FRIDAY, 1 APRIL 2022

GUEST LECTURE : UNIVERSITAS PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL "VETERAN JAWA TIMUR"

ENVIRONTMENTAL
INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT
SPEAKER

GUSTINA, S.K.M., M.Sc

Table of Contents

I What is an Incident?

II Types of Incidents & Hazards

III Environmental Incident Management

IV Case Studies

V Q&A
What is an
INCIDENT?
WHAT IS AN INCIDENT?

The term incident can be

defined as an occurrence,
condition, or situation arising
in the course of work that
resulted in or could have
resulted in injuries, illnesses,
damage to health, or fatalities,
property damage and affect
the environment.
(www.ccohs.ca)
 TYPES OF INCIDENTS & HAZARDS

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON HAZARD INCIDENT CATEGORY:

• Biological. Biological hazards include viruses, bacteria, insects,
FATALITY
animals, etc., that can cause adverse health impacts.
INJURY
• Chemical. Chemical hazards are hazardous substances that can cause
FIRTS AID
harm. Such as skin irritation, respiratory system irritation, blindness,
FIRE & EXPLOTION
corrosion and explosions.
• Physical. Physical hazards are environmental factors that can harm an WORK RELATED ILLNESS

employee without necessarily touching them, including heights, noise, SPILL (OIL/CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES)
radiation and pressure. PROPERTY DAMAGE
• Safety. These are hazards that create unsafe working conditions. NEAR MISS
• Ergonomic. Ergonomic hazards are a result of physical factors that can
result in musculoskeletal injuries.
• Psychosocial. Psychosocial hazards include those that can have an
adverse effect on an employee’s mental health or wellbeing.

4
I ENVIRONMENTAL INCIDENT

Environmental incident - the release, either accidental

or malicious, of a harmful substance, for example:
• chemical or oil spillage

• uncontrolled release of a harmful substance to atmosphere

• uncontrolled release of a harmful substance to the sewerage system

• uncontrolled release of a harmful substance to a local watercourse

• uncontrolled release of a harmful substance to land

Air Pollution - Black Smoke - Chemical Spill - Oil Spill - Fly tipping - Waste

Issue - Sewage Leak etc.

 Deepwater Horizon

The death toll from the Deepwater Horizon incident

is low in comparison to other oil rig disasters, with
11 fatalities. However, this event was no less
tragic. The explosion caused the biggest oil spill in
US history — 4 million barrels of oil were spilled
into the Gulf of Mexico. Over the course of 87
days.

Of the 126 workers onboard Deepwater Horizon on

20 April 2010, many were injured by the initial
explosion which was caused by a burst of natural
gas through the well’s core.

The spill lasted almost 3 months, costing BP an

estimated $65 billion. Families of the injured and
dead filed at least 50 wrongful death or personal
injury cases against BP. (robertsmarkland.com)
Source: nationalgeographic.com

The biggest oil spill in US history - 4 million barrels (1 barrel = 159 Liter)
4 Million Barrels Of Oil to Liters = 635,949,179.712
What is the
importance of
incident
management?
 Environmental Incident Management

The purpose of the Incident Management process is

to restore normal service operation as quickly as possible
and minimize the adverse impact on business operations,
ensuring that agreed levels of service quality are
maintained.

Workflow:
- Prevention/Mitigation
- Preparation
- Response
- Recovery
 MITIGATION / PREVENTION

Prevention: Actions taken to avoid an

incident. Stopping an incident from occurring.
Deterrence operations and surveillance.

Mitigation: Refers to measures that

prevent an emergency, reduce the
chance of an emergency happening, or
reduce the damaging effects of
unavoidable emergencies. Typical
mitigation measures include establishing
building codes and zoning requirements,
installing shutters, and constructing
barriers.
 EXAMPLES: OIL SPILL INCIDENT

Spill prevention at service stations (REPSOL): OUTPUT:

• Prevention of operational spills through Policy, Procedure, EM Plan, EM Team,
monitoring of discharges, follow-up of high and Engineering Control (Design, Technology)
very high-level alarms, as well as training of
employees, among other measures.
• Asset integrity including traditional measures such
as tank and pipeline leak testing, double wall tank
linings, and equipment inspections, among
others.
PREPARATION

Activities increase a organizational' s

ability to respond when a incident
occurs. Typical preparedness
measures include developing mutual
aid agreements and memorandums of
understanding, training for both
response personnel and concerned
employees, conducting incident
drill/exercises to reinforce training and
test capabilities, and presenting all-
hazards education campaigns.
 RESPONSE

Actions carried out immediately before, during, and immediately

after a hazard impact, which are aimed at saving lives, reducing

economic losses, and alleviating suffering. Response actions may

include activating the emergency operations center, evacuating
threatened populations, opening shelters and providing mass
care, emergency rescue and medical care, fire fighting, and urban
search and rescue.

