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Certificate No. AJA19-0226

AIAS

NAME: RODJEAN A. SIMBALLA BSIT 3D

STUDENT NO. 19-05453

WARM UP ACTIVITY

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V I G E N E R E C I P H E R

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Eastern Samar, Philippines
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Certificate No. AJA19-0226

EXERCISE 7:
A.
1. Describe the different categories of symmetric encryption algorithms.
Asymmetric encryption: in this encryption two different keys are used namely
public key and private key.
ANSWER: Sender used his own private key to encrypt the data, receiver use sender public key
to decrypt the data.

Different categories of asymmetric encryption:

1. Rivest-shamir-adleman (RSA) algorithm
2. Diffie-hellman algorithm
3. Elliptic curve

RSA algorithm:
In RSA algorithm, private key and private key both are consisting numbers because these
numbers should generated by large prime numbers. These large prime numbers perform
modular operations to produce the public key and private key.

Diffie-hellman algorithm:
In diffie-hellman algorithm shared secret key is the main aspect. Every participant performs
multiplication operation with their private key and other's public key to produce the shared
secret key.

Elliptic cureve:
Elliptic curve is similar to the diffie-hellman algorithm. Shared secret key, every participant
multiplying secret key with the other's published product.

2.Outline the symmetric encryption process and explain the components involved
in the process.
ANSWER: The process which involved in symmetric encryption is first the user process the
plain text in which we apply secret key and algorithm and then cipher text is produces after this
the cipher text data is send to the receiver in which he decrypt the data by using the same
secret key which the user has used and retrieves ...

3.What is cryptanalysis? Give an example of a cryptanalytic problem.

ANSWER: Cryptanalysis refers to the process of analyzing information systems in order to
understand hidden aspects of the systems. Cryptanalysis is used to breach cryptographic
security systems and gain access to the contents of encrypted messages, even if the
cryptographic key is unknown.Other types of cryptanalytic attacks can include techniques for
convincing individuals to reveal their passwords or encryption keys, developing Trojan horse
programs that steal secret keys from victims' computers and send them back to the
cryptanalyst, or tricking a victim into using a weakened cryptosystem.

Can – avid 6806

Eastern Samar, Philippines
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Certificate No. AJA19-0226

B. Look for the following topics on the internet:

1.The Data Encryption Standard under computer-based encryption.

ANSWER:The data encryption standard (DES) defined by US NIST performs encryption in
hardware thereby speeding up the encryption and decryption operation. Additional features of
DES are: 1. ... A unique 56-bit key is used to encrypt each block of plaintext into a 64-bit block
of ciphertext.

2. The Advanced Encryption Standard.

ANSWER: The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a symmetric block cipher chosen by
the U.S. government to protect classified information. AES is implemented in software and
hardware throughout the world to encrypt sensitive data. It is essential for government computer
security, cybersecurity and electronic data protection.

3.The Effects of Ciphertext Errors.

ANSWER: A single bit error in a ciphertext block affects the decryption of all subsequent
blocks. Rearrangement of the order of the ciphertext blocks, for example, can cause the
decryption process to become corrupted.

4.File Encryption Software.

ANSWER: Is a software that uses cryptology in order to prevent unauthorized access to
sensitive data. The software helps to streamline the movement of data, keeps the content of
your files secure, and eliminates the need for using alternative vulnerable methods.

5. Digital Rights Management under Encrypting Files.

ANSWER: Encryption or digital rights management technology (DRM) can be used to control
access to information. ... DRM and encryption may be beneficial when information is highly
confidential, or if intellectual property is involved, but risks accompany their use.

Can – avid 6806

Eastern Samar, Philippines
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Certificate No. AJA19-0226

Warm Up Activity (Word Search)

*REKEYING
*CRYPTONETS
*SIGNATURE
*CUTE
*CRYPTO PERIOD

E C B Y C U T E S K F D O P S
G V R S T E K N Y E S N Q K I
N X U Y R I Y F R B E R C L G
I Q L C P Z R L H W Z A C N N
Y I E F N T Y G A V T L T R A
E S V F M K O Y E T Z Y W X T
K U W K R U H N A T H M Q L U
E B Y I J A E Y E Y N H X X R
R G J Z S T A K W T T I D P E
J A Z H K D I N R X S I C H S
G A B Y H Y E K C I L B U P S
X O A T U U P C K N X U R J B
P C R Y P T O P E R I O D S O
T I C O D D R L P L S W A F R
B I V N T J C V W I Q F A C O

Can – avid 6806

Eastern Samar, Philippines
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Certificate No. AJA19-0226

EXERCISE 8

1.Summarize the challenges of key management.

ANSWER: Key management is the important aspect in cryptosystem, which is used to
generating, distributing, storing the cryptographic keys.

These cryptographic keys are used to maintain the protection to the transfer files, which is
transmitted from one to another.

Challenges in key management:

• The main aim for this key management is to distribute the keys to the authorized people
only, don't distribute to the unauthorized people.
• Generate the keys, which is can't guess by the intruder. For example, in RSA algorithm
large prime numbers should be chosen to generate the keys.
• The last challenge of the key management is maintain the key integrity. That is intruder
shouldn't intercept those keys.

2.If we need enough entropy for a 16-byte key, why should we hash a 20-byte (or
larger) passphrase?
ANSWER: Hashing is the function, where arbitrary length input message is converted into the
fixed length output. User should have larger passphrase to produce the enough entropy. ...
Therefore, user should use 20-byte or larger passphrase to produce the 16-byte entropy key.

3.Explain the reused key stream problem.

ANSWER: Reused key stream is the concept that uses same key in multiple times to encrypt
the data. That is same key is used to encrypt the different messages. ... Then intruder easily
decrypt the messages, which are transmitted later.

4.Describe the role of the nonce in preventing reused key streams when using the
same passphrase to encrypt different files.
ANSWER: Nonce is used in the file' header and nonce combined with the passphrase. That
can create a high random key. This random key should generate each time of encryption of the
file.

Can – avid 6806

Eastern Samar, Philippines
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Certificate No. AJA19-0226

5.Describe how key wrapping may be applied to file encryption.

ANSWER: Key wrapping is the technique, that encrypts the key itself using the passphrase. ...
KEK is used to produce the passphrase. When CEK is encrypted with the KEK, then wrapped
key is produced.

EXERCISE 9

1.Explain the difference between file encryption and volume encryption.

ANSWER: File encryption is just that one file at a time rather slow and unnecessary with
VeraCrypt unless it's so sensitive a file that the NSA is actively looking for it. Volume encryption
is just what it sounds like. Encrypt a volume and anything stored in it is encrypted with the
volume as a whole.

2.Explain the fundamental difference between block and stream ciphers.

ANSWER: The main difference between a Block cipher and a Stream cipher is that a block
cipher converts the plain text into cipher text by taking plain text's block at a time. ... Stream
Cipher Converts the plain text into cipher text by taking 1 byte of plain text at a time. 2.

3.Describe the steps performed in a typical block cipher.

ANSWER: Divide the key schedule into subsections, one per round. - For each subsection,
perform a round: For the first round, take the plaintext as the input text; for the remaining
rounds, take the output of the previous round as the input text.

4.What is a drive controller (look on the internet)?

ANSWER: The disk controller is the controller circuit which enables the CPU to communicate
with a hard disk, floppy disk or other kind of disk drive. It also provides an interface between the
disk drive and the bus connecting it to the rest of the system.

Can – avid 6806

Eastern Samar, Philippines
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Certificate No. AJA19-0226

5.What is drive locking and unlocking (look on the internet)?

ANSWER: Predator, a free Windows program, turns your USB drive into a key that locks your
computer when it's removed. To unlock your computer, you'll have to plug the USB drive back
in. (Talk about having secret-agent-style security.)
Anyone who attempts to access your computer without the USB flash drive will be hit with an
epic "Access Denied" message. To get started, follow this guide:
Step 1: Download and install Predator.
Step 2: Once Predator launches, plug in your USB flash drive. None of the contents of the drive
will be deleted or altered in any way, so feel free to use your primary thumbdrive.When you
insert the drive, a dialog box will appear asking you to create a password. Click OK to continue.
Step 3: In the Preferences window, take note of a few key settings. First, enter a secure, unique
password in the "New password" field. If you lose your USB drive, you'll use it to unlock your
computer.If you'd like, you can check the Always Required box and you'll be asked to enter the
password each time you use your thumbdrive to unlock your PC.
Finally, in the section under Flash Drives, ensure that the correct USB flash drive is selected.
When you're done, click "Create key" and then OK

Can – avid 6806

Eastern Samar, Philippines
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Certificate No. AJA19-0226

Warm Up Activity
Across
*EMAIL
*EMAIL PROTOCOL
*INTERNET
Down
*CLOUD SERVICE
*DELIVERY

