Plagiarism Checker X Originality Report

Similarity Found: 11%

Date: Thursday, May 26, 2022

Statistics: 1911 words Plagiarized / 17421 Total words
Remarks: Low Plagiarism Detected - Your Document needs Optional Improvement.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PROJECT REPORT On LOW COST ROOFING TILES USING AGRICULTURE WASTES

Submitted For Partial Fulfillment of Award of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY In Civil
Engineering (2022) By [Amit kumar verma Aryan verma Aryan dubey] Under the
Guidance Of [Mr Avaneesh tiwari] SHRI RAMSWAROOP MEMORIAL GROUP OF
PROFESSIONAL COLLEGES, LUCKNOW Affiliated to Dr, APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW < Civil Engineering> SRMGPC CERTIFICATE Certified that the
project entitled ―Low cost roofing tiles using agricultural waste‖ submitted by <Amit
kumar verma> [1812200019] plus <Aryan verma> [1812200030 ] <Aryan Dubey>
[1812200029 ] within the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Technology (<Civil>) of Dr, APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University,
is record of students‘ own work carried under our supervision plus guidance, The project
report embodies results of original work plus studies carried out by students plus the
contents do not forms the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or
to anybody else, <Mr Avaneesh tiwari> <Mr Akhil pandey> <Assistant professor>
(Project Guide) (Head of Department) < Civil Engineering > SRMGPC DECLARATION
I/We hereby declare that the project entitled ―<Low cost roofing tiles using agricultural
wastes>‖ submitted by me/us within the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology (<Civil>) of Dr, APJ Abdul Kalam
Technical University, is record of my/our own work carried under the supervision plus
guidance of <Mr Avaneesh tiwari " Assistant professor"> To the best of my/our
knowledge this project has not been submitted to Dr, APJ Abdul Kalam Technical
University or any other University or Institute for the award of any degree, <Aryan
verma> <Aryan Dubey> Unv, Roll No, 1812200030 Unv, Roll No,1812200029 TABLE OF
CONTENTS Certificate ii Declaration iii Acknowledgement iv Preface v Abstract vi Table
of Contents vii-viii 1.
INTRODUCTION 1-59 GENERAL 1 RF TRANSMITTER DESIGN 2 General 5 Design
Constraints 12 Block Diagrams 19 RECEIVER DESIGN 45 COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
CONSTRAINTS 58 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 59-70 GENERAL 59 ALTERNATE AFFREGRATES
64 MATHEMATICAL MODELS 68 , , 5. CONCLUSIONS 85 6. FUTURE SCOPE OF THE
PROJECT 86 APPENDICES Appendix A ix Appendix B x Appendix C xi Appendix D xii
References & Bibliography xiii LIST OF FIGURES Figure No, Description Page No, Figure
1,1 Tap FIR Filter Function Serial Implementation 3 Figure 1,2 Tap FIR Filter Function
Parallel Implementation 42 Figure 2,3 Different Implementations with FPGA Chip 54
Figure 4,1 Design Flow LIST OF TABLES 62 Table No, Description Page No, Table 2,1
Characteristics of Programmable Technology 42 Table 3,1 Synthesis of different
architectures 58 Table 3,2 Area, Throughput plus Speed performance Comparison 70
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS plus SYMBOLS USED VLSI : Very Large Scale Integration FPGA :
Field Programmable Logic Controller DSP : Digital Signal Processing x[n] : Filter Input
Signal y[n] : Filter Output Signal d[n] : Delta Function h[n] : Filter Impulse Response H[n] :
Transfer Function * : Convolution Operator TABLE OF CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION 2.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 3. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.

