1

TITLE PAGE FOR PRACTICUM NOTEBOOK

IGNOU

MA (PSYCHOLOGY)

Programme Code: MAPC

Course Code: MPCL-007

Name & Enrolment of the Learner: SUNEEL KUMAR ISRANI

195971275

Address: J-1/324 Second Floor

DDA Flats Kalkaji

New Delhi-19

Phone No.: 7406795986

Email: suneel.israni@yahoo.com

Study Centre Name/Code/Address: Ramanujan College/07185/ Kalkaji, New Delhi-19

Regional Centre: Delhi-1, J-2/1, Block B-1, Mohan Cooperative Industrial Estate, Mathura Road, New
Delhi-44

Date: Signature of the Learner:

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INDEX

Sl No. Experiment Page No.

1 BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT

2 WHAT TRUE INTELLIGENCE IS?

3 An Interview of an older adult

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PRACTICAL-1

BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT

Aim/Objectives: To understand “Social Learning Theory and Social Cognitive Theory” with the help

of BOBO Doll Experiment (Bandura).

Introduction:

Social Cognitive Theory: Social cognitive theory is a learning theory and it can be explained under

the following three headings:

1) Reciprocal Determinism: Human behaviour has often beenexplained in terms of one-sided

determinism. In such modes of unidirectional causation, behaviour is depicted as being

shaped and controlled either by environmental influences or by internal dispositions. It takes

time for a causal factor to exert its influence and activate reciprocal influences.

2) Self-System: The three components involved in self-system are self-observation,

judgmental processes and self-response.

(i) Self-observation: We look at ourselves, our behaviour, and keep tabs on it.

(ii) Judgment: We compare what we see with a standard. For example, we can compare our

performance with traditional standards, such as “rules of etiquette.” Or we can create

arbitrary ones, like “I’ll read a book a week.” Or we can compete with others, or with

ourselves.

(iii) Self-response: If you did well in comparison with your standard, you give yourself

rewarding self-responses. If you did poorly, you give yourself punishing self-responses.

(iv) Self efficacy: A very important concept in psychology that can be understood well with

self-regulation is self-efficacy. If, over the years, you find yourself meeting your standards

and life loaded with self-praise and self-reward, you will have a strong sense of self-efficacy.

Bandura published his seminal paper, “Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of

Behavioural Change,” the subject has become one of the most studied topics in psychology.

3) Principles of Observational Learning: To illustrate that the people learn from watching

others, Albert Bandura constructed an experiment entitled “Bobo Doll Behaviour: A Study

of Aggression.” In this experiment Bandura exposed a group of children to a video, featuring

violent and aggressive actions. For the experiment Bandura made of film of one of his
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students, a young woman, essentially beating up a bobo doll. Bobo doll is an inflatable, egg-

shape balloon creature with a weight in the bottom that makes it bob back up when you

knock him down. The woman punched the clown, shouting “sockeroo!” She kicked it, sat on

it, hit with a little hammer, and so on, shouting various aggressive phrases. Bandura showed

this film to groups of kindergartners who, as you might predict, liked it a lot. They then were

let out to play. In the play room, of course, were several observers with pens and clipboards

in hand, a brand-new bobo doll, and a few little hammers.

Social Learning Theory: Bandura called this phenomenon as observational learning or modelling,

and this theory is usually called social learning theory. Bandura did a large number of variations on

the study: The model was rewarded or punished in a variety of ways, the kids were rewarded for

their imitations, the model was changed to be less attractive or less prestigious, and so on.

1) Attentional Processes: In order to learn, you need to be paying attention. Anything that

detracts your attention is going to have a negative effect on observational learning. If the

model is interesting or there is a novel aspect to the situation, you are far more likely to

dedicate your full attention to learning.

2) Retentional Processes: The ability to store information is also an important part of the

learning process. Retention can be affected by a number of factors, but the ability to pull up

information later and act on it is vital to observational learning.

3) Reproduction Processes: Once you have paid attention to the model and retained the

information, it is time to actually perform the behaviour you observed. Further practice of

the learned behaviour leads to improvement.

4) Motivational Processes: One is still not going to do anything unless you are motivated to

imitate that is, until you have some reason for doing it. Reinforcement and punishment play

an important role in motivation. While experiencing these motivators can be highly

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effective.

Ques: Difference between Social Learning Theory and Social Cognitive Theory.

Ans: Social Cognitive Theory is the extension of Social Learning Theory. Albert Bandura explained the

difference between both the theories. The differences are explained below.

