DISASTER RESISTANT BUILDINGS AND

MANAGEMENT

Ar. Divya Harini

Asst.Professor
Gitam School of Architecture
SYLLABUS :AURAR 802
DISASTER RESISTANT BUILDINGS AND MANAGEMENT Credits: 3

• UNIT 1 : Basic understanding of fragile Eco-systems and factors that cause global
climatic changes. Overview of major natural disasters, design and planning solutions
for disaster mitigation, organizational and management aspects.

• UNIT 2 : Introduction to Natural Disasters: Understanding the effects of natural

calamities such as floods, tropical cyclones, earthquakes, landslides, forest fires,
draughts and Tsunami.

• UNIT 3 :Factors Causing Disasters: Climate changes, global sea rise, coastal erosion,
environmental degradation, large dams & earth tremors, roads buildings & landslides,
urbanization & desertification, cyclone effects on coastal towns.

• UNIT 4 : Design and Retrofitting of Buildings for Earthquake resistance: Design,

construction and detailing of buildings, materials and methods to be adopted for
earthquake resistant buildings and retrofitting of earthquake affected buildings.

• UNIT 5 :Case studies of natural disasters in India: Earthquakes at Bhuj, Lattur, etc.,
Cyclones in coastal Andhra Pradesh& Orissa, Landslides in Uttarakhand, Nilgiris,
Himachal etc, Floods in Bangladesh, and Droughts in Rajasthan & Tsunami in Tamil
Nadu.
UNIT-1
 Ecosystem
An ecosystem is made up of biotic as well as abiotic
factors.
The interaction of living organisms with their physical
environment and is designated as the biosphere or
ecosphere.
An ecosystem can be categorized into its abiotic
constituents
including minerals, climate, soil, water, sunlight, and
all other non-living elements, and its biotic
constituents, consisting of all its living members.
Linking these constituents together are two major
forces: the flow of energy through the ecosystem,
and the cycling of nutrients within the ecosystem.
 What is Climate Change ?? ?
Global climate is the average climate
over the entire planet. The reason
scientists and many other folks are
concerned is that Earth's global
climate is changing. The planet is
warming up fast—faster than at any
other time

Climate change refers to significant,

long-term changes in the global
climate.
The global climate is the connected
system of sun, earth and oceans, wind,
rain and snow, forests, deserts and
everything people do.
 Factors that cause
Global Climate change
Global Warming
What is Global Warming?
Global warming is the slow increase in the
average temperature of the earth’s
atmosphere because an increased
amount of the energy (heat) striking the
earth from the sun is being trapped in the
atmosphere and not radiated out into
space.

The earth’s atmosphere has always acted

like a greenhouse to capture the sun’s heat,
ensuring that the earth has enjoyed
temperatures that permitted the
emergence of life forms as we know them,
including humans.
Without our atmospheric greenhouse the
earth would be very cold. Global warming,
however, is the equivalent of a greenhouse
with high efficiency reflective glass installed
the wrong way around.
Cause of Global Warming
Emission of green house gases like
• carbon dioxide
• Methane
• CFCs
• Nitrous oxide etc into the atmosphere.
The major source is carbon dioxide (80%) 20% by methane and nitrous
oxide.

Carbon dioxide:
Chlorofluorocarbons:
Fossil fuels and plant burning
Air-conditioners
Deforestation and plant burning
Refrigerators
Vehicular pollution
Plastic foams

Methane: Nitrous oxides:

Rice paddies Fossil Fuel burning
Guts of cattle Fertilisers
Termites Live –stock wastes
Coal Production Nylon production
Natural gas leak
Gas production
 What is disaster ???

“A disaster can be defined

as any occurrence that cause
damage, ecological disruption,
loss of human life, deterioration
of health and health services
on a scale, sufficient to warrant
an extraordinary response from
outside the affected
community or area”. (W.H.O.)

“A disaster can be defined

as an occurrence either nature
or manmade that causes
human suffering and creates
human needs that victims
cannot alleviate without
assistance”.
American Red Cross (ARC) ’
Hazard
Any phenomenon that has the potential to cause disruption or damage to
people and their environment.

“A hazard is natural event while the disaster is its consequence. A hazard is

perceived natural event which threatens both life and property…… A disaster is
a realization of this hazard.” -John Whittow

Vulnerability:

Vulnerability describes the characteristics and circumstances of a community,

system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.
There are many aspects of vulnerability, arising from various physical, social,
economic, and environmental factors.
Disaster Management

Disaster management can be defined as the organization and management

of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of
emergencies, in particular, preparedness, response and recovery in order to
lessen the impact.

