −1
4
= 21
1 6 1
¡ ¢40
l 32 = a 32 − u22 5 · 2 =
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 8 / 49
Method LU factorization
E XAMPLE 2.1
Factorize
matrix
A = LU by Doolittle’s
method,
where
1 1 −1 1 1 −1
3 2 4
1 0 0 3 2 4
1 2 3 3
A = 5 3 8 ⇒ L = 5 1 0, U = 0 u 22 u 23
2 −2 5 6
5 3 8 5
l 32 1 0 0 u 33
u 22 = a 22 − 53 · 12 = 11
30
u 23 = a 23 − 53 · −1
4
= 21
1 6 1
¡ ¢40 −38
l 32 = a 32 − u22 5 · 2 = = 11
.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 8 / 49
Method LU factorization
E XAMPLE 2.1
Factorize
matrix
A = LU by Doolittle’s
method,
where
1 1 −1 1 1 −1
3 2 4
1 0 0 3 2 4
1 2 3 3
A = 5 3 8 ⇒ L = 5 1 0, U = 0 u 22 u 23
2 −2 5 6
5 3 8 5
l 32 1 0 0 u 33
u 22 = a 22 − 53 · 12 = 11
30
u 23 = a 23 − 53 · −1
4
= 21
1 6 1
¡ ¢40 −38
l 32 = a 32 − u22 5 · 2 = = 11 .
u 33 = a 33 − 56 · −1
¡ ¢ 241
4
+ l 32 u 23 = 88
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 8 / 49
Method LU factorization
D EFINITION 2.1
Given a square matrix A, then leading principal minors
D k are determinants of submatrices which are generated
from the upper left k × k corner of A
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 9 / 49
Method LU factorization
D EFINITION 2.1
Given a square matrix A, then leading principal minors
D k are determinants of submatrices which are generated
from the upper left k × k corner of A
E XAMPLE 2.2
a 11 a 12 a 13
Given A = a 21 a 22 a 23
a 31 a 32 a 33
¯ ¯
¯a a a ¯
¯
¯a 11 a 12 ¯
¯ ¯ 11 12 13 ¯
Then D 1 = a 11 , D 2 = ¯¯ ¯, D 3 = ¯a 21 a 22 a 23 ¯¯
¯
a 21 a 22 ¯ ¯ ¯
¯a 31 a 32 a 33 ¯
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 9 / 49
Method LU factorization
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 10 / 49
Method LU factorization
E XAMPLE 2.3
Using Doolittle’s method, find matrices L and U in the
factorization of
1 2 3
A = 3 −6 9
2 1 4.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 11 / 49
Method LU factorization
E XAMPLE 2.4
1.012 −2.132 3.104
Given A = −2.132 4.096 −7.013. Determine
3.104 −7.013 0.014
u 11 + u 22 + u 33 in the factorization A = LU .
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 12 / 49
Cholesky factorization
D EFINITION 3.1
A square matrix is called symmetric if A = A T .
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 13 / 49
Cholesky factorization
D EFINITION 3.1
A square matrix is called symmetric if A = A T .
D EFINITION 3.2
A square matrix is called positive definite if all its leading
principal minors are positive.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 13 / 49
Cholesky factorization
E XAMPLE 3.1
1 1 −1
Show that the following matrix A = 1 2 0 is
−1 0 4
symmetric and positive definite.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 14 / 49
Cholesky factorization
E XAMPLE 3.1
1 1 −1
Show that the following matrix A = 1 2 0 is
−1 0 4
symmetric and positive definite.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 14 / 49
Cholesky factorization
F ORMULA OF B
p ai 1
b 11 = a 11 , b i 1 = , (2 É i É n)
s b 11
iP−1
bi i = ai i − b i2k , (1 < i É n)
k=1
j −1
µ ¶
1
P
bi j = ai j − b i k b j k , (1 < j < i )
bj j k=1
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 15 / 49
Cholesky factorization
F ORMULA OF B
p ai 1
b 11 = a 11 , b i 1 = , (2 É i É n)
s b 11
iP−1
bi i = ai i − b i2k , (1 < i É n)
k=1
j −1
µ ¶
1
P
bi j = ai j − b i k b j k , (1 < j < i )
bj j k=1
M AIN DIAGONAL OF B
s
Dk
b kk = , k = 1..n
D k−1
where D k are leading principal minors of A and
p
D 1 = a 11 .