Booms
In-situ burning (ISB)

Absorbents 8
 RECOVERY

Actions taken to return a community to

normal or near-normal conditions,
including the restoration of basic services
and the repair of physical, social and
economic damages. Typical recovery
actions include debris cleanup, financial
assistance to individuals and
governments, rebuilding of roads and
bridges and key facilities, and sustained
mass care for displaced human and
animal populations.

9
CASE STUDY:
CHERNOBYL
The Worst Nuclear Power Plant
Disaster in History
 OVERVIEW 10 days fire
26 April 1986, The Worst Nuclear Power Plant
Disaster in History - Level 7, Chernobyl Plant - 30 workers died due to ARS
Ukraine
1000 workers exposed (Люди Чернобыля, 2015)

high-level radiation

Belarus, Russian, Ukraine,

some European Countries
(Chernobyl Foundation, 2014)

(Melnikoff, 2013) Contaminated

115,000 people evacuated
22,000 people resettled
6,000 thyroid cancer cases
(UNSCEAR, 2000) (Bonfatti, 1994)
Why did the incident occur?
Operator conducted the test

Control rods to prevent from overheating were removed

Reactor core heat up enormously

Reactor heated in unimaginable level and exploded

Explosion
(World Nuclear Association, 2016)

Releasing nuclear fuel & 190 tons of radioactive gases

MAJOR FACTORS ANALYSIS
INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR SAFETY ADVISORY GROUP - INSAG-7 Report

• Peculiarities of physics and in the construction of the reactor,

Design Factors
Reactor very unstable at low power levels, and prone to
suddenly increasing energy production to a dangerous level

• Operator operating with less power than the allowable power

Human Factors
that forbidden by normal safety procedures

• The system allows actions that endanger security of the

Automation
central
SUBSTANCES RELEASED
Within 10 days, 190 tons of radioactive gases spread….
INERT GASES
Elements with intermediate volatility Radionuc Half-life Activity
lide Released (PBq)
Kr-85
10.75 33
Sr-89, Sr-90, Ru-103, Ru-106, Ba-140 years
VOLATILE ELEMENTS
Xe-133 5.25 6 500
Radionucli Half- Activity
Refractory elements (including fuel particles) days
de life Released
(PBq)
Zr-95, Mo-99, Ce-141,Ce-144, Np-239, Pu-238,
Te-132 3.25 1 150
Pu-239, Pu-240, Pu-241, Pu-242, Cm-242 days
I-131 8.04 1 760
days
Source – Pathway - Receptor Linkage
Incident Management
Contaminated countries
• Belarus, Russia, Ukraine

• Sweden, Austria, Norway,

Germany, Finland, Greece,
Romania, Slovenia and
Switzerland.

Contamination was most

intense around the stricken
reactor.

During the fire the wind and

other climatic conditions
changed several times
 Source – Pathway - Receptor Linkage

Source Pathway Receptor

Human
• Internal dose
Iodine-131, • External dose
caesium-134, Urban Environment

caesium-137 and • Houses, parks, streets, roads, squares,

roofs and walls
Xe-133 are Agricultural Environment
responsible for • plant surfaces
major the • vegetation
radiation • rapidly transferred to milk at a high rate

exposure Forest Environment

received by the • Vegetation and animals in the forests and

mountain areas
general Aquatic Environment
population • surface water systems
• Bioaccumulation in the aquatic food chain
• significant concentrations in fish
(Title: What are the Sources of Radiation Exposure, 2017)
Health effects to human
▪ Mortality: 2 Chernobyl plant workers died on the night of the
External dose from cloud passage accident, and a further 28 people died within a few weeks as
a result of acute radiation poisoning.

▪ Thyroid cancer: enourmus number of thyroid cancer

External dose from radioactive
material deposited on soil and ▪ Other cancers: increase in the incidence of solid cancers and
other surfaces, leukaemia

▪ Non-cancer diseases:
Internal dose from the ingestion of • Radiation induced cataracts in clean-up workers
food products and water • Potentially increased risk of cardiovascular diseases
among clean-up workers

▪ Psycho-social impact and mental health:

Internal dose from inhalation of the • Anxiety levels that were twice as high than non-exposed
cloud and suspended material, population
How was it managed ?
26 APRIL - SATURDAY 27 APRIL- SUNDAY 28 APRIL - MONDAY

01.13 : Units 1 and 2 is stopped 21:02 : Moscow TV news

01:35 : (approx.) – Firemen
07.00 : Enormous amount of radiation and heat announce that an accident has
02.15 : Crisis meeting - The
is observed. occurred at the Chornobyl Nuclear
Pripyat department of the
10:00 : Helicopters started to make drops of Power Plant.
Ministry of Home Affairs.
sand, boron and lead. ✓ All radio broadcasts run by

14:00 – Evacuation the state were then replaced

✓ Road block
✓ The evacuation of Pripyat’s 43,000 residents with classical music, which was
✓ Police assistance a common method of preparing
took 3.5 hours, using 1,200 buses.
✓ No knowledge of radiation the public for an announcement
✓ “Only a Second World War survivor can
or protective clothing. of a tragedy that had taken
imagine a similar scene.” – Resident of
place.
Pripyat
How was it managed ?
MAY

✓ There was an explosion risk in the two floors of bubbler pools

beneath the reactor.
✓ A 30 kilometre zone designated for evacuation (90.000
people).
✓ An embankment begins to be constructed on the Pripyat
River
✓ Schools in Gomel and Kiev are closed, all children are sent
elsewhere.
✓ Liquidators wash the radioactive dust off the streets using a
product called “bourda”, meaning molasses
✓ A concrete structure will be built, the idea of the
sarcophagus.

All pictures, (The Chernobyl Gallery, 2007)

 How was it managed ?
September1 October November 1 December December September2
986 April 1987 2017
1986 986 1986 2000 007
Reactor 1 Construction Reactor 2 A concrete roof Reactor 3 Reactor 3, the ➢The project
contract for the New
Estimated
(“sarcophagus”) is
restarts work on restarts restarts last Safe Confinement completion
completed over
reactors 5 & 6 the fourth supplying functioning (shelter over reactor date of the
reactor, is 4) is signed.
is resumed reactor. It is built electricity ➢costs are
New Safe
to protect the shut down.
environment from estimated at Confinement
432 million Shelter over
radiation for at
euros with a
least 30 years. project time reactor 4.
of five years.

(Timeline of events | The Chernobyl Gallery, 2017) (Timeline of events | The Chernobyl Gallery, 2017) (Timeline of events | The Chernobyl Gallery, 2017) (Timeline of events | The Chernobyl Gallery, 2017)
Involved Stakeholders
Monitoring
Involved Stakeholders - Immediate
The term “liquidator” is now used to describe workers who entered areas designated as “Somebody had to do it…”
“contaminated” between 1986 and 1989 to help reduce the consequences of the Alexander Fedotov (liquidator)
explosion.
• These people included:
• power plants operators
• emergency workers such as firefighters
• military personnel
• as well as many non-professionals.
• Their tasks included:
• cleaning up the debris from around the reactor
• construction of the sarcophagus
• decontamination, road building
• destruction and burial of contaminated buildings, forests and equipment.
Another involved stakeholders:
• The Pripyat department of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Deputy Health Minister, and
other Soviet bureaucrats
• Police assistance
All pictures, (The Chernobyl Gallery, 2007)
• Media
 Involved Stakeholders – Post Accident
The Chernobyl Forums
• The Chernobyl Forum is an initiative of the
IAEA, in cooperation with:
• WHO (World Health Organisation)
• UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)
• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization),
• UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)
• UN-OCHA (Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs)
• UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on
the Effects of Atomic Radiation)
• World Bank
• Governments of Belarus, the Russian
Federation and Ukraine. The Forum was
created as a contribution to the United
Nations’ ten-year strategy for Chernobyl,
launched in 2002
(Chernobyl’s Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts and Recommendations
to the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, 2005)
Monitoring
Meteorological Information :
Atmospheric precipitation plays an important
role in determining whether an area might
receive heavy contamination

Monitoring - Atmosphere (IAEA., 2006)

The activity concentrations of radioactive

material in air were measured at many
locations.

The location sampler was the meteorological

station, which is more than 15 km south-east
of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
 Both the activity level and elemental

Monitoring – Soil composition of the radioactive fallout

influenced by the type of deposition
mechanism, namely:
• Wet deposition
• Surveys with spectrometers were undertaken soon after the
• Dry deposition
accident to measure the deposition of 137Cs (and other
radionuclides) on the soil surface

Sampling Process Areas in Europe Contaminated by Chernobyl Fallout in 1986

(Chernobyl’s Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts and

Recommendations to the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and
Ukraine, 2005)
(IAEA., 2006) (IAEA., 2006)
Monitoring – Agricultural
Method: ASTRAL Assessments

(IAEA., 2006)
(IAEA., 2006)
Monitoring – Water River Groundwater

Method: spectrometers
In all water bodies the radioactivity
levels declined rapidly during the first
few weeks
Due to decay of short lived isotopes
and absorption of nuclides to
catchment soils and river bed
sediments (IAEA., 2006)
(IAEA., 2006)

Sampling Process Reservoir

(Chernobyl’s Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts and Recommendations to the
(IAEA., 2006) Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, 2005)
Countermeasure
Remediation
Clean Up
Lesson Learnt
Recommendation
Sarcophagus A giant metal concrete and structure

Some major work on the Quickly constructed to halt the

shelter was carried out in release of radiation into the
1998 and 1999. atmosphere

Reactor 4 (The Chernobyl Gallery, 2007)

The international Shelter

Implementation Plan in the
1990s involved raising money
for remedial work including Structure is neither strong
removal of the fuel-containing nor durable
materials.

Sarcophagus (Hart, M., 2016).

URBAN DECONTAMINATION
Large Scale Decontamination 1986 Targets
– 1989: • Cities
• Villages
• To suppress dust formation • residential areas
• cleaning of residential areas • Kindergarten
• Removal of contaminated soil • Hospitals
• Cleaning and washing of roads • Schools
• Decontamination of open water • buildings frequently visited
supplies • Streets / Roads
• burying contaminated
equipment

Cleaning, (Team, M.,2016).

Methods
• Water - Daily Washing
• Organic Solutions - Washing
• Sandblasting/Hosing (Sand and Boron)
• Sweeping/Vacuum Cleaning
• Digging/Surface Removal
AGRICULTURAL & LIVESTOCK COUNTERMEASURES
• Crops were destroyed, livestock was killed
• Restriction of consumption and use of sludge as fertilizer for soil
• Animals had to be fed clean food for 1.5 months before slaughter
• Obligatory radiological monitoring of agricultural products
• Obligatory milk processing
• Received maps of contamination levels of their agricultural land and
guidance on potential contamination of products
• Instructions on the farming of private plots

Methods Targets
• Banning cattle slaughter • Milk
• Food Processing • Meat
• Diet Changing • Potatoes
• Indoor Feeding • Root Vegetables
• Radiological monitoring • Grain
• Deep ploughing
Livestock, (The Chernobyl Gallery, 2007)
Outside countries actions
• Sweden: Cattle were not put on to pasture if the ground
deposition exceeded 10 kBq/m2 of 131I and 3 kBq/m2 of
radiocaesium

• Norway: Crops, hay and silage harvested were monitored,

will not used as forage if above level.

• Germany: Milk was diverted into food processing plants to be

converted into milk powder as feed for pigs, but this was not
done due to the high radiocaesium content.

• UK: Issued the regulation of the consumption of red grouse

Radioactive Monitoring, (NBC News, 2011)
and restrictions on the movement and slaughter of upland
sheep

• Austria: Not to feed fresh grass to cows for a short period

Forest countermeasures
• Restrictions on public and forest worker access
• Restrictions on the harvesting of food products such as game,
berries and mushrooms.
• Restrictions on the collection of firewood by the public, in
order to prevent external exposures in the home and garden
when the wood is burned and the ash is disposed of or used as
a fertilizer.
• Alteration of hunting practices, aimed at avoiding the
consumption of meat with high seasonal levels of
radiocaesium.
• Fire prevention

Methods Targets
• Fire Prevention • Food Product
The fallout from Chernobyl, (NBC News, 2011)
• Alteration • Meat Consumption
• Restriction • Firewood
• Access • Ash for fertilizer
Aquatic - Water - Liquid Remediation
• Massive silt traps were constructed, along with an enormous 30m-
deep underground barrier to prevent groundwater from the
destroyed reactor entering the Pripyat River.
• To protect water systems from the transfer of radionuclides from
contaminated soils.
• The most effective countermeasure was the early restriction of
drinking water abstraction and the change to alternative supplies.
• Restrictions on the consumption of freshwater, fish have proved Liquid Radioactive Waste Treatment Plant (LRTP) (Taylor, 2016)

effective in Scandinavia and Germany

• To handle some 35,000 cubic metres of low- and intermediate-level
liquid wastes at the site.

