Fired Heater-Combustion

ExxonMobil Proprietary
FIRED HEATERS Section Page

VIII-M 1 of 29
COMBUSTION DESIGN DATA
DESIGN PRACTICES December, 2001
Changes shown by ➧
CONTENTS
Section Page
SCOPE ............................................................................................................................................................ 2
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 2
DISCUSSION OF COMBUSTION DESIGN FIGURES ................................................................................... 2

LIQUID FUELS........................................................................................................................................ 2
GASEOUS FUELS.................................................................................................................................. 2
PROPERTIES OF FLUE GAS ................................................................................................................ 3
FIGURES
Figure 1A Heat of Combustion of Fuel Oils and Petroleum Fractions (Customary Units) ............ 4
Figure 1B Heat of Combustion of Fuel Oils and Petroleum Fractions (Metric Units) .................... 5
Figure 2A Heat of Combustion of Paraffin and Olefin Gases (Customary)................................... 6
Figure 2B Heat of Combustion of Paraffin and Olefin Gases (Metric) .......................................... 7
Figure 3A Enthalpy of Flue Gas Constituents (0 to 1 ATM) (Customary) ..................................... 8
Figure 3B Enthalpy of Flue Gas Constituents (0 - 100 kPa) (Metric)............................................ 9
Figure 4A Heat Available from Combustion of 5° API Fuel Oil, Customary Units....................... 10
Figure 4B Heat Available from Combustion of 1050 kg/m3 (at 15°C) Fuel Oil (Metric)............... 11
Figure 5A Heat Available from Combustion of 10° API Fuel Oil (Customary)............................. 12
Figure 5B Heat Available from Combustion of 1000 kg/m3 (at 15°C) Fuel Oil (Metric)............... 13
Figure 6A Heat Available from Combustion of 15° API Fuel Oil (Customary)............................. 14
Figure 6B Heat Available from Combustion 950 kg/m3 (at 15°C) Fuel Oil (Metric)..................... 15
Figure 7A Heat Available from Combustion of Refinery Fuel Gas* (Customary)........................ 16
Figure 7B Heat Available from Combustion of Refinery Fuel Gas* (Metric) ............................... 17
Figure 11A Pounds of Flue Gas Per Pound of Fuel (Customary)................................................. 24
Figure 11B Kilograms Flue Gas Per Kilogram of Fuel (Metric)..................................................... 25
Figure 12 Flue Gas Oxygen Percentage vs. Percent Excess Air Wet Basis .............................. 26
Figure 13 Percent Oxygen Dry Basis vs. Wet Basis .................................................................. 27
Figure 14A Absolute Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Flue Gas at 1 ATM (Customary)..... 28
Figure 14B Absolute Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Flue Gas at 1 ATM (Metric) ............ 29
Revision Memo
12/01 Minor editorial changes only.
ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

Section Page FIRED HEATERS
VIII-M 2 of 29
December, 2001 DESIGN PRACTICES
SCOPE
This section presents thermal and physical properties of fuels and flue gas for use in heat transfer and pressure drop
calculations. Some of these charts have been reprinted from the Esso Blue Book.
REFERENCES
Exxon Blue Book, EMRE Manual Nos. 012 and 011
API Research Project Number 44
DISCUSSION OF COMBUSTION DESIGN FIGURES
LIQUID FUELS
Figures 1A and 1B give the heat of combustion of fuel oils and petroleum fractions as a function of API gravity or density. Both
the higher (HHV) and lower (LHV) heating values are shown. These values have been corrected for the effect of the average
impurities (other than water) which are usually found in liquid fuels. These average impurities are fairly representative,
although there may be appreciable deviations for any given fuel. In general, the heating values of average fuel oils are within
1% of the values obtained from the curves.
Figures 4A, 4B, 5A, 5B, 6A and 6B give the heat available from combustion at 60°F (15°C) of fuel oils of 5° API (1050 kg/m3),
10° API (1000 kg/m3) and 15° API (950 kg/m3), respectively. Since these charts differ very slightly from one another,
interpolation is unnecessary. The available heat at any given temperature and given percent excess air may be read from the
figure for the fuel oil whose gravity most nearly corresponds to that of the fuel oil in question. If the impurities are known to be
appreciably different from those of the average fuels in Figures 1A or 1B, the available heat may be corrected in direct
proportion to the hydrocarbon portion of the fuel, with sulfur considered as inert material.
GASEOUS FUELS
Figures 2A and 2B give the heat of combustion of paraffinic and olefinic gases as a function of molecular weight. Heat of
combustion of the pure components usually found in fuel gases are shown in the table below.
HEAT OF COMBUSTION AT 77°°F, Btu/lb (25°°C, MJ/kg) *
COMPONENT HHV LHV