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 15 / 49
Cholesky factorization
E XAMPLE 3.2
Factorize
by Cholesky’s
method the matrix
1 1 −1
A = 1 2 0 .
−1 0 4
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 16 / 49
Cholesky factorization
E XAMPLE 3.2
Factorize
by Cholesky’s
method the matrix
1 1 −1
A = 1 2 0 .
−1 0 4
E XAMPLE 3.3
4 −3 0
Given A = −3 4 −2 , determine b 11 + b 22 + b 33 in the
0 −2 4
factorization A = B B T .
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 16 / 49
Cholesky factorization
E XAMPLE 3.4
Determine all values of α such
that matrix
A can be
4 4 α
factorized by Cholesky A = 4 6 2 .
α 2 7
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 17 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Vector norms
V ECTOR NORM
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 18 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Vector norms
V ECTOR NORM
D ISTANCE
Distance between two vectors X and Y is kX − Y k.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 18 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Vector norms
D EFINITION 4.2
1-norm and ∞-norm of a vector X are defined by:
n
P
||X ||1 = |x 1 | + |x 2 | + . . . + |x n | = |x k |.
k=1
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 19 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Vector norms
D EFINITION 4.2
1-norm and ∞-norm of a vector X are defined by:
n
P
||X ||1 = |x 1 | + |x 2 | + . . . + |x n | = |x k |.
k=1
||X ||∞ = max{|x 1 |, |x 2 |, . . . , |x n |} = max |x k |.
k=1,n
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 19 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Vector norms
D EFINITION 4.2
1-norm and ∞-norm of a vector X are defined by:
n
P
||X ||1 = |x 1 | + |x 2 | + . . . + |x n | = |x k |.
k=1
||X ||∞ = max{|x 1 |, |x 2 |, . . . , |x n |} = max |x k |.
k=1,n
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 19 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Vector norms
D EFINITION 4.2
1-norm and ∞-norm of a vector X are defined by:
n
P
||X ||1 = |x 1 | + |x 2 | + . . . + |x n | = |x k |.
k=1
||X ||∞ = max{|x 1 |, |x 2 |, . . . , |x n |} = max |x k |.
k=1,n
E XAMPLE 4.1
Given X = (1, 2, 3, −5)T . ||X ||1 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 = 11 and
||X ||∞ = max{1, 2, 3, 5} = 5
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 19 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Matrices norms
M ATRICES NORM
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 20 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Matrices norms
M ATRICES NORM
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 20 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Matrices norms
M ATRICES NORM
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 20 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Matrices norms
M ATRICES NORM
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 20 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Matrices norms
M ATRICES NORM
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 20 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Matrices norms
T HEOREM 1
If k.k is a vector norm on Rn , then
is a matrix norm.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 21 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Matrices norms
T HEOREM 4.1
1-norm and ∞-norm of a matrix A are computed by:
n
P
||A||1 = max |a i j |− absolute column sum ⇒ find
1É j Én i =1
max.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 22 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Matrices norms
T HEOREM 4.1
1-norm and ∞-norm of a matrix A are computed by:
n
P
||A||1 = max |a i j |− absolute column sum ⇒ find
1É j Én i =1
max.
n
P
||A||∞ = max |a i j |− absolute row sum ⇒ find max.
1Éi Én j =1
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 22 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Matrices norms
T HEOREM 4.1
1-norm and ∞-norm of a matrix A are computed by:
n
P
||A||1 = max |a i j |− absolute column sum ⇒ find
1É j Én i =1
max.
n
P
||A||∞ = max |a i j |− absolute row sum ⇒ find max.
1Éi Én j =1
E XAMPLE 4.2
2 −1 4
Given A = 5 3 2 . Find 1-norm and ∞-norm of A.
6 −7 3
.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 22 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Condition number
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 23 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Condition number
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 23 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Condition number
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 23 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Condition number
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 23 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Condition number
C ONDITION NUMBER
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 24 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Condition number
C ONDITION NUMBER
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 24 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Condition number
C ONDITION NUMBER
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 24 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Condition number
C ONDITION NUMBER
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 24 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Condition number
C ONDITION NUMBER
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 24 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Condition number
C ONDITION NUMBER
D EFINITION 4.3
Number k = kAkkA −1 k is called condition number of
matrix A.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 25 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Condition number
D EFINITION 4.3
Number k = kAkkA −1 k is called condition number of
matrix A.
E XAMPLE 4.4
µ ¶µ ¶ µ ¶
1 2 x1 3
Let system = . Compute k ∞ (A) and
1 2.01 x 2 3.01
k 1 (A) for this system.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 25 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Condition number
D EFINITION 4.3
Number k = kAkkA −1 k is called condition number of
matrix A.
E XAMPLE 4.4
µ ¶µ ¶ µ ¶
1 2 x1 3
Let system = . Compute k ∞ (A) and
1 2.01 x 2 3.01
k 1 (A) for this system.
µ ¶
−1 201 −200
Ans: A = ,
−100 100
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 25 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Condition number
D EFINITION 4.3
Number k = kAkkA −1 k is called condition number of
matrix A.
E XAMPLE 4.4
µ ¶µ ¶ µ ¶
1 2 x1 3
Let system = . Compute k ∞ (A) and
1 2.01 x 2 3.01
k 1 (A) for this system.
µ ¶
−1 201 −200
Ans: A = , k ∞ (A) ≈ 1207.02
−100 100
,
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 25 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Condition number
D EFINITION 4.3
Number k = kAkkA −1 k is called condition number of
matrix A.
E XAMPLE 4.4
µ ¶µ ¶ µ ¶
1 2 x1 3
Let system = . Compute k ∞ (A) and
1 2.01 x 2 3.01
k 1 (A) for this system.
µ ¶
−1 201 −200
Ans: A = , k ∞ (A) ≈ 1207.02
−100 100
,k 1 (A) = 1207.01.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 25 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Condition number
E XAMPLE 4.5
1/2 1/3 −1/3
Given A = 1/4 3/5 2/3 . Compute k ∞ (A) and k 1 (A).
3/4 2/5 −3/7
Round the result to 4 decimal places.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 26 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Condition number
E XAMPLE 4.5
1/2 1/3 −1/3
Given A = 1/4 3/5 2/3 . Compute k ∞ (A) and k 1 (A).
3/4 2/5 −3/7
Round the result to 4 decimal places.
−55 1 133
6 6 18
A −1 = 85
8
5
8
−175
24
−49 7 91
8 8 24
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 26 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Condition number
E XAMPLE 4.5
1/2 1/3 −1/3
Given A = 1/4 3/5 2/3 . Compute k ∞ (A) and k 1 (A).
3/4 2/5 −3/7
Round the result to 4 decimal places.
−55 1 133
6 6 18
A −1 = 85 5 −175
8 8 24
−49 7 91
8 8 24
kAk∞ = 140 , kA k∞ = 445
221 −1
24
⇒ k ∞ ≈ 29.2694(Round up)
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 26 / 49
Norm of vector and matrix Condition number
E XAMPLE 4.5
1/2 1/3 −1/3
Given A = 1/4 3/5 2/3 . Compute k ∞ (A) and k 1 (A).
3/4 2/5 −3/7
Round the result to 4 decimal places.