1. As per Social Cognitive Theory, Behaviour is depicted as being shaped and controlled either

by environmental influences or by internal dispositions.

Whereas Social Learning Theory develops behaviour learnt by attention and retention of

parents/peers/ modals.

2. Social Cognitive Theory is a triadic reciprocation determination of cognition, behaviour and

environmental factors.

In Social Learning Theory, the behaviour is learnt by observational learning or modelling and

reinforcement and punishment play major role for inculcation of particular behaviour.

3. In Social Cognitive Theory, Cognition named as self system plays major role for behaviour

formation.

In Social Learning Theory, The cognition helps in learning behaviour by the observation and

imitation of modals/peers.

4. In Social Cognitive Theory, Environment and Behaviour play equal role.

In Social Learning Theory, the reinforcement and consequences play important role in

formation of particular behaviour.

5. In Social Cognitive Theory, Human is depicted as he is able to regulate the environmental

6. condition. Thus, this theory has broader theoretical scope.

In Social Learning Theory, the focus is made on learning process in social context.

Q-2: Application of Social Learning Theory.

Ans: Followings are some applications of social learning theory.

(i) Social learning is very helpful to understanding of deviant behaviour of

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criminals especially their aggressiveness.

(ii) The impact of modern media (movies/web series) on the youth and children

by showing the violence as a heroic act.

(iii) The aspirants opting for different exams get motivation from successful

persons and get motivation for their goal.

(iv) Social learning theory is helpful in mental development of children by

motivating them with inspiring stories.

(v) This theory helps in learning and imparting new ideas/changes in society in a

easy way.

(vi) The Social learning theory is vital in understanding of anxiety disorders and

its treatment as well.

Q.3: Based on the theory and its application, Do you think violence is contagious?

Ans: Yes, I think violence is contagious. In modern age, the cinemas present the violence as a

solution to most of the social problems and it becomes a heroic act to prove oneself right with

violence. It becomes the trend in society for accepting violence as a solution of social issues.

Thus, it is clear that the society accepts the violence shown in cinemas as a contagious

disease. The movies/serials should not show violence as a solution to any problem because it is very

easy to spread wrong messages among society through their role models.
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PRACTICAL: 2

WHAT TRUE INTELLIGENCE IS?

Title: What true intelligence is?

Aims/Objective: To understand what true intelligence is? With the help of intelligence theories and

Stenberg’s recent theory on COVID-19.

Introduction: The first psychological test method to measure intelligence and ability was developed

by Francis Galton. Revised Binet-Simon Intelligence Test was a turning point of Intelligence study.

They developed Intelligence Quotient (IQ) concept to measure and interpret of intelligence.

Wechsler Intelligence test is also mile stone to measure intelligence.

Intelligence has been most controversial topic in the history of psychology. There was no

exact definition of intelligence in psychology. Some psychologist said, “Intelligence is the ability of

learning” and other psychologist Explained “Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of the

individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.”

Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence:

Howard Gardener refuted the classic view of intelligence as a capacity for logical reasoning. He

proposed that there is no one form of intelligence but a number of intelligence work together.

According to him, intelligence is the “ability to solve problems or fashion products that are of

consequence in a particular cultural setting or community”. Initially, he proposed seven distinct

types of intelligence.

(i) Linguistic (ii) Musical

(iii) Logical-Mathematical (iv) Spatial

(v) Bodily-Kinesthetic (vi) Intrapersonal

(vii) Interpersonal (viii) Naturalist

Cattell’s Theory of Intelligence:

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Raymond Cattell (1963) proposed the notion of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Fluid

intelligence is the capacity to reason and solve new problems. There is no influence from any

knowledge from past experiences, rather the person innovates new logical methods to resolve the

problem. Crystallized intelligence is the ability to use skills, knowledge and past experiences. It

involves the intellectual learning that one has accumulated throughout the life span. This

intelligence is expressed in the form of one’s vocabulary and general knowledge.