E M A I L

E M A I L P R O T O C O L

V D

I N T E R N E T

C L

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Can – avid 6806

Eastern Samar, Philippines
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Certificate No. AJA19-0226

EXERCISE 14

1.Describe the structure of an email message. Identify typical header fields. How
does the format mark the end of a message’s regular headers?
ANSWER: A message begins with several headers, which are formatted lines beginning with a
header identifier, followed by a colon and a space, followed by the contents of the header. Many
standard header identifiers are specified in RFC 822 and follow-up RFCs. Any other header
used for non-standard purposes may be created of the form X-headername:After the headers
comes a blank line, followed by the message body (which doesn’t concern us).Your E-mail
software, by default, will only display a subset of the headers found in a typical message,
because the rest aren’t normally important to you. In order to figure out where a message came
from, however, you need to look at the Received: headers.

2.Explain the purpose and use of MIME in an email message.

ANSWER: The MIME stands for Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions. As the name
indicates, it is an extension to the Internet email protocol that allows it's users to exchange
different kinds of data files over the Internet such as images, audio, and video. The MIME is
required if text in character sets other than ASCII.

3.Describe a typical strategy for formatting an email message with text features
not found in a plaintext file.
ANSWER: OPTIMIZE YOUR PLAIN-TEXT EMAILS Most email service providers (ESPs) will
send in multi-part MIME automatically, or walk you through setting this up as an option.
However, these auto-generated plain-text versions are usually unorganized and difficult to read. 

4.Explain the role of mailbox protocols.

ANSWER: Email protocol is a method by which a communication channel is established
between two computers and email is transferred between them. ... One computer sends the
mail and the other one receives it. The mail server stores the mail and lets the receiving device
access it and download it if needed.

Can – avid 6806

Eastern Samar, Philippines
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Certificate No. AJA19-0226

5.Describe how all three types of network switching (message, circuit, and
packet) are used in the email system.
ANSWER: The store-and-forward switching method
In this method, the switch waits till all bits of the frame are received. After receiving all bits of the
frame, the switch verifies whether the received frame is error-free. If the received frame is error-
free, the switch forwards the frame from the selected port or ports. If the received frame
contains errors, the switch discards the frame.
To know the condition of a frame, the switch uses the FCS (frame check sequence) field of the
frame. The FCS field contains a value known as the CRC value. The CRC value allows a
receiving device to know whether the frame is exactly in the same state as the source packed it
or it has been damaged or tempered in the middle.
After creating a frame, the sender or the source device runs the CRC (Cyclic Redundancy
Check) algorithm on it. The value produced by this algorithm is known as the CRC value. The
CRC value is stored in the FCS field of the frame. After storing the CRC value, the sender
device loads the frame on the media.
Upon receiving the frame, the receiver or destination device runs the CRC algorithm on the
frame and compares the result with the CRC value stored in the FCS field of the frame. If the
result and the CRC value are the same, the frame is considered error-free. If they are not the
same, the frame is considered as the damaged frame.

store and forward method

In this method, a switch only forwards error-free frames. This method provides the highest level
of accuracy but at the cost of speed. If we compare all three methods of switching, this method
respectively stands at the first and the last positions in terms of accuracy and speed.The cut-
through switching method
In this method, the switch starts the third phase as soon as the forward port is determined. An
Ethernet frame stores the destination MAC address in the third field. To forward a frame, a
switch only needs the destination MAC address of the frame. Since the destination MAC
address occurs very early in the Ethernet frame, a switch can start forwarding the received bits
of the frame before receiving all bits of the frame.

Can – avid 6806

Eastern Samar, Philippines
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Certificate No. AJA19-0226

Ethernet frame destination address

In this method, the switch does not check the condition of the frame before forwarding it. This
reduces the latency, but it also propagates errors. From all three switching methods, this is the
fastest method of switching. But it provides speed at the cost of having forwarded some frames
that contain errors.cut and through switching method
The fragment-free switching method
In this method, after determining the forward port, the switch waits till the first 64 bytes of the
frame are received. The 64 bytes is the minimum legal size of an Ethernet frame. An Ethernet
frame that is smaller than 64 bytes is known as the runt frame. A runt frame is a corrupt frame.

fragment-free switching method

This method is the modified version of the cut-through switching method. This method reduces
the number of runt frames that are being switched. Sometimes this method is also known as the
modified cut-through or runtless switching method.

Can – avid 6806

Eastern Samar, Philippines