−55 1 133
6 6 18
A −1 = 85 5 −175
8 8 24
−49 7 91
8 8 24
kAk∞ = 140 , kA k∞ = 445
221 −1
24
⇒ k ∞ ≈ 29.2694(Round up)
kAk1 = 32 , kA −1 k1 = 311
12
⇒ k 1 = 38.875
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 26 / 49
Iterative methods Basic concepts
D EFINITION 5.1
Consider a sequence of vectors (X (m) )∞
m=0 where X
(m)
∈ Rn .
We say that (X (m) )∞
m=0 converges to a vector X when
m → ∞ if and only if
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 27 / 49
Iterative methods Basic concepts
I TERATIVE METHOD
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 28 / 49
Iterative methods Basic concepts
D EFINITION 5.2
The n × n matrix is called strictly diagonally dominant
matrix when
n
X
|a i i | > |a i j |
j =1
j 6=i
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 29 / 49
Iterative methods Basic concepts
D EFINITION 5.2
The n × n matrix is called strictly diagonally dominant
matrix when
n
X
|a i i | > |a i j |
j =1
j 6=i
E XAMPLE 5.1
7 2 0 6 4 −3
Consider 2 matrices 3 5 −1 and 4 −2 6
0 5 6 −3 0 1
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 29 / 49
Iterative methods Basic concepts
T HEOREM 5.1
If matrix A is strictly diagonally dominant, then the
sequence is generated by X (m) = T X (m−1) +C converges to
the exact solution X of system AX = B
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 30 / 49
Iterative methods Basic concepts
T HEOREM 5.1
If matrix A is strictly diagonally dominant, then the
sequence is generated by X (m) = T X (m−1) +C converges to
the exact solution X of system AX = B
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 30 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
−a n1 −a n2 . . . 0 0 0 ... 0
= D − L −U .
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 31 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
Since A = D − L −U ,
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 32 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
Since A = D − L −U ,AX = B ⇔ (D − L −U )X = B
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 32 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
Since A = D − L −U ,AX = B ⇔ (D − L −U )X = B
⇔ (D)X = (L +U )X + B
⇔ X = D −1 (L +U )X + D −1 B.
We denote T = D −1 (L +U ) and C = D −1 B , then the
iterative formula is
X (m) = T X (m−1) +C , m = 1, 2, . . . .
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 32 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 33 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
E XAMPLE 5.2
½
6.3x 1 + 2.1x 2 = 8
Given system and initial vector
1.2x 1 + 4.5x 2 = 9
µ ¶
(0) 0.5
X = . Using Jacobi’s method to determine
1.6
approximate solution X (3) . Estimate its posteriori error
with 1-norm.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 34 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
µ ¶ µ ¶
0 −1/3 80/63
T= ,C = .
−4/15 0 2
µ ¶
(1) 0.73651
X = ,
1.86667
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 35 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
µ ¶ µ ¶
0 −1/3 80/63
T= ,C = .
−4/15 0 2
µ ¶ µ ¶
(1) 0.73651 (2) 0.64762
X = ,X = ,
1.86667 1.80360
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 35 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
µ ¶ µ ¶
0 −1/3 80/63
T= ,C = .
−4/15 0 2
µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶
(1) 0.73651 (2) 0.64762 (3) 0.66864
X = ,X = ,X =
1.86667 1.80360 1.82730
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 35 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
µ ¶ µ ¶
0 −1/3 80/63
T= ,C = .
−4/15 0 2
µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶
(1) 0.73651 (2) 0.64762 (3) 0.66864
X = ,X = ,X =
1.86667 1.80360 1.82730
kT k1 = 1/3, kX − X k1 ≈ 0.04472, then ∆ X (3) ≈ 0.0224
(3) (2)
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 35 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
E XAMPLE 5.3
Given system
4x 1 + 0.24x 2 − 0.08x 3 = 8
0.09x 1 + 3x 2 − 0.15x 3 = 9
0.04x − 0.08x + 4x = 20
1 2 3
2
(0)
With X = 3. Using Jacobi’s method, find approximate
5
solution X and priori error of X (3) with ∞-norm.
(3)
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 36 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
E XAMPLE 5.3
Given system
4x 1 + 0.24x 2 − 0.08x 3 = 8
0.09x 1 + 3x 2 − 0.15x 3 = 9
0.04x − 0.08x + 4x = 20
1 2 3
2
(0)
With X = 3. Using Jacobi’s method, find approximate
5
solution X and priori error of X (3) with ∞-norm.
(3)
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 36 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
Matrix A is S.D.D?
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 37 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
Matrix A is
S.D.D?
0 −0.06 0.02
Matrix T = −0.03 0 0.05 ,
−0.01 0.02 0
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 37 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
Matrix A is
S.D.D?
0 −0.06 0.02 2
Matrix T = −0.03 0 0.05 , C = 3
−0.01 0.02 0 5
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 37 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
Matrix A is
S.D.D?
0 −0.06 0.02 2
Matrix T = −0.03 0 0.05 , C = 3
−0.01 0.02 0 5
X (1) = T X (0) +C ,
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 37 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
Matrix A is
S.D.D?
0 −0.06 0.02 2
Matrix T = −0.03 0 0.05 , C = 3
−0.01 0.02 0 5
1.92
(1) (0) (1)
X = T X +C , ⇒ X = 3.19
5.04
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 37 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
Matrix A is
S.D.D?
0 −0.06 0.02 2
Matrix T = −0.03 0 0.05 , C = 3
−0.01 0.02 0 5
1.92
(1) (0) (1)
X = T X +C , ⇒ X = 3.19
5.04
X (2) = T X (1) +C ,
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 37 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
Matrix A is
S.D.D?
0 −0.06 0.02 2
Matrix T = −0.03 0 0.05 , C = 3
−0.01 0.02 0 5
1.92
(1) (0) (1)
X = T X +C , ⇒ X = 3.19
5.04
1.9094
X (2) = T X (1) +C , ⇒ X (2) = 3.1944
5.0446
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 37 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
Matrix A is
S.D.D?
0 −0.06 0.02 2
Matrix T = −0.03 0 0.05 , C = 3
−0.01 0.02 0 5
1.92
(1) (0) (1)
X = T X +C , ⇒ X = 3.19
5.04
1.9094
X (2) = T X (1) +C , ⇒ X (2) = 3.1944
5.0446
X (3) = T X (2) +C ,
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 37 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
Matrix A is
S.D.D?
0 −0.06 0.02 2
Matrix T = −0.03 0 0.05 , C = 3
−0.01 0.02 0 5
1.92
(1) (0) (1)
X = T X +C , ⇒ X = 3.19
5.04
1.9094
X (2) = T X (1) +C , ⇒ X (2) = 3.1944
5.0446
1.909228
(3) (2) (3)
X = T X +C , ⇒ X = 3.194948
5.044794
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 37 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
E STIMATE OF ERROR
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 38 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
E STIMATE OF ERROR
0 −0.06 0.02 1.92 2
(1) (0)
T = −0.03 0 0.05, X = 3.19, X = 3.
−0.01 0.02 0 5.04 5
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 38 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
E STIMATE OF ERROR
0 −0.06 0.02 1.92 2
(1) (0)
T = −0.03 0 0.05, X = 3.19, X = 3.
−0.01 0.02 0 5.04 5
We need to find ∆ X (3) (A priori) with ∞ norm.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 38 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
E STIMATE OF ERROR
0 −0.06 0.02 1.92 2
(1) (0)
T = −0.03 0 0.05, X = 3.19, X = 3.
−0.01 0.02 0 5.04 5
We need to find ∆ X (3) (A priori) with ∞ norm.
kT k∞ = 0.08
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 38 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
E STIMATE OF ERROR
0 −0.06 0.02 1.92 2
(1) (0)
T = −0.03 0 0.05, X = 3.19, X = 3.