BUILDING MATERIALS: 5. MATERIALS 6. RAW MATERIAL 7. UTILIZATION OF MARBLE

WASTE within TILES 8. MATERIAL COLLECTION 9. MIX DESIGN 10. RESULT plus
DISCUSSION 11. CONCLUSION 12. REFERENCES ABSTRACT Roof tiles are usually
produced from locally accessible materials such as terracotta or slate, plus are meant to
keep rain out, Some clay tiles have waterproof coating, while others are made of
modern materials like concrete plus plastic, On the other hand, within most Indian
states, proper plus efficient disposal of agricultural wastes is crucial aspect within solid
waste management, We created plus tested the performance of low-cost roofing tiles
made from agricultural waste within this study, Based on the findings, it is indicated that
we can effectively replace large amount of M-sand within roofing tiles with rice husk
powder within appropriate proportions, resulting within compressive strength that is
comparable to before the replacement, By replacing the M-sand within making roofing
tiles would reduce its manufacturing cost as well as selling price plus makes it more
affordable, Thus preparation of such sand replaced roof tiles will significantly reflect
healthy environmental plus economicbenefits, Using M-sand instead of M-sand within
the manufacture of roofing tiles reduces the cost of production as well as the cost of
sale, making them more inexpensive, As result, the preparation of such sand-replaced
roof tiles will have considerable environmental plus economic benefits, INTRODUCTION
GENERAL Roof tiles are designed particularly to hold out rain, plus are historically
crafted from regionally to be had substances which include terracotta or slate, Modern
substances which include concrete plus plastic also are used plus few clay tiles have
water evidence glaze, Roof tiles are hung? from the framework of roof with the aid of
using solving them with nails, The tiles are typically hung within parallel rows, with every
row overlapping the row under it to exclude rain water plus to cowl the nails that
maintain the row under, There also are roof tiles for unique positions, specially within
which the planes of the numerous pitches meet, They encompass ridge, hip plus valley
tiles, Slate roof tiles have been conventional within few regions close to reassets of
supply, plus provide skinny plus mild tiles while the slate turned into break up within to
its herbal layers, It is not reasonably-priced fabric, but plus is now much less common,
Building substances have passed through variety of change from historical instances
until this gift generation era, With all plus sundry within search of for low-priced plus
cushty homes to stay in, each scientist plus engineer is running tough to broaden plus
optimize new constructing substances that could be long lasting plus value effective,
Building substances variety from roofing sheet, block, concrete, gravel, sand, clay, stone,
cement, roofing tiles, metallic, best combination, coarse combination, laterite amongst
others, Materials used for roof cladding within constructing have developed over time,
range of them had been deployed for unique motives which include: constructing type,
climate condition, availability, value, sturdiness, plus weight, amongst others, Common
ones within use are: metallic, asphalt, timber, ceramic, polymers plus pretty currently
concrete has been explored as appropriate fabric plus discovered to beuseful, Are you
seeking to update your roof tiles plus aren‘t certain within which to begin? When it's
time to begin or restore your roof, you want to do not forget what you need earlier than
you name roofing contractor, By making the proper decision, you growth your houses
visible look plus its value, Construction is totally critical level within execution of civil
engineering systems of any type, as plenty vital as it's miles, it should now no longer be
trivialised as incorrect creation of properly-designed civil works may also result within
negative protection plus as properly growth the value of precise project, Construction of
general excellent roads require variety of commitment, labour, properly making plans
with properly engineering plus creation practices, Modern roads are engineered
structures designed to unfold or deliver wheel masses on floor layer structures which
can be stiff right all the way down to the much less stiff layers known as the sub grade,
The subgrade that is an vital part of the street shape typically is taken into consideration
to be vulnerable layer, on the grounds that avenue creation is performed at the soil,
exclusive forms of soils are met alongside the stretch of proposed alignment, but, black