Hydrogen 61,000 (142.0) 51,600 (120.0)
Carbon Monoxide 4,300 (10.0) 4,300 (10.0)
Hydrogen Sulfide 7,500 (17.4) 6,900 (16.0)
Methane 23,900 (55.6) 21,500 (50.0)
Ethane 22,300 (51.9) 20,400 (47.4)
Ethylene 21,600 (50.2) 20,300 (47.2)
Propane 21,600 (50.2) 19,900 (46.3)
Propylene 21,000 (48.8) 19,700 (45.8)
Butane 21,300 (49.5) 19,700 (45.8)
Butylene 20,800 (48.4) 19,500 (45.4)
Note:
* From API Research Project 44.

VIII-M 3 of 29
DISCUSSION OF FIGURES (Cont)

Figures 7A through 10B show the heat available from combustion at 60°F (15°C) of gaseous fuels of various heat values.
These curves represent typical refinery fuels which are mixtures of H2, hydrocarbons and inerts. They do not represent
mixtures that are essentially pure hydrocarbons (i.e., natural gas). For other fuels, heat available curves can be calculated by
use of Computer Program 3558.
PROPERTIES OF FLUE GAS

Figures 3A and 3B give the enthalpies of flue gas components. Figures 11A and 11B give the weight of flue gas per weight of
fuel as a function of percent excess air. Figure 12 gives the flue gas oxygen percentage on a wet basis as a function of
percent excess air. Figure 13 provides for conversion from percent oxygen on a wet basis to a dry basis for fuel oil and
gaseous fuels.
The effect of percent excess air on the physical properties of flue gas is understandably very slight. Therefore, it has been
neglected in Figures 14A and 14B, which give viscosities and thermal conductivities of flue gas as a function of temperature
alone.

VIII-M 4 of 29
FIGURE 1A
HEAT OF COMBUSTION OF FUEL OILS AND PETROLEUM FRACTIONS (CUSTOMARY UNITS)
20,400
Impurities In Average Fuels
Total
20,200 °A.P.I. %S % Inerts
Impurity
Residual Fuel Oils and Crudes
20,000 0 2.95 1.15 4.10
5 2.35 1.00 3.35
10 1.80 0.95 2.75
15 1.35 0.85 2.20
19,800 20 1.00 0.75 1.75
Crude Oils
19,600 25 0.70 0.70 1.40
30 0.40 0.65 1.10
35 0.30 0.60 0.90
19,400
)
lue
Va
ing
19,200
Heat of Combustion (Above 60°F), Btu/lb
at
He
igh
(H
19,000
on
sti
bu
m
Co
18,800
of
t
ea
sH
18,600
os
Gr
18,400
18,200
18,000 These values represent an average

of cracked and virgin fuel oil data
up to 20° API, and the correlation
allows for average sulfur and inerts
)
lue
17,800
(excluding water) found in average
Va
fuels. Above 40° API the correction

ing
for impurities is negligible and the

at
17,600
He
curves represent pure petroleum

ow
liquids.
(L
on
17,400
sti
bu
m
Co
of
17,200
t
ea
tH
Ne
17,000
16,800
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Gravity of Fuel, °API

Source: Exxon Blue Book, page 10-10 DP8Mf01A

VIII-M 5 of 29
FIGURE 1B
HEAT OF COMBUSTION OF FUEL OILS AND PETROLEUM FRACTIONS (METRIC UNITS)
48
47
46
G
ro
ss
H
ea
to
fC
om
45
bu
Heat of Combustion (Above 15°C), MJ/kg
st
io
n
(H
ig
h
H
ea
tin
44
g
Va
lu
e)
Ne
43 tH
ea
to
fC
om
bu
st
io
n
Impurities In Average Fuels (L
42 ow
Total He
Density %S % Inerts at
Impurity in
g
Residual Fuel Oils and Crudes Va
lu
e)
1075 2.95 1.15 4.10
1050 2.55 1.05 3.60
41 1025 2.20 1.00 3.20
1000 1.80 0.95 2.75
975 1.50 0.85 2.35
950 1.20 0.80 2.00
925 0.90 0.75 1.65
Crude Oils
40
900 0.65 0.70 1.35
875 0.40 0.65 1.05
850 0.30 0.60 0.90 These values represent an average of cracked
and virgin fuel oil data down to 950 kg/m3 (at
15°C). And the correlation allows for average
39 sulfur and inerts (excluding water) found in
average fuels. Below 815 kg/m3 (at 15°C) the
correction for impurities is negligible and the
curves represent pure petroleum liquids.
38
750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050
Density At 15°C - kg/m 3 DP8Mf01B
Source: Exxon Blue Book, page 10-10

VIII-M 6 of 29
FIGURE 2A
HEAT OF COMBUSTION OF PARAFFIN AND OLEFIN GASES (CUSTOMARY)
4600
4400
4200
4000
3800
3600
3400
Heat of Combustion (Above 60°F), Btu/SCF
fin
le
O
n
3200
ffi
ra
Pa
3000
fin
n
le
ffi
O
ra
2800
Pa
2600
2400
High Heating Value
(Gross)
2200
Low Heating Value
(Net)
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Source: Exxon Blue Book, page 10-15 Molecular Weight

DP8Mf02A

VIII-M 7 of 29
FIGURE 2B
HEAT OF COMBUSTION OF PARAFFIN AND OLEFIN GASES (METRIC)
180
170
160
fin
le
150 O
140
n
ffi
Heat of Combustion (Above 15° C), MJ/m3
130 ara
P
fin
le
O
120 n
ffi
ara
P
110
100
High Heating Value
(Gross)
90
Low Heating Value
(Net)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Molecular Weight
Source: Exxon Blue Book, page 10-15 DP8Mf02B

VIII-M 8 of 29
FIGURE 3A
ENTHALPY OF FLUE GAS CONSTITUENTS (0 TO 1 ATM) (CUSTOMARY)
800
700
600
Enthalpy (Above 60°F), Btu/lb
500
O
2
H
400
CO N2
300
Air
200
CO 2 Based on Molar
Heat Capacity of CO2
O2
SO 2
100
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Temperature, °F
Source: Exxon Blue Book, page 10-20 and 10-21 (for higher temperature range). DP8Mf03A

VIII-M 9 of 29
FIGURE 3B
ENTHALPY OF FLUE GAS CONSTITUENTS (0 - 100 kPa) (METRIC)
1600
1400
1200
Enthalpy (Above 15°C), kJ/kg
1000
O 2
H
800
N2
CO
600
O2
400
CO 2
Air eat
rH
M ola
on )
sed f CO 2
(Ba city o
200 SO 2 Capa
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Temperature, °C
DP8Mf03B Source: Exxon Blue Book, page 10-20 and 10-21 (for higher temperature range).

VIII-M 10 of 29
FIGURE 4A
HEAT AVAILABLE FROM COMBUSTION OF 5°° API FUEL OIL, CUSTOMARY UNITS
17,000
16,000
High Heating Value - 18,000 B.T.U./LB.

15,000 Low Heating Value - 17,000 B.T.U./LB.
H/C Ratio (Weight) - 0.117
14,000
Heat Available Between 60°F and Indicated Temperature, Btu/lb of Fuel
13,000
12,000
11,000
10,000
9,000
8,000
400 300 200 150 100 75 50 40 30 20 10 0% Excess Air
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
DP8Mf04A Flue Gas Temperature, °F
Source: Exxon Blue Book, page 10-31.

VIII-M 11 of 29
FIGURE 4B
HEAT AVAILABLE FROM COMBUSTION OF 1050 kg/m3 (AT 15°°C) FUEL OIL (METRIC)
40
High Heating Value - 41.6 MJ/Kg

Low Heating Value - 39.5 MJ/Kg
35 H/C Weight Ratio - 0.115
Heat Available Between 15°C and Indicated Temperature, MJ/kg of Fuel
30
25
20
0% Excess
400 300 200 150 100 75 50 40 30 20 10
Air
15
10
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Flue Gas Temperature °C
DP8Mf04B Source: Exxon Blue Book, page 10-31.

VIII-M 12 of 29
FIGURE 5A
HEAT AVAILABLE FROM COMBUSTION OF 10°° API FUEL OIL (CUSTOMARY)
17,000
16,000
High Heating Value - 18,300 B.T.U./Lb.

15,000 Low Heating Value - 17,300 B.T.U./Lb.
H/C Ratio (Weight) - 0.124
14,000
Heat Available Between 60°F and Indicated Temperature, Btu/Lb of Fuel
13,000
12,000
11,000
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000 400 300 200 150 100 75 50 40 30 20 10 0% Excess Air
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
Flue Gas Temperature, °F
DP8Mf05A Source: Exxon Blue Book, page 10-32.

VIII-M 13 of 29
FIGURE 5B
HEAT AVAILABLE FROM COMBUSTION OF 1000 kg/m3 (AT 15°°C) FUEL OIL (METRIC)
40
High Heating Value - 42.5 MJ/kg

Low Heating Value - 40.2 MJ/kg
H/C Weight Ratio - 0.124
35
Heat Available Between 15°C and Indicated Temperature, MJ/Kg of Fuel
30
25
20
400 300 200 150 100 75 50 40 30 20 10 0% Excess Air
15
10
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1120 1200 1300 1400 1500
Flue Gas Temperature, °C
Source: Exxon Blue Book, page 10-32. DP8Mf05B

VIII-M 14 of 29
FIGURE 6A
HEAT AVAILABLE FROM COMBUSTION OF 15°° API FUEL OIL (CUSTOMARY)
17000
16000
15000
High Heating Value - 18,600 B.T.U./Lb.
Low Heating Value - 17,500 B.T.U./Lb.
14000 H/C Ratio (Weight) - 0.130
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
400 300 200 150 100 75 50 40 30 20 10 0% Excess Air
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
Source: Exxon Blue Book, page 10-33. DP8Mf06A

VIII-M 15 of 29
FIGURE 6B
HEAT AVAILABLE FROM COMBUSTION 950 kg/m3 (AT 15°°C) FUEL OIL (METRIC)
42.50
40
High Heating Value - 43.5 MJ/Kg

Low Heating Value - 41.1 MJ/Kg
35
H/C Weight Ratio - 0.132
30
25
20
0%
Excess
400 300 200 150 100 75 50 40 30 20 10 Air
15
10
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Source: Exxon Blue Book, page 10-33. DP8Mf06B

VIII-M 16 of 29
FIGURE 7A
HEAT AVAILABLE FROM COMBUSTION OF REFINERY FUEL GAS* (CUSTOMARY)
20,000
18,000
(HHV = 21,500 Btu/Lb;
LHV = 19,500 Btu/Lb)
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
% Excess Air 100 75 50 40 30 20 10 0
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600
Note:
* This chart applies to mixtures of hydrogen, hydrocarbon gases and inerts, where the lower heating value (LHV) of
the mixture is 19,500 Btu/lb. It should not be used for mixtures that are essentially pure hydrocarbons.
DP8Mf07A

VIII-M 17 of 29
FIGURE 7B
HEAT AVAILABLE FROM COMBUSTION OF REFINERY FUEL GAS* (METRIC)
50
(HHV = 50 MJ/Kg
LHV = 45.4 MJ/Kg)
40
30
20
0
10
20
% Excess Air 30
40
10
50
75
100
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Note:
the mixture is 45.4 MJ/kg. It should not be used for mixtures that are essentially pure hydrocarbons.
DP8Mf07B

VIII-M 18 of 29
FIGURE 8A
22000
20000
(HHV = 24,000 Btu/Lb;

18000
16000
14000
12000
% Excess Air 100 75 50 40 30 20 10 0

10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600
Note:
DP8Mf08A

VIII-M 19 of 29
FIGURE 8B
50
(HHV = 55.8 MJ/kg
LHV = 50.0 MJ/kg)
Heat Available Between15°C and Indicated Temperature, MJ/Kg of Fuel
40
30
% Excess Air 0
20
10
20
30
40
10
50
75
100
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Flue Gas Temperature, °C DP8Mf08B
Note:

VIII-M 20 of 29
FIGURE 9A
24000
22000
(HHV = 28,000 Btu/Lb;
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
% Excess Air 100 75 50 40 30 20 10 0

10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600
Note:
DP8Mf09A

VIII-M 21 of 29
FIGURE 9B
60
(HHV = 65.1 MJ/kg

Heat Available Between 15°C and Indicated Temperature, MJ/kg of Fuel
LHV = 57.5 MJ/kg)

50
40
30
20
% Excess Air 10
20
30
40
10
100
75 50
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Note:
DP8Mf09B

VIII-M 22 of 29
FIGURE 10A
28000
26000
(HHV = 32,000 Btu/Lb;
24000
22000
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000 % Excess Air 100 75 50 40 30 20 10 0
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600
Note:
DP8Mf10A

VIII-M 23 of 29
FIGURE 10B
70
(HHV = 74.4 MJ/Kg

LHV = 65.1 MJ/Kg)
60
50
40
30
% Excess Air 0
10
20
20
30
40
10
50
100
75
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Note:
DP8Mf10B

VIII-M 24 of 29
FIGURE 11A
POUNDS OF FLUE GAS PER POUND OF FUEL (CUSTOMARY)
46
44
42 Refinery Gases
40
38 LHV = 28,000 Btu/Lb

Pounds Flue Gas per Pound of Fuel (Wet Basis)
24,000
36
34
21,500
32
19,500
30
28
26
25° API
24
15
10
22
5
20 0
18
Fuel Oils
16
14
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Percent Excess Air DP8Mf11A

VIII-M 25 of 29
FIGURE 11B
KILOGRAMS FLUE GAS PER KILOGRAM OF FUEL (METRIC)
70
60
50
Kilogram Flue Gas/Kilogram Fuel (Wet Basis)
40
3 15°
C)
J/ m (
28 .0 M
Refinery Gases 37.6
30
3
g/m
950 k
1000
1050
20
Fuel Oils
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Percent Excess Air
DP8Mf11B
Source: Use Exxon Blue Book, page 10-43

VIII-M 26 of 29
FIGURE 12
FLUE GAS OXYGEN PERCENTAGE VS. PERCENT EXCESS AIR WET BASIS
14
12
10
Percent O2 - Wet Basis
8
Fuel Oil
5° to 15° API
(1050 - 950 Kg/m3) Fuel Gas - LHV
1000 to 2000 Btu/SCF
(37 - 74 MJ/m3 @ 15°C)
6
0
0 50 100 150
Percent Excess Air DP8Mf12

VIII-M 27 of 29
FIGURE 13
PERCENT OXYGEN DRY BASIS VS. WET BASIS
14
13
12
11
10 Fuel Gas - LHV

1000 to 2000 Btu/Scf
(37-74 MJ/m3 C15°C)
9
Percent O2 - Dry Basis
Fuel Oil 5° API

8 (1050 - 950 Kg/m3)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Percent O2 - Wet Basis DP8Mf13

VIII-M 28 of 29
FIGURE 14A
ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF FLUE GAS AT 1 ATM (CUSTOMARY)
0.06
0.05
BTU/hr ft2
°F/ft
Viscosity
0.04
Viscosity, Centipoises or Thermal Conductivity
0.03
Thermal Conductivity
0.02
0.01
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Temperature, °F DP8Mf14A

VIII-M 29 of 29
FIGURE 14B
ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF FLUE GAS AT 1 ATM (METRIC)
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
Dynamic Viscosity - mPa•s or Thermal Coductivity - W/m•°C
Thermal Conductivity
Viscosity
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperature, °C DP8Mf14B

Fired Heater-Combustion

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FIRED HEATERS Section Page

DISCUSSION OF COMBUSTION DESIGN FIGURES ................................................................................... 2

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

DISCUSSION OF COMBUSTION DESIGN FIGURES

HEAT OF COMBUSTION AT 77°°F, Btu/lb (25°°C, MJ/kg) *

COMPONENT HHV LHV

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

DISCUSSION OF FIGURES (Cont)

PROPERTIES OF FLUE GAS

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

18,000 These values represent an average

fuels. Above 40° API the correction

for impurities is negligible and the

curves represent pure petroleum

Gravity of Fuel, °API

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

Source: Exxon Blue Book, page 10-15 Molecular Weight

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

High Heating Value - 18,000 B.T.U./LB.

DP8Mf04A Flue Gas Temperature, °F

Source: Exxon Blue Book, page 10-31.

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

High Heating Value - 41.6 MJ/Kg

Flue Gas Temperature °C

DP8Mf04B Source: Exxon Blue Book, page 10-31.

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

High Heating Value - 18,300 B.T.U./Lb.

7,000 400 300 200 150 100 75 50 40 30 20 10 0% Excess Air

DP8Mf05A Source: Exxon Blue Book, page 10-32.

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

High Heating Value - 42.5 MJ/kg

400 300 200 150 100 75 50 40 30 20 10 0% Excess Air

Source: Exxon Blue Book, page 10-32. DP8Mf05B

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

14000 H/C Ratio (Weight) - 0.130

Flue Gas Temperature, °F

Source: Exxon Blue Book, page 10-33. DP8Mf06A

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

High Heating Value - 43.5 MJ/Kg

H/C Weight Ratio - 0.132

Flue Gas Temperature, °C

Source: Exxon Blue Book, page 10-33. DP8Mf06B

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

Flue Gas Temperature, °F

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

Flue Gas Temperature, °C

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

(HHV = 24,000 Btu/Lb;

% Excess Air 100 75 50 40 30 20 10 0

Flue Gas Temperature, °F

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

% Excess Air 100 75 50 40 30 20 10 0

Flue Gas Temperature, °F

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company – Fairfax, VA

(HHV = 65.1 MJ/kg

LHV = 57.5 MJ/kg)

Flue Gas Temperature, °C