−0.01 0.02 0 5.04 5
We need to find ∆ X (3) (A priori) with ∞ norm.
kT k∞ = 0.08= q.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 38 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
E STIMATE OF ERROR
0 −0.06 0.02 1.92 2
(1) (0)
T = −0.03 0 0.05, X = 3.19, X = 3.
−0.01 0.02 0 5.04 5
We need to find ∆ X (3) (A priori) with ∞ norm.
kT k∞ = 0.08= q.
q3
∆ X (3) = kX (1) − X (0) k∞ ,
1−q
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 38 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
E STIMATE OF ERROR
0 −0.06 0.02 1.92 2
(1) (0)
T = −0.03 0 0.05, X = 3.19, X = 3.
−0.01 0.02 0 5.04 5
We need to find ∆ X (3) (A priori) with ∞ norm.
kT k∞ = 0.08= q.
−0.08
q3
∆ X (3) = kX (1) − X (0) k∞ , X (1) − X (0) = 0.19
1−q
0.04
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 38 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
E STIMATE OF ERROR
0 −0.06 0.02 1.92 2
(1) (0)
T = −0.03 0 0.05, X = 3.19, X = 3.
−0.01 0.02 0 5.04 5
We need to find ∆ X (3) (A priori) with ∞ norm.
kT k∞ = 0.08= q.
−0.08
q3
∆ X (3) = kX (1) − X (0) k∞ , X (1) − X (0) = 0.19
1−q
0.04
⇒ kX (1) − X (0) k∞ = 0.19
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 38 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
E STIMATE OF ERROR
0 −0.06 0.02 1.92 2
(1) (0)
T = −0.03 0 0.05, X = 3.19, X = 3.
−0.01 0.02 0 5.04 5
We need to find ∆ X (3) (A priori) with ∞ norm.
kT k∞ = 0.08= q.
−0.08
q3
∆ X (3) = kX (1) − X (0) k∞ , X (1) − X (0) = 0.19
1−q
0.04
⇒ kX (1) − X (0) k∞ = 0.19 ⇒ ∆ X (3) ≈ 0.0002.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 38 / 49
Iterative methods Jacobi’s method
E XAMPLE 5.4
½ µ ¶
5.4x 1 + 0.05x 2 = 1.2 1
Given system With X (0) = .
0.08x 1 + 4x 2 = 2.4 2
Using Jacobi’s method, find approximate solution X (3) and
posteriori error of X (3) with 1-norm.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 39 / 49
Iterative methods Gauss-Seidel’s method
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 40 / 49
Iterative methods Gauss-Seidel’s method
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 40 / 49
Iterative methods Gauss-Seidel’s method
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 41 / 49
Iterative methods Gauss-Seidel’s method
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 41 / 49
Iterative methods Gauss-Seidel’s method
à !
iX
−1 n
1
x i(m) = − a i j x (m) a i j x (m−1)
X
j
− j
+ bi .
ai i j =1 j =i +1
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 42 / 49
Iterative methods Gauss-Seidel’s method
E XAMPLE 5.6
½
15x 1 − 2x 2 = 6
Given system linear equations . With
3x 1 + 11x 2 = 7
µ ¶
(0) 1.5
X = , find approximate solution X (2) by using G-S
1
method.
S OLUTION
6 + 2x 2(m−1)
x1(m)
=
15(m) ⇒
(m) 7 − 3x 1
x
=
2
11
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 43 / 49
Iterative methods Gauss-Seidel’s method
E XAMPLE 5.6
½
15x 1 − 2x 2 = 6
Given system linear equations . With
3x 1 + 11x 2 = 7
µ ¶
(0) 1.5
X = , find approximate solution X (2) by using G-S
1
method.
S OLUTION
6 + 2x 2(m−1)
x1 (m)
=
15(m) ⇒
(m) 7 − 3x 1
x
=
2
µ ¶11
0.53333
X (1) = ,
0.49091
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 43 / 49
Iterative methods Gauss-Seidel’s method
E XAMPLE 5.6
½
15x 1 − 2x 2 = 6
Given system linear equations . With
3x 1 + 11x 2 = 7
µ ¶
(0) 1.5
X = , find approximate solution X (2) by using G-S
1
method.