Methods Targets
• Construct Protective Dam/Silt traps • Groundwater
• Cooling Pond • River
• Liquid Radioactive Waste Treatment Plant • Lake
(LRTP) • Freshwater
• The Interim Spent Fuel Storage Facility • Fish
(Under Construction) • Liquid Waste The Interim Spent Fuel Storage Facility(Taylor, 2016)
Solid Remediation
• Industrial Complex for Radwaste Management (ICSRM) is the newest facility.
Common process:
• The solid radioactive wastes temporarily stored in bunkers is removed for treatment.
• These wastes are processed into a form suitable for permanent safe disposal.
• Low- and intermediate-level wastes are separated into combustible, compactable, and non-
compactable categories. These are then subject to incineration, high-force compaction, and
cementation respectively.
• Highly radioactive and long-lived solid waste is sorted out for temporary separate storage.
• In the third step, the conditioned solid waste materials are transferred to containers suitable for
permanent safe storage.
• The storage area is designed to hold 55,000 m3 of treated waste which will be subject to Aerial view of the Vektor complex site (Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, 2011)
radiological monitoring for 300 years.

Methods
• Incineration
• High-Force Compaction
• Cementation
• Phytoremediation
• Solid radioactive waste storage facility
• Radioactive Waste Disposal Storage (RWDS)
• Radioactive Waste Interim Localization Sites
(RWILS)
Buryakovka RWDS Site(Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, 2011)
Decommissioning Process of Facility
Kompleksny RWDS:
• contaminated soil
• metal structures
• chunks of the roofing materials
• concrete from the ChNPP Fourth Reactor Unit was placed
into metal 1.5-m3 containers and those metal containers
were installed into waterproof reinforced concrete tanks

Podlesny RWDS:
• Metal
• dumped non-containerized waste
• reactor graphite
• fragments of reactor structures and other metal
structures
• chunks of fuel assemblies
• decontamination waste
Buryakovka RWDS:
• associated with contaminated machinery
• metal and reinforced concrete structures
• protective clothing
Kompleksny RWDS Site(Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, 2011) • debris
The New Safe Confinement (NSC)
• A New Safe Confinement (NSC) structure is due to be
completed in 2017, being built adjacent and then moved
into place on rails.
• It is an arch 110 metres high, 165 metres long and
spanning 260 metres, to cover both unit 4 and the hastily-
built 1986 structure.
• The arch frame is a lattice construction of tubular steel
members, equipped with internal cranes.
• The NSC is the largest moveable land-based structure ever
built.
• The hermetically sealed building will allow engineers to
remotely dismantle the 1986 structure that has shielded
the remains of the reactor from the weather since the
weeks after the accident.
• It will enable the eventual removal of the fuel-containing
materials (FCM) in the bottom of the reactor building and
accommodate their characterisation, compaction and
packing for disposal.

All pictures, (The Chernobyl Gallery, 2007)

 Lesson Learnt & Recommendation
“Incident Management (Before)”
Lesson Learnt Recommendation
SAFETY
Automation: Automation error:
The system allows actions that Consider, the system have to be enough automated to ban
endanger security of the actions that are dangerous, specified and notified.
central

DESIGN Design error:

Continuous improvement of New reactor and control rooms.
technology and Nuclear Plant
Important part has to be near and connected with control room.
design - Worldwide

WORKER COMPETENCY
Human error:
Operator/Worker knowledge
and competency are essential.
Mobile Communication – Clear instruction, Action registered,
interconnection with other controllers, read and confirm the
message before take the decision.

All pictures, (Google Picture Collections, 2017)

 Lesson Learnt & Recommendation
“Incident Management (After)”
Lesson Learnt Recommendation
REMEDIATION & RECOVERY
MEDICAL CARE AND ANNUAL
The need of various type of EXAMINTAION OF WORKERS AND
VICTIMS
remediation and taking a long
time.

HUMAN HEALTH EFFECT RESTRICTION OF

VISITORS TO CHERNOBYL MAINTAIN COMMUNICATION TO
PUBLIC ABOUT LATEST RADIOACTIVE
Radioactive has the acute EXCULTION ZONE FOR CONDITION
and chronic health impact HOLIDAY
(Thyroid Cancer)

NEW TECHNOLOGY
The new safe confinement (NSC)
is the newest technology for LONG TERM
TECHNOLOGICALLY
dealing with Chernobyl disaster ENIRONMENTAL,
BASED REMEDIATION
impact. HEALTH AND SOCIAL
MEASURES
RESEARCH

(BALONOV, 2006)
END

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