cotton soil additionally referred to as expansive soils appear to be the maximum difficult
form of soil encountered with the aid of using engineers because of the presence of
montmorrillonite that is mineral this is distinctly volatile for this reason main to shrinking
plus swelling of this form of soil on mild extrade within moisture content material of
lower back cotton soil, Since it isn't always most effective uneconomical to excavate soils
with negative engineering traits plus update from borrow webweb sites with soil having
higher engineering residences however as properly represent environmental risks, using
fabric wastes that could have constituted such environmental risks to the society thru
indiscriminate disposal or incorrect strategies of incineration are positioned lower back
into the soil to enhance the engineering residences which include California Bearing
ratio(CBR), Unconfined Compressive electricity(UCS), plasticity, liquid limit, most dry
density (MDD), most desirable moisture content material(OMC) etc, The development of
volatile soil is for this reason known as soil stabilization, One-Coated Metal Slate roof
towards blue sky, Gray tile roof of creation residence with blue sky plus cloud
Stone-covered metallic roofing, or stone-covered metallic roofing, has deep,
architectural profile plus may mimic the appearance of asphalt shingles, timber shakes,
or clay tiles, This top rate roofing fabric comes with warranties as much as 50 years plus
is rated distinctly for resistance to winds, hail, plus hearthplace, It is made with
corrosion-resistant metallic covered with beaten granite this is completely bonded to
the metallic, The granite coating isn't always designed to slough off over time, as with
the mineral coating on asphalt shingles, Stone-covered metallic roofing normally is
mounted over timber strips, or battens, that create air channels among the roof deck
plus the roofing, These air areas function insulation to assist hold the roof deck cooler
within summer time season plus assist reduce ice dams within winter, Built-Up Roofing
Built-up roofing is the maximum famous roofing fabric used on low-sloped roofs, Made
of numerous layers of bitumen surfaces, constructed-up roofing is completed with the
aid of using making use of an combination layer or coating because the pinnacle layer,
This pinnacle layer generally is tar, over which the gravel is laid, Types of constructed-up
roofs encompass easy asphalt (both warm or bloodless) plus ballasted asphalt, All sorts
usually contain 4 parts: decking, insulation, ply sheets (reinforcing fabrics), plus one or
extra surfacing substances, The layers are bonded collectively with asphalt (tar) or
different bitumen fabric, The form of floor coating used will have massive effect at the
value plus sturdiness of the roof, Most constructed-up roofs mounted these days
encompass layer of inflexible insulation for strength performance, The ply sheets are
usually bolstered with fiberglass mats or natural mats, relying on their application, Solar
Shingles Solar shingles provide an opportunity to standard rooftop sun panels, at the
same time as additionally serving as roofing fabric, While early variations of sun shingles
plus different sun roofing merchandise used flexible "skinny-film" sun generation,
modern-day sun shingles normally are made with inflexible substances, which include
tempered glass, This makes them appearance plus carry out extra like traditional
shingles, plus maximum may be mounted further to shingles plus with out unique set up
crews, Of course, the finest advantage of sun shingles is that they devise power for the
duration of daylight hours hours, As result, roofing begins offevolved deciding to buy
itself from the day it's miles mounted plus over the complete life of the system, It's the
most effective roofing fabric that gives economic go back within your investment,
Single-Ply Roofing Single-ply roofing is famous alternative for business homes plus may
be used on any slope of roof, There are foremost forms of single-ply roofing: thermoset
plus thermoplastic, Thermoset membranes are made with layers of artificial rubber
polymers, which include EPDM, CSPE, plus Neoprene, They are usually used for massive
roof regions due to the fact their massive length minimizes the range of seams,
Thermoplastic single-ply membranes frequently are warm-air welded collectively to
shape cohesive laps, When the thermoplastic fabric cools, it returns to its unique state,
forming everlasting bond, Thermoplastic membranes normally encompass reinforcing
layer of polyester or fiberglass for electricity plus stability, Standing Seam Roofing
Standing seam roofing is form of metallic roofing made of vertical panels with seams
consistent with panel that get up vertically, They provide extra completed look plus
higher sturdiness than conventional corrugated metallic roofing, Standing seam roofing
is usually to be had within galvanized metallic, Galvalume, plus copper substances,
Standing seam panels are mounted over general plywood roof decking plus an
authorized underlayment, which include ice-and-water shield, The panels are normally
12 to 24 inches huge plus run parallel to the slope of the roof, When deciding on brand
new roof for your own home, the maximum vital elements to do not forget are
toughness, value, sturdiness, strength performance, plus sustainability of the substances
which you select, All of those factors tell one another, For example, the sturdiness of
your roofing fabric—or how properly it holds up for the duration of inclement
climate—is within the long run going to have an effect on its toughness, The strength
performance goes to tell the general value—in case you select less expensive roofing
fabric that isn't always very strength green, your electric powered payments could be
higher, While fabric is exceptionally vital, accurate set up could make or wreck your roof
(pretty literally), Although DIY tasks may be laugh plus value-effective, don‘t deployation
your personal roof until you‘re educated professional, It‘s additionally for your pleasant
hobby to seek advice from an professional earlier than you buy your fabric, You will
want to do not forget the slope of your roof, the fashion of your own home, plus what
roofing fabric is pleasant within your climate These are the six maximum famous roofing
substances (ranked right here with the aid of using toughness plus value), Use this
manual to do not forget the specific blessings of every plus select the proper roof for
your own home, By filing your information within this shape, you're agreeing to be
contacted concerning your provider request with the aid of telephone, email, or textual
content such as the usage of pre-recorded or car dialed telecellsmartphone calls or
textual content messages to the telecellsmartphone range you've got got provided,
such as your wi-fi range, if provided, Consent to content material does not require you
to buy provider, Please notice you'll be matched to one within all our depended on
companions which include Networx, ConXPros, Modernize or HomeAdvisor, By the
usage of this provider, you compromise to our Terms Of Service within addition to to
Home Advisor Terms of Service plus Privacy Policy, Asphalt shingles Asphalt shingles will
closing for approximately 15–30 years, They are, some distance plus away, the maximum
famous roofing fabric due to their value effectiveness, When it involves sturdiness,
though, be careful, Never select the most inexpensive asphalt shingles, even though
value is main difficulty for you, Look for shingles which have first rate hail score, an
amazing indicator of effect resistance plus general sturdiness, Roofing fabric producers
aren't legally required to document their hail score, so within case you don‘t see one,
this isn‘t an amazing sign, Hail score is specially vital with asphalt shingles, Because
they‘re so common, their excellent levels wildly, Unfortunately, asphalt is
petroleum-primarily based totally fabric, This method that it‘s now no longer the
maximum sustainable roofing fabric alternative to be had, Fortunately, asphalt shingles
are recyclable—simply discover neighborhood shingle recycling middle plus they‘ll
make sure that your asphalt shingles don‘t come to be within landfill, Wooden shingles
plus shakes This roofing fabric need to closing among 30 plus 50 years, Wood shingles
are normally manufactured from hearthplace-resistant woods which include cedar or
redwood, While they closing longer than asphalt shingles, they may be now no longer
as long lasting, Although they may be hearthplace resistant (and may be sprayed with
hearthplace retardant), they may be now no longer fireproof, Wood shingles plus shakes
also are liable to cracking, so hold your eye out for producer with an amazing hail score,
When it involves strength performance, timber is herbal insulator—timber shingles are
clearly approximately instances as green as asphalt shingles, plus due to the fact they‘re
100% herbal, asphalt shingles are one of the maximum sustainable roofing substances
at the market, Metal Metal roofing substances will closing approximately 30–50 years,
Made of metallic, copper, zinc alloy, or aluminum, metallic roofs are barely extra
high-priced than their asphalt plus timber counterparts, That said, they may be
substantially extra long lasting, Metal roofs are effect resistant plus could serve you
properly within inclement climate (plus, the sound of rain on metallic roof is wonderful),
Also, they want lots much less preservation than maximum roofing substances, They are
very strength green—at the same time as asphalt shingles generally tend to hover
across the out of doors temperature (whether or not excessive or low), metallic roofs act
as herbal insulator, This maintains your own home cooler for the duration of heat
climate plus hotter for the duration of bloodless climate, Finally, their recyclability is
unparalleled, Not most effective are maximum metallic roofs made from recycled
substances, many also are 100% recyclable themselves, Plastic Polymer Plastic polymer
roofs will closing for 50+ years plus are an exceptionally long lasting roofing fabric,
Polymer roofing shingles are created to appear like slate or timber shingles, however
they require substantially much less preservation,Plastic polymer roofs have excessive
hail rankings plus they‘ll maintain up properly within inclement climate, Unfortunately,
they‘re so long lasting due to the fact plastics are constructed to closing, which makes
them uniquely unsustainable,If making decision to apply plastic polymer, search for
producers that use recycled substances, That said, they may be very strength green,
Plastic roofs, like metallic roofs, mirror strength instead of soak up it, This will hold your
own home cooler for the duration of the summer time season plus hotter withinside the
winter, PROFILES OF ROOFTILES: A massive range of profiles of roof tiles have
developed, These encompass: Flat Tiles: It is the best type, which can be laid within
everyday overlapping rows, Flat roof tiles are typically manufactured from clay however
additionally be manufactured from stone, timber , plastic, concrete or sun cells, Imbrex
plus Tegula: It is an historical Roman sample of curved plus flat tiles that makes
rainchannels on roof, Roman Tiles: It is flat withinside the middle, with concave curve at
one stop plus convex curve on the different, to permit interlocking, Pantiles: It is with an
S-fashioned profile, permitting adjoining tile to interlock, These bring about ridged
sample corresponding to ploughedfield, Mission or Barrel Tiles: It is semi-cylindrical tiles
laid within alternating columns of convex plus concave tiles, Originally they have been
made, with the aid of using forming clay round curved floor, Today barrel tiles are mass
created from clay, metallic, concrete or plastic, Interlocking Roof Tiles: It is much like
pantiles with aspect plus pinnacle locking to enhance safety from water plus wind, If
you've got got discerning taste, everyday shingle roof might be now no longer going to
fulfill your urge for ―out of the ordinary‖ fashion, Shingle roofs are purposeful within
addition to attractive, however they within reality can‘t evaluate with the splendor of tile
roof, We are going to cowl 9 exclusive forms of roof tiles within this text plus factor out
the blessings of unique forms of roof tile over others, Roof tiles are often made to hold
water out of home, However, they fluctuate from conventional asphalt shingle roofs
within each their fabric composition within addition to their looks, As some distance
lower back because the 1600‘s, slate tile roofs have been being used, plus clay roofs
may be traced lower back as some distance as 10,000 BC! Slate plus clay have been
famous due to the fact they have been regionally to be had substances however as we
moved into the nineteenth century, concrete plus metallic tiles began out to seem on
everyday basis, Why are Roof Tiles Preferred Over Shingle Roofs? A shingle roof
maintains the water out, plus provides colour to your own home, however roof tiles
offer an unrivaled kind of alternatives which might be within reality now no longer to be
had with asphalt shingles, Roof tiles are remarkable manner to personalize home,
however they range within budget, sturdiness, weight, plus look, We wreck down the
nine maximum famous forms of roof tiles under so you can get clean know-how of what
units every fabric apart, 1, Slate Roof Tiles Slate is lovely natural stone with unique
appearance, Only time plus Mother Nature can produce the amazing colour variations
found within slate, Slate is also fire-resistant roofing material that is long-lasting plus
durable, It may be one of the most elegant roofing materials available, The disadvantage
of slate is that it is quite heavy, necessitating the reinforcement of the structure to
withstand the added weight, It is also incredibly costly to install plus difficult to
maintain, making repairs possible issue, Metal Roof Tiles No, 2 ? Copper, aluminium,
zinc, plus steel are the most prevalent metal roof tile materials, Steel plus aluminium are
the most prevalent of these materials, Metal tiles come within variety of designs plus
forms to resemble things like barrel tiles (Spanish roofs), slate tiles, wood shake tiles,
plus even standard shingle patterns, Metal roof tiles have grown within popularity as
result of their light weight plus simplicity of installation, but those same advantages also
come with drawbacks, ? Metal is conductor of outside temperature plus does not
provide much insulating value (some people like it, others don't), Metal dents readily,
making repairs difficult, Metal is highly perilous to walk on while wet, 3, Concrete Roof
Tiles Copper, aluminium, zinc, plus steel are the most prevalent metal roof tile materials,
Steel plus aluminium are the most prevalent of these materials, Metal tiles come within
variety of designs plus forms to resemble things like barrel tiles (Spanish roofs), slate
tiles, wood shake tiles, plus even standard shingle patterns, Metal roof tiles have grown
within popularity as result of their light weight plus simplicity of installation, but those
same advantages also come with drawbacks, Metal is conductor of outside temperature
plus does not provide much insulating value (some people like it, others don't), Metal
dents readily, making repairs difficult, Metal is highly perilous to walk on while wet, 4,
Composite Roof Tiles Composite roof tiles, such as Brava's entire collection of synthetic
roof tiles, are created from combination of natural plus man-made components plus
offer numerous benefits over natural stone, wood, clay, metal, or concrete tiles, They can
readily mimic the appearance of any tile roofing product, with the added benefit of
being able to combine bespoke colour combinations for most patterns, They are less
expensive, have longer guarantees, plus can easily be fitted by most skilled roofers, 5,
Solar Roof Tiles Solar roof tiles are electricity-producing roof tiles that connect to
battery assembly inside your home plus receive power from the Sun, solar roof can
significantly reduce your electric bill if the number of tiles installed is appropriate, There
are several various styles, but the majority of people are more concerned with their
performance than with their appearance, Solar roof tiles are expensive, plus they require
specialised installation, maintenance, plus repair, Solar tiles help you get closer to your
objective of being really green when it comes to construction materials plus procedures
for the forward-thinking consumer, 6, Clay Roof Tiles Clay roof tiles have long plus
illustrious history, Why? Because the foundation material has always been available,
Hand-shaped tiles were sun-dried before being utilised on the roof, The technique is
primarily machine-driven these days, but the end result is just as lovely, The majority of
us are accustomed to seeing clay roofs within the form of barrel or flat tiles, They are
available within range of colours plus are sealed to prevent water absorption, Clay tiles
are extremely heavy, prone to shattering if not handled correctly, plus necessitate the
use of experienced installers, roof using clay tiles, like concrete plus slate, will require
extensive reinforcement to accommodate the greater weight of the clay, 7, Synthetic
Spanish Barrel Roof Tiles Brava's synthetic Spanish Barrel roof tiles offer the timeless
elegance of Spanish Villa without the added expense of strengthening your entire roof,
Synthetic tiles are recyclable, fire-resistant, plus come within virtually endless colour
combinations, They also don't require the same level of upkeep as clay roof tiles, 8,
Synthetic Slate Roof Tiles Synthetic or composite slate roof tiles have the appearance of
real slate roof tiles without the weight plus inconvenience of replacing broken tiles, as
well as the ongoing maintenance of cleaning your gutters to ensure that water does not
back up on the slate plus freeze plus break tiles within the winter, Brava synthetic slate
tiles have Class 4 impact rating plus may be customised within an infinite number of
colours, They are built of an environmentally friendly composite material plus are
lightweight, 9, Synthetic Cedar Roof Tiles Brava cedar shake roof tile is the exceptional
basic opportunity to actual cedar shakes, Made from composite material, it won‘t warp,
crack, cut up, or rot plus does now no longer appeal to fungus like actual cedar shakes
due to the fact they do now no longer maintain water, Lightweight plus smooth to
install, those shingles provide you with the advent of cedar cut up shake roof with out
all the problems, Unlike an untreated timber shingle, Brava‘s cedar shake tile comes with
Class or Class C hearthplace score plus Class four effect score, With huge form of
shadeation options, your cedar shake tile roof might be stunning for years to come,
Match Style With Durability At Brava, we make our composite roof tiles to satisfy your
fashion plus flavor expectancies with out compromising on quality, Our industry-main
50 12 months restricted lifetime assurance offers you the guarantee that your roof is
constructed to last, Don‘t forget, sturdiness is only buzzword except it method that the
roof tile will last, Our roof tiles are made together along with your entertainment within
mind, Brava Roof Tiles Give Your Home Style plus Functionality Like maximum of us, you
need your private home to be assertion approximately precise flavor within addition to
an investment, Regardless of which Brava roof tile you choose, the Cedar Shake, the
Spanish Barrel Tile, or the Old World Slate, you could be assured that your new roof will
upload to your private home‘s improved minimize enchantment within addition to its
resale value, How do I training session what number of roof tiles I want How many roof
tiles you want for mission is depending on which tiles you‘re purchasing, Because they
range within length plus specification, this determines how an awful lot insurance every
form of tile offers, For example, within case your tile desire specifies minimal
115mmheadlap (the quantity tile is overlapped via way of means of the tile guides
above it), you‘ll want greater of them than within case you choose tiles which have
minimal headlap of 75mm, Roof tile producers make this less difficult via way of means
of pointing out the quantity of tiles according to metre squared, Whilst measures like
pitch, batten gauge plus tile length thing into how an awful lot insurance is achieved,
the calculation to training session what number of roof tiles you'll want is fantastically
simple, First, discover the region of the roof, If you're uncertain of way to pass
approximately this, you could discover our on hand calculation manual useful, Next,
calculate what number of tiles you‘ll want with this formula: Roof region (m²) x tiles
according to m² Marley Eternit Clay Hawkins tiles, for example, are 265 x 165mm, plus
the producer specifies 60 tiles according to m², So, to discover what number of tiles you
want for this range, you‘ll do the sum: 57,76m² x 60 = 3,465,6 To be at the secure
aspect, we propose rounding as much as the closest ten, within this instance, we'd
recommend 3,470 tiles to make sure there are sufficient tiles to finish your mission,
Apply the above calculation together along with your necessities to training session
what number of roof tiles you want for any tile type, Below are the information for
number of our exceptional-promoting roof tiles, How many Marley Eternit roof tiles do I
want? Popular with our customers, right here are the information for 5 of the Marley
Eternit roof tile stages with their length, pitch suitability plus pallet insurance, This will
will let you calculate what number of roof tiles you want, whether or not you‘re putting
within them on vertical dormer aspect or 45° pitched roof, Shop for Marley Eternit clay
tiles right here or for Marley Eternit concrete tiles right here,, Tile Range Tile Size Pitch
100mm Roof Gauge 115mm Vertical Gauge Tiles per Pallet Roof Cover per Pallet Clay
Hawkins Tiles 265 x 165mm 30° – 90° 60 tiles/m2 53 tiles/m2 1,260 21 m2 Clay
Ashdowne Tiles 265 x 165mm 35° – 90° 60 tiles/m2 53 tiles/m2 1,155 19,25 m2 Clay
Acme Single Camber Tiles 265 x 165mm 30° – 90° 60 tiles/m2 53 tiles/m2 1,260 21 m2
Clay Acme Double Camber Tiles 265 x 165mm 35° – 90° 60 tiles/m2 53 tiles/m2 1,260 21
m2 Concrete Plain Roof Tiles 267 x 168mm 35° – 90° 60 tiles/m2 53 tiles/m2 900 15 m2
How many Redland roof tiles do I need? Redland concrete tiles plus Redland clay tiles
are another range of popular products, Use the following information to work out how
many roof tiles you need for your project, Tile Range Tile Size Pitch 35° – 89° Tile Qty
90° Tile Qty Tiles per Pallet 35° – 89° Cover per Pallet 90° Cover per Pallet Concrete Plain
Roof Tiles 266 x 165mm 35° – 90° 60 tiles/m2 52 tiles/m2 768 12,8 m2 14,7 m2 Clay
Rosemary Craftsman Tiles 265 x 165mm 35° – 90° 60 tiles/m2 52 tiles/m2 720 12 m2
13,8 m2 ________________________________________ How many Spicer roof tiles do I need?
Spicer Tiles are one of the newest roof tile ranges to Roofing Superstore, plus are
already customer favourite, These handmade tiles are one of the last ranges to be
manufactured within the UK, Find out how many tiles you need with the table below,
Tile Range Tile Size Pitch 100mm Roof Gauge 114mm Vertical Gauge Tiles per Pallet
Roof Cover per Pallet Spicer Hanbury Clay Roof Tile 266 x 165mm 35° – 75° 60 tiles/m2
53 tiles/m2 1000 16 m2 Spicer Clay Peg Roof Tiles 255 x 150mm 40° – 75° 70 tiles/m2
64 tiles/m2 1300 18,5 m2 ________________________________________Agricultural waste are
regularly described due to the fact the residues from the developing plus primary
processing of uncooked agricultural merchandise like fruits, vegetables, poultry, dairy
merchandise, plus crops, an oversized call for has been located on artifact enterprise
particularly inside the remaining decade way to the growing populace that reasons
persistent scarcity of constructing substances, so on fulfill ever growing housing call for,
there is an exponential want of manufacturing of production substances like bricks,
cement, aggregates, metal, aluminum, wood, cladding plus partitioning substances , The
meeting of traditional constructing substances like cement, bricks plus metal eat masses
of thermal plus energy plus successively pollute air, water plus land, using suitable
constructing substances has now no longer obtained ok attention, Disposal of strong
waste generated from agricultural plus commercial manufacturing hobby is any other
considerable problem within growing nations like India, the maximum portions of
wastes generated from agricultural reassets are sugarcane bagasse, rice husk, jute fiber,
coconut husk, cotton stalk, etc, Reuse of such wastes as sustainable production fabric
seems to be feasible answer now no longer most effective to pollutants trouble however
additionally to the problem of the land-filling plus excessive value of constructing
substances, This paper indicates the manufacturing of gypsum panels with the usage of
of agricultural waste together with rice straw, rice husk with glass fiber may be very
inexpensive plus may without problems be casted at site OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The goal of this experiment was to see if rice husk ash (RHA) plus cocopeat with red soil
plus clay content could be used to minimise the cost of making low-cost roof tiles by
partially substituting ordinary M-sand with RHA plus cocopeat with red soil plus clay
content, • The goals are to figure out what the physical properties of rice husk ash plus
cocopeat are, The RHA, Copoeat, M-sand, red soil, plus clay all have different specific
gravity plus particle size distributions, • To make concrete roof tiles out of Rice Husk Ash
plus cocopeat, with M-sand (7 percent, 14 percent, 21 percent, 28 percent, 35 percent,
plus 42 percent) plus red soil (23 percent) replacing M-sand plus clay, respectively (27
percent ) • Testing the produced sample for differences within physical properties from
the control sample, (compressive force) • To compare the results to industry norms for
low-cost rooftiles, SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY The utilisation of M-sand, red soil, plus clay
within combination with RHA&Cocopeat to make roof tiles will greatly reduce roofing
tile building costs while also transforming the country's agricultural waste deposits,
which are clearly health issue, to economic reasons for national development,
LITERATURE REVIEW Disposal of rice husk ash is an vital trouble withinside the nations
that domesticate massive portions of rice, Rice husk has completely low dietary cost plus
as they take very lengthy to decompose