S OLUTION
6 + 2x 2(m−1)
x1 (m)
=
15(m) ⇒
(m) 7 − 3x 1
x
=
2
µ ¶11 µ ¶
0.53333 0.46545
X (1) = ,X (2) = .
0.49091 0.50942
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 43 / 49
Iterative methods Gauss-Seidel’s method
MATRIX FORM
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 44 / 49
Iterative methods Gauss-Seidel’s method
MATRIX FORM
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 44 / 49
Iterative methods Gauss-Seidel’s method
MATRIX FORM
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 44 / 49
Iterative methods Gauss-Seidel’s method
MATRIX FORM
E XAMPLE 5.7
½
15x 1 − 6x 2 = 5
Given the system with
−5x 1 + 8x 2 = 5
X (0) = [0.3, 0.2]T , compute approximate solution X (3) by
Gauss-Seidel and its priori error with ∞-norm.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 45 / 49
Iterative methods Gauss-Seidel’s method
E XAMPLE 5.7
½
15x 1 − 6x 2 = 5
Given the system with
−5x 1 + 8x 2 = 5
X (0) = [0.3, 0.2]T , compute approximate solution X (3) by
Gauss-Seidel and its priori error with ∞-norm.
S OLUTION
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 45 / 49
Iterative methods Gauss-Seidel’s method
E XAMPLE 5.7
½
15x 1 − 6x 2 = 5
Given the system with
−5x 1 + 8x 2 = 5
X (0) = [0.3, 0.2]T , compute approximate solution X (3) by
Gauss-Seidel and its priori error with ∞-norm.
S OLUTION
µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶
0.413333 0.686667 0.755
1 X (1) = , X (2) = , X (3) =
0.883333 1.054167 1.096875
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 45 / 49
Iterative methods Gauss-Seidel’s method
S OLUTION
µ ¶
0 0.4
2 T= , ⇒ kT k∞ = 0.4 = q
0 0.25
q3
3 ∆ X (3) ≤ kX (1) − X (0) k∞
1−q
µ ¶
(1) (0) 0.113333
4
X −X = ⇒ kX (1) − X (0) k∞ = 0.683333
0.683333,
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 46 / 49
Iterative methods Gauss-Seidel’s method
S OLUTION
µ ¶
0 0.4
2 T= , ⇒ kT k∞ = 0.4 = q
0 0.25
q3
3 ∆ X (3) ≤ kX (1) − X (0) k∞
1−q
µ ¶
(1) (0) 0.113333
4
X −X = ⇒ kX (1) − X (0) k∞ = 0.683333
0.683333,
5
∆ X (3) ≈ 0.072889
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 46 / 49
Iterative methods Gauss-Seidel’s method
E XAMPLE 5.8
Given the system
4x 1 + 0.24x 2 − 0.08x 3 = 8
0.09x 1 + 3x 2 − 0.15x 3 = 9
0.04x − 0.08x + 4x = 20
1 2 3
2
(0)
With X = 3, using G-S method to find approx solution
5
(3)
X , its posteriori error with 1-norm.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 47 / 49
Iterative methods Gauss-Seidel’s method
S OLUTION
1.9092
(3)
X = 3.1950
5.0448
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 48 / 49
Iterative methods Gauss-Seidel’s method
S OLUTION
1.9092
(3)
X = 3.1950
5.0448
Error : ∆ X (3) ≈ 1.24 × 10−5
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 48 / 49
Iterative methods Gauss-Seidel’s method
E XAMPLE 5.9
Given the system
½
4x 1 + 0.24x 2 = 8
0.09x 1 + 3x 2 = 9
µ ¶
(0) 1
With X = , find approximate solution x n such that
2
kx n − x n−1 k∞ < 10−3 by using G-S method.
Hoang Hai Ha (BK TPHCM) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS September 17, 2021 49 / 49