The Wechsler Scales:

The Wechsler Scales was born on Jan 12, 1896, in Romania. Wechsler dedicated himself to

the study of memory loss in soldiers from WWI. His curiosity built a foundation to test the very

intelligence of his patients. Wechsler wass a Romanian-American psychologist who The Wechsler

scales were developed by Dr. David Wechsler. He developed three scales; for adults, for school-age

children, and one for preschool children. All three of his tests contain several subtests from verbal as

well as nonverbal domain and they can measure intelligence and cognitive abilities. He developed

his first test (Wechsler- Bellevue scale) in 1939 when he was working in Bellevue hospital. He devised

a new formula for calculating IQ from his scales. As we know, the usual formula of IQ is,

IQ = Mental Age/Chronological Age × 100

According to Wechsler,

IQ = Attained or Actual Score / Expected Mean score for Age

Sternberg’s Theory of Intelligence:

Robert Sternberg developed the ‘Triarchic theory of intelligence’. According

to the theory, there are three types of intelligence. First is the contextual intelligence, second is the

creative intelligence and third is the analytical intelligence.

Contextual intelligence or practical intelligence refers to the ability to adapt to the

environment or situational demands. It involves applying knowledge and information to your real

world and thus adapting successfully to the situation.

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Creative intelligence is the ability to develop new ideas of ways of solving a problem or

tackling a situation. Experiential intelligence or creative intelligence is the ability to develop novel

ideas or solutions. People high on this intelligence are creative.

The analytical intelligence involves the ability to think abstractly and appraise the situation.

Componential intelligence is also known as analytical intelligence, is measured by a traditional

intelligence test.

Description:
Sternberg’s Artical: Robert Sternberg explained that the characteristics of real-world
problems are entirely different from the characteristics of problems on standardized tests.
Standardized test problems are mostly multiple choice or short answer and have a right or
wrong answer.

Real problems require extended answers; there is no perfect answer, and

sometimes, not even a very good one. Standardized test problems are decontextualized,

emotionally bland and have no real-life stakes. Real-world problems are highly

contextualized, emotionally arousing and may have high stakes. Standardized test problems

are solved quickly and then you are done; real-life ones often take a long time for its

solution.

Scoring and Interpretation: He explained with an example of Kenyan people that adaptive

intelligence has been successful in fighting with COVID-19. It happened because their Adaptive

Intelligence allowed their body to develop antibody against the virus. The followings are important

points as the major outcome of this article.

(i) Gaining maximum marks in academics or achieving good marks in a competitive exam

shows the better IQ of any individual. But it is not confirmed that the individual will be

able to solve a social problem (Land conflict) with the same efficiency.

(ii) Solving problems of Physics/Maths is due to better IQ. Solution of one’s own real-life

problems requires real intelligence i.e., real intelligence.

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(iii) To solve daily issues of a human being such as conflict with family members on any

issue, Sometimes IQ level does not deal much rather than individual’s common sense of

human relations.

(iv) Adaptive Intelligence which is learnt by the environment to get solution of new

problems of society. Sternberg’s article focuses on the adaptive intelligence which can

only give solution of major environmental/social issues of modern age.

(v) Observation of true cause of the problem and predicting the possible solution with the

correct execution are important factors of true intelligence.

Discussion: Through this article, Sternberg tries to define intelligence and he found that Adaptive

Intelligence is the intelligence which can give solution of most of the big problems on this planet

such as the global climate change, air and water pollution, global pandemics, bacterial resistance to

antibiotics are some of them. As per Sternberg “Intelligence is the ability to adapt to the

environment”.

Conclusion: Sternberg has given preference to adaptive intelligence than normal IQs. Adaptive

Intelligence is more important to address and to solve problems of global climate change, air and

water pollution, global pandemics, bacterial resistance to antibiotics, gun violence against

schoolchildren. In today’s world, everyone is running for earning more and more without caring of

earth and its environment which in turn will surely affect every body in devastating way. Every

human being should start thinking about the nature and its balance with other factors which are

affecting it.
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PRACTICAL:3

AN INTERVIEW OF AN OLDER ADULT

Aims/Objective: To understand the process of ageing by interview

Introduction:

Becoming older with time is called Ageing. Ageing is a natural process and every human being passes
through different ages in his life. When He/She surpasses the age of 65 years then individual is
considered as an old person. This in turn results in significant physical, psychological and cognitive
changes, like cardio-vascular, digestive malfunctioning and depression.

Physical Challenges: Older age weakens the bone health, senses are diminished which affects the
hearing, vision, taste and smell. An old person can’t perform day to day activities easily as he was
able to do in his young age.

Psychological Challenges: After attaining the age of 65 years, the withdrawal from society is
desirable and normal as they wish to be relieved from the social responsibilities. It creates the
opportunities for youngers people of the society.

Social Challenges: In society, older person faces the stereotyping for their old age. The comments
such as “He is moving like and old man” justifies the people of society discriminates the older
persons.

Theories of successful ageing:

5) The disengagement theory states that as people age, their withdrawal from society is
desirable and normal as they wish to be relieved from the social responsibilities.

6) The activity theory contends that activity is necessary to maintain a “life of quality,” that is,
that one must “use it or lose it” no matter what one’s age is.

Description Of Test: Interview of an older person

Material Required: The materials required for this test are as follows:
(i) Self prepared questions for interview
(ii) Notepad and pen

Family Profile: Name: ABC

Age: 67 Years
Gender: Female
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Educational Qualification: Graduate in Sanskrit

Occupation: House wife
Father’s Occupation: Business
Mother’s Occupation: Housewife
Mother’s Education: Metric (10th) Pass
Siblings Detail: 4 Sisters and 2 Brothers

Procedure and Administration:

Preparation: The Questionnaire was prepared for asking from the participant.

Rapport: The Participant was made easy by talking in friendly way. She was told that her

name and identity will not be disclosed and this interview is being conducted for education

purpose only. In this way the participant was made comfortable for carry out the interview.

Instruction:

Precaution: NA

Questionnare:

(i) Thoughts over ageing and have they changed over the year?

(ii) Has the participant been able to promote one’s wellness?

(iii) View on health care and being coping to physical and psychological challenges?

Including above mentioned questions, I have asked following questions to my participant.

Q.1: Introduce yourself, please.

Ans: I am a house wife and I am a graduate of Sanskrit subject. I live with my husband and

two sons.

Q.2: How many children do you have?

Ans: I have three children, One eldest daughter and two sons.

Q.3: May I Know about your marriage life and life post marriage?

Ans: My married life has passed very happily and I have lived each moment happily with my
family.

Q.4: Tell Me about your parents and your childhood?

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Ans: My father was a businessman and my mother was a house wife. We were four sisters

Q.5: When did you felt ageing process started?

Ans: At the age of 45 when I fell down on ground and my left leg was broken first time, I felt

the I will never be able to stand on my feet as earlier. But after a period of one year, I was

able to stand on both of my feet. After that incidence, I took care of my self and I never let

myself feel about my age.

Q.6: Which type of health issue troubled you more?

Ans: After the fracture of my one leg, I have felt the weakness in that leg and I took very care

in walking. Except this, I have not faced any health issue any more.

Q.7: Do ageing process create stress in you?

Ans: No, Ageing has not interrupted my daily routine and I does not feel the my age has

stopped me in any kind of work. Sometimes my children used to remind me my age for

going outside.

Q.8: Do you feel insecure in your life?

Ans: I never feel lonely or insecure as I have always got support from my husband and

children when it was required.

Q.9: Are you satisfied in your life?

Ans: Yes, I will be thankful to God for such a happy and healthy life as I have lived a well

settled life and my children are also well employed and earning good salary to live a better

life.

Q.10: Have you ever got the chance to promote your wellness?

Ans: Yes, I used to give tips to my friends and neighbours to take care of one’s health by
avoiding junk foods and benefits of eating of seasonal fruits and vegetables.

Q.11: Do the physical or psychological Health care are available to needy persons in your
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locality?

Ans: Yes, the health care centres are available for both physical and psychological health.

In case of Physical health, everybody knows the symptoms and common health issues and its
remedies. But

there is little knowledge among people for psychological health. The more awareness is

required about to common people. The old age is considered a to have a poor mental health

to handle any new task however old persons are having enough experience about different

issues of society such as domestic problems of a family and obedience to one’s family and

government policies.

Introspective Report: After conducting this interview I have found that my subject being

very positive about life and ageing. She has been active throughout her life.

Interpretation: My subject has been involved in her life much and ageing has not hampered

her day-to-day job. She lived a good life without any excuses.

Discussion: As per theory on late adulthood, the ageing affects person physically and

psychologically. However, my subject was not having remarkable issue due to her old age.

She lived a healthy life and manged the health issues due to her age in a positive way. She

understood weakness of her body and with care and balance of daily schedule, she

overcome on her age.

Conclusion: Interview technique is a better way for any research. It is used to enquire

marked population on particular issue. The responses got from subject are used to conclude

the issue in an efficient way. In this interview we can conclude that positivity, care and

healthy diet can minimise the ageing issues and help the person to led a successful and

satisfied life.
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PRACTICAL:4

LOCUS OF CONTROL

Aims/Objective: To uiew

Introduction: