2022 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI), Jan.
25 – 27, 2022, Coimbatore, INDIA
An Efficient Resource Allocation Scheme in Multiple
D2D Communications
Pullagoora Gireesh Kumar, K.Lokesh Krishna, D.Srinivasulu Reddy, Mittapalli Pranavi, Mallu Navaniswar Reddy & A.S. Sai Darshini
Electronics and Communication Engineering department
Sri Venkateswara College of Engg.
Tirupati, A.P., India
Orcid: 0000-0002-5228-3474
2022 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI) | 978-1-6654-8035-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICCCI54379.2022.9740871
Abstract—Device-to-device communication (D2DC) is an
innovative local cellular networking technology which aims to
direct enhancements in achieving high spectra efficiency and
support with the offload of data traffic. D2DC have unlimited
capabilities in accomplishing notable success by reutilizing the
prevailing up-link cellular channel resources. In this mode of
communication, operating users in local vicinity can interconnect
straightforward without transiting data traffic wireless medium
through the evolved Node-B (e-NB). Due to this, the traffic-load
to the e-NB is decreased; end to end delay time also gets
shortened besides the important parameters such as system
stability performance and spectral efficiency also get improved.
Nevertheless, D2D communications may cause interference to the
current cellular networks if not properly designed. However, the
tricky co-channel interference present in the medium marks the
resource allocation scheme to be highly complex and challenging
in underlay D2D communication networks. The crucial task is to
formulate resource allocation schemes for the D2D
communication that does not adversely affect cellular user’s
communication medium. The resource allocation scheme is done
to accomplish various performance objectives such as realizing
ultra-low latency values, boosting network throughput rate, and
finally attaining fairness among user data rates. A channel
allocation (CA) algorithm employing CA-PIL partial information
of device locations is formulated in this paper. The main aim of
this proposed work is to increase the sum throughput of D2DC
users, when the total cell subscribers in the base-station changes.
Available resources are distributed to the existing user using the
locality and outage probability of the resources. Simulated
results confirm that when the D2DC users are in large, the
proposed algorithm attains maximum sum effective throughput
(ET)
Keywords— Throughput, latency, channel allocation, D2DC,
wireless, and full duplex.
I. INTRODUCTION
Currently the usage of hand-held devices such as
smartphones, personal digital assistant, pocket phones, tablet
computer, smart watch, blue-tooth head set devices etc. is
experiencing an explosive growth. With the ushering of novel
applications, the necessity of high speed data rates has become
an important criteria for these hand held devices. Nevertheless,
due to the shortage of frequency spectrum, supporting such
high speed data rate requirements has remained a technical
task. The wireless cellular market sector in terms of mobile
subscribers and higher data rate applications is experiencing an
978-1-6654-8035-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: NORTHWESTERN POLYTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on April 08,2022 at 11:01:32 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
unprecedented growth during the preceding ten years. This
intense surge in mobile subscribers and data traffic is primarily
due to the multiplying increase in the usage of various hand-
held devices and data storage devices. Over the last few years
wireless hand held mobile devices experienced major changes
in its design, operating frequencies, operating power, latency
and received signal strength etc. Each and every mobile
generation technologies has new operating frequencies and
new features. The 1G-first generation of communication
networks used analog signals to carry signal communications
services. The 2G- second generation of mobile networks
includes the digital technologies. The 2G enabled technologies
tracked two paths, with the first path utilizing a grouping of
FDM Access method and TDM Access methods, whereas the
second path used the Code Division Multiple Access
technology. The 3G- third generations of mobile networks
followed two tracks and were based on the CDMA
technologies such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications
Systems and CDMA-2000. The 4G- fourth generations of
cellular communication was facilitated by a different
technology called LTE- Long Term Evolution. 4G concept
supported with LTE is considerably more competent than the
previous communication technologies. The main benefit using
LTE concept is that it mainly decreases the latency in data
transfer. The 5G- fifth generations of mobile networks utilizes
a NR-New Radio technology. As per the Cisco Visual
Networking Index-CVNI data forecast, worldwide data traffic
will rise approximately eightfold between the years 2015 and
2022.
Richer web content, wide range of proximity-aware societal
networking applications, sharing and downloading of audio
and video streaming are some of the key factors that are
responsible for surge in data traffic in wireless communication
networks. Furthermore, the extent of various mobile wireless
hand-held devices accessing different wireless network
operators and for new applications beyond personal
communications such as bluetooth enabled wearable devices
for healthcare; military environments, automotive, home
security etc. also are contributing to global mobile traffic
growth. Hence to enhance the communication capabilities,
several researchers worked in the area modulation techniques,
data compression techniques and antenna design etc.
Therefore there is a much necessity to support this
 2022 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI -2022), Jan. 25-27, 2022, Coimbatore, INDIA
multimedia-rich data transfer between the various wireless
devices and achieve improvements in data latency.
D2DC is an innovative standard in wireless
communication networks. It is a direct communication that
permits exchange of data between two wireless devices,
without traversing through the base station and other core
networks. Generally D2D communication occurs on the
cellular frequencies either in-band or out-of band frequencies
or non-transparent to the cellular network. D2D
communication technology in wireless communication
networks offers numerous benefits to both network operators
and mobile users such as the users can experience ultra-low
latency, large data traffic, and less power dissipation because
of the direct short-range communication. Lastly the cellular-
coverage range can be stretched to far distances and the per-
area capacity upgraded without extra set-up budget.
Using D2DC technique, bulky volume of data can be
transmitted rapidly between various device users within a
short range. Fig.1, shows a typical view of a wireless cellular
network system and D2D communication system. D2DC is a
successful technique in some of the situations such as
exchange of local data services, coverage extension, data and
computation offloading, information sharing, and machine to
machine communication.
Fig.1: View of a wireless communication system and D2DC system
The analysis related to resource allocation methods aimed
at D2DC underlaying mobile communication networks is
Authorized licensed use limited to: NORTHWESTERN POLYTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on April 08,2022 at 11:01:32 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
presented in [1]. It describes how the D2D cells are permitted
to reutilize the facilities of more than single cell user. Various
methods are evaluated using numerical simulation and
summarize that overall throughput rate of wireless
communication and D2DC is improved considerably. Y. Chai
et al. suggested an intelligent resources allocation structure for
D2D communicated pairs, which utilizes merely a part of each
cell user resources [2]. A PRA- framework for D2DC is
specified has been proposed in this work and the executed
results indicate the PRA method improves the overall stability
and system capacity as compared to the previous methods. In
[3] a well-organized scheduling structure for general content
transferring data in millimeter wave small cells termed as
PCDS - popular content downloading scheduling scheme. It
consists of a transmission path selection algorithm to form
multi-hop transmission paths for cell users directed at better
utilization of device to device communications and
synchronized transmission paths. The PCDS algorithm has
been simulated under different traffic patterns and attained
optimum performance in terms of propagation delay in
nanoseconds and throughput rate in particular under heavy
load conditions. The work described in [4] discusses about the
optimality issues under real-time limits such as maximum and
minimum values of spectral efficiency restrictions and
maximum transmitted power levels. The simulated results
exhibit that by proper optimum resource allocation design, the
total throughput is considerably improved without creating
harmful interference to the existing cell networks.
H. El-Sawy et al. described a wide ranging and compliant
analytical outline for D2DC supported uplink wireless
communication network with a flexible-mode selection
scheme beside with a shortened channel inverted low power
algorithm [5]. In this work an end-to-end complete numerical
analysis has been carried out to explore the predictable
performance gains and deliver strategies to choose the various
system dependent specifications. Separate spatial stochastic
models such as the Poisson hard-core process, poisson point
process, the strauss process, and the perturbed triangular
lattice are used to model by fitting them to the locations of
base stations in wireless communication networks obtained
from a public database [6]. O. Bello et al. focused on the
contemporary routing algorithms for carrying out intelligent
device to device communications in IoT technologies [7]. W.
Sun et al. analyzed the synchronization problem in mobile
D2D networks [8]. In this proposed work, a less complex
adaptive distributed network synchronization algorithm is
devised and analyzed. L. Wei et al. investigated multi-hop
device to device communication and analyzed the calculations
related to spectral efficiency and energy efficiency of multi-
hop D2D communications under Rayleigh fading channels [9].
K. Ali et al. proposed an D2D network architecture using the
relay assisted transmission and distance based strategy to
lower the power transmission losses and computational time
[10]. S. Wen et al. work focused on the function of relay-aided
device to device communications [11]. In this work, the PD of
endwise output to interference and above noise ratio in the
spectrum sharing network is expressed and the optimal design
of spatial density and transmitted energy is analyzed in detail.
An innovative social-aware methodology for improving
D2DC by utilizing the physical wireless network layer and the
 2022 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI -2022), Jan. 25-27, 2022, Coimbatore, INDIA

social network layer has been presented in [12]. It also

contains a novel algorithm for improving the traffic offloading
process in D2D communicated devices. The problem of
offloading the cell network while allocating shared
information to a cluster of various mobile users that
collaborate through the transfer process by establishing
device-to-device communicated networks is addressed in [13].
J. Lianghai et al. proposed a network organized sidelink D2D
communicated scheme to permit wireless networks with better
support for massive machine type communication services
[14]. The design of practical efficient resource sharing
arrangement for multiple device to device clusters multicast
communications underlay cell networks is described in [15].
In this work, a channel allocation scheme using CA-PIL is
formulated. Various signaling schemes designed in this
current work, permit the cellular network to collect mandatory
context data with light signaling work and accordingly the
network can develop a smart configuration for equally the
side-link and cellular link. Compared to the existing works,
the important shortcomings are identified such as the
synchronization of devices, lower throughput rate, mobility,
security and privacy, mode selection and lastly rise in
interference.
Currently, requirement of data broadcasting from a
given known data source to numerous neighboring wireless
equipment such as local advertisements, data-sharing for
group driving and local advertisement are at a higher rate.
Subsequently, the analogous networks do not requisite to last
long, the multi-cast over clustered D2D networks recognized
temporarily is considered a suitable technology for this
communication situation. Till now most of the related works Fig.2: Steps in the proposed method
deals with resource allocation in device to device
communicated devices only in D2D pairs. The proposed work In this work, more number of D2DC users is accommodated
in this paper shows the design and simulation of a realistic via considerably increasing the number of cells.
proficient resource distribution scheme for multiple D2D Correspondingly, the numbers of operating cell users are
multicast communications. upgraded in the equivalent cell radius. Also, the transmission
The proposed channel allocation (CA) algorithm of the code words between the transmitter and receiver and
using CA-PIL is presented as follows. The implementation of vice-versa without interfering is also improved.
the proposed work and algorithm is explained in particular in The proposed work is constructed on the user data
Section-2. The simulation result of various parameters is acquired from the device to device communicated device
described in Section- 3. To conclude, conclusions of the users. The information comprises of either partial data or full
presented work are explained in Section-4. data. These data are categorized based on the locality of the
D2D communicated device user. The exact position of the
II. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSED WORK user is considered as continual in partial data selection,
whereas the location is measured different in the full
In this proposed work, to reduce the interference, information data selection. The algorithm shown here is
specific D2D users are separated into various inner cells. described in step-manner. Step (i) and Step (ii) are found out
Interference is less. Assume ‘L’ as the over-all figure of and accomplished as per the procedure. The succeeding steps
D2DC end-users and the over-all figure of wireless such as Step (iii), Step (iv), and Step (v) are repetitively
communication cell-users designated to be ‘D’. The D2D performed, until the acceptable results are attained. The matrix
communicated user utilizes the channel by using the reuse should contain the presence of non-negative digits. The steps
concept. This concept of frequency reuse is nothing but a are explained as below:
method in which reuse of channels and allocation of sub-
bands is carried out in a coverage area and thereby making use Step (i): Deduct the least digit in every row from all the digits
of the effective spectrum usage. Fig.2, presents the various in the corresponding row.
steps involved in the proposed work.
Step (ii): Again deduct the smallest digit in every column from
all the digits in that corresponding column.

Authorized licensed use limited to: NORTHWESTERN POLYTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on April 08,2022 at 11:01:32 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 2022 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI -2022), Jan. 25-27, 2022, Coimbatore, INDIA

Step (iii): Next step is to investigate whether an optimum Fig. 3, shows the inner cells of hexagonal network. In this
assignment can be made. It can be carried out via figure, green colors indicate the cellular user, whereas blue
defining the least number of lines required to cover indicates the base station. Fig. 4 presents the average sum
all zeros. If the quantity of lines matches the throughput versus D2D cluster radius. It is noticed that as
quantity of rows, an optimum assignment is cellular size rises, its effective throughput decreases. In this
probable. In this case, approach towards step (vi). simulated figure, blue color specifies full information
Else approach to fourth step. throughput and red color specifies partial information
throughput.
Step (iv): Check whether the quantity of lines is fewer than the
number of rows, then alter the table as per the steps
mentioned below:
(a). Deduct the smallest uncovered number from
each and every uncovered number in the table.
(b). Sum up the least uncovered number to the
numbers at the convergence of covering lines.
(c). Else transfer the unchanged to the subsequent
table.

Step (v): Replicate the steps (iii) and (iv) till an optimal
assignment table is attained.

Step (vi): Next initiate with columns or rows with only one
zero. Match the items that consist of zeros, using
one match for every row and every column. Now
eliminate both the rows and the column. Lastly
make the assignments.

The calculation of Effective Throughput (ET) rate is based

upon the power distribution mechanism and total transmitting
antennas utilized.
III. SIMULATION RESULTS Fig. 4: Simulated Average sum throughput versus D2D cluster radius

The simulation results of the proposed algorithm are presented Fig. 5 presents the graph related to maximum sum ET per
in this section. active D2DC in (bits/s/Hz) versus number of D2D
communicated devices.

Fig.3: Inner cells in a Hexagonal cellular network

Fig. 5: Simulation results of maximum sum ET versus number of D2DC

Authorized licensed use limited to: NORTHWESTERN POLYTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on April 08,2022 at 11:01:32 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 2022 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI -2022), Jan. 25-27, 2022, Coimbatore, INDIA
In the event of K less than M, the top ‘K’ device to device
communication devices can be chosen out of M users to
participate in D2D communicated devices and a steady cluster
selection gain can be achieved, whereas in case of K greater
than M, the top M channels will be chosen out of ‘K’ available
ones to be assigned to D2DCs. From the results, it is observed
that a higher variation between both ‘K’ and ‘M’ values
follow in superior selection gains and accordingly maximum
ET per active D2DC is obtained.
The Maximum sum effective throughput with reference to Nm
is presented in Fig. 6. It is evident from the simulated results
that analytic calculations of maximum sum ET almost comes
close to the actual evaluation as Nm increases steadily and also
CA-FIL offers larger values of maximum sum ET.
Fig. 6: Maximum sum ET versus Nm
Fig. 7: Simulated values of maximum sum effective throughput versus outage
probability
Authorized licensed use limited to: NORTHWESTERN POLYTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on April 08,2022 at 11:01:32 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Fig.7, graph presents the simulated maximum sum effective
throughput versus outage probability. From the figure, it can
be concluded that for higher values of ρB, larger values of
maximum sum effective throughput are obtained, as it permits
high transmit power of device to device transmit devices.
Likewise, a smaller cluster size delivers larger values of
maximum sum effective throughput. Thus, it is quite
significant that D2DC is accurate within the certain operating
range.
IV. CONCLUSION
The incorporation of D2DC into wireless cellular
communication is a favorable solution for supporting the
growing demand of applications related to near-by devices and
also for augmenting the performance of future generation high
speed wireless communications. Through straight forward
communication among different mobile users in a given
network, the base stations can be unloaded and various
important performance metrics like spectral efficiency, area
coverage, typical user data rate and capacity per area, end-to-
end latency, cost and output power can be improved. The
resource allocation scheme is usually carried out to
accomplish various objectives such as realizing ultra-low
latency values, boosting network throughput rate, and finally
attaining fairness among user data rates. By increasing the
number of cell users in the base station, the sum throughput of
D2D communicated devices is enhanced by using Channel
Allocation (CA) algorithm using CA-PIL. From the simulated
results, it is observed that when more number of D2DC users
is available in a particular range, the proposed algorithm
attains maximum sum effective throughput (ET) and improved
spectral efficiency. The work presented in this paper can be
further carried out in a multi-cell situation by considering the
inter-cell interference.
REFERENCES
[1] Wang. B, L. et. al. "Resource Allocation Optimization for Device-to-
Device Communication Underlaying Cellular Networks," IEEE 73rd
Vehic. Tech. Conf., Yokohama, 2011, pp. (1-6).
[2] Y. Chai, Q. Du and P. Ren, "Partial time-frequency resource allocation for
device-to-device communications underlaying cellular networks," Intern.
Conf. on Comms. (ICC), Budapest, 2013, pp. (6055-6059).
[3] Y. Niu, et. al. "Exploiting Device-to-Device Communications to Enhance
Spatial Reuse for Popular Content Downloading in Directional mm Wave
Small Cells," in IEEE Trans. on Vehic. Tech., vol. 65, no. 7, pp. (5538-
5550), July 2016.
[4] C. Yu, et. al., "Resource Sharing Optimization for Device-to-Device
Communication underlaying Cellular Networks," in IEEE Trans. on
Wireless Comms., vol. 10, no. 8, pp. (2752-2763), August 2011.
[5] H. El-Sawy et.al., "Analytical Modeling of Mode Selection and Power
Control for Underlay D2D Communication in Cellular Networks," in
IEEE Trans. on Comms., vol. 62, no. 11, pp. (4147-4161), November
2014.
[6] A. Guo and M. Haenggi, "Spatial Stochastic Models and Metrics for the
Structure of Base Stations in Cellular Networks," in IEEE Trans. on
Wirel. Comms., vol. 12, no. 11, pp. (5800-5812), Nov. 2013.
 2022 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI -2022), Jan. 25-27, 2022, Coimbatore, INDIA

[7] O. Bello and S. Zeadally, "Intelligent Device-to-Device Communication in

the Internet of Things," IEEE Systs. Jour., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. (1172-1182),
Sep. 2016.
[8] W. Sun et.al., "Network Synchronization for Mobile Device-to-Device
Systems," in IEEE Trans. on Comms., vol. 65, no. 3, pp. (1193-1206),
Mar. 2017.
[9] L. Wei et.al., "Energy Efficiency and Spectrum Efficiency of Multi-hop
Device-to-Device Communications Underlaying Cellular Networks," in
IEEE Trans. on Vehic. Tech., vol. 65, no. 1, pp. (367-380), Jan. 2016.
[10] K. Ali et. al., "Architecture for public safety network using D2D
communication," IEEE Wireless Comms. and Netwg. Conf. Workshops,
Doha, 2016, pp. (206-211).
[11] S. Wen et. al., "Achievable Transmission Capacity of Relay-Assisted
Device-to-Device (D2D) Communication Underlay Cellular Networks,"
IEEE 78th Vehic. Tech. Conf. Las Vegas, NV, 2013, pp. (1-5).
[12] Y. Zhang at. al., "Social Network Aware Device-to-Device
Communication in Wireless Networks," in IEEE Trans. on Wireless
Comms., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. (177-190), Jan. 2015.
[13] L. Al-Kanj et. al., "Optimal Cellular Offloading via Device-to-Device
Communication Networks With Fairness Constraints," in IEEE Trans. on
Wireless Comms., vol. 13, no. 8, pp. (4628-4643), Aug. 2014.
[14] J. Lianghai et. al., "Applying Device-to-Device Communication to
Enhance IoT Services," in IEEE Comms. Stand. Mag., vol. 1, no. 2, pp.
(85-91), 2017.
[15] J. Kim et. al., "Resource Allocation for Multiple Device-to-Device Cluster
Multicast Communications Underlay Cellular Networks," in IEEE
Comms. Lett., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. (412-415), Feb. 2018.

Authorized licensed use limited to: NORTHWESTERN POLYTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on April 08,2022 at 11:01:32 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.