Goals of Disaster management

1. Reduce, or avoid ,losses from hazard;
2. Assure prompt assistance to victims;
3. Achieve rapid and effective recovery.
Phases of Disaster management: Mitigation:
1. Mitigation Minimizing the effect of disaster
2. Preparedness Examples: Building codes and zoning
3. Response Vulnerability analyses
4. Recovery Public Education

Preparedness:
Planning how to respond.
Examples: Preparedness plans
Emergency
exercises/training
Warning systems
Response/Prevention:
Efforts to minimize the hazards created
by a disaster
Example: search and recue
emergency relief

Recovery:
Returning the community to normal
Example: Temporary housing
Grants
Medical care
Disaster Management Cycle
The Disaster management cycle explains the process by which the
government, businesses, and civil society plan to reduce the impact of
disasters and react immediately following a disaster and take steps to recover
after a disaster had occurred.

Appropriate actions in the cycle leads to

• Greater preparedness
• Better warning
• Reduce vulnerability
• Prevention of disasters during the next iteration of the cycle.

The complete Disaster management cycle includes:

• Shaping of public policies
• Plans that either modify the causes of disaster
• Mitigate their effect on people, property and infra structure.
• The four disaster management phases do not always ,or even generally ,
occur in isolation or in this precise order.
• Often phases of the cycle overlap and the length of ech phase greatly
depends on the severity of the disaster.
The Disaster Management Act, 2005 was enacted on 26th December,
2005 This will permit the States also to have their own legislation on disaster
management.

• The Act comprises 79 sections and 11 chapters.

• Defines Disaster and disaster management in its new concept.
• It provides institutional mechanism for monitoring and implementation of plans.
• Ensures measures by various wings of the Government for the prevention and
mitigation of disasters.
• The State Governments have been advised to amend their Relief Codes.
• The Act provides for a National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA).
• The State governments shall create State Disaster Management
Authorities.(SDM)
• District Disaster Management Authorities.(DDM).
• There shall be a Disaster Response Fund and Disaster Mitigation Fund at
national, state and district levels.
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (NDMA)

• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) under the Prime

Minister with nine more members for laying down the policies, plans
and guidelines for disaster management.

• The Authority will be assisted by a National Executive Committee

(NEC) of Secretaries to Central Government.

• The National Authority to recommend guidelines for the minimum

standards of relief.
 STATE DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (SDMA)

• State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) to be chaired by Chief

Minister.
• One of the members may be designated as the Vice-Chairperson of the
State Authority by the Chief Minister.
• The State Authority may constitute an Advisory Committee of experts.
• The State Authority shall be responsible for laying down the policies and
plans for disaster management in the State.
• The State Authority shall recommend guidelines for providing minimum
standards of relief.
• The State Authority will be assisted by the State Executive Committee.
DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (DDMA)

• The State Government shall establish a District Disaster Management

Authority (DDMA) in each district.
• The Chairperson of District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) will be
the Collector or District Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner of the district.
• The elected representative of the area is member of the DDMA as an ex
officio co-Chairperson
• The District Authority shall act as the district planning, coordinating and
implementing body for disaster management.
LOCAL AUTHORITY
• The Local Authority shall ensure training of its officers and employees and
maintenance of resources so as to be readily available for use in the event
of a disaster.
• It shall also ensure that all construction projects under it conform to the
standards and specifications laid down.
• It shall carry out relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction activities in the
affected area within its jurisdiction.

NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE (NDRF)

• The Section 44–45 of the Act provides for constituting a National Disaster
Response Force "for the purpose of specialist response to a threatening
disaster situation or disaster" under a Director General to be appointed by
the Central Government.
DM ACT FUNDS
• National Disaster Response Fund by Central Government and grants
provided by any person/institution.
• National Disaster Mitigation Fund for mitigation projects.
• The State Government to establish Disaster Response fund and Disaster
Mitigation Fund at State and District Levels.
• Every Ministry/Department of Central and State Governments to make
provision for funds to carry out activities set out in its disaster management
plan.

NGO’S ( Non profitable organizations)

• “NGO’s associates with private citizens with a common interest to assist

the disaster affected people”.
• These play a vital role in disaster response, mitigation disaster reduction
and recue, Coordination in different regions.
• NGO response focused on emergency food relief, temporary shelter,
emergency medical aid , debris removal and habitat restoration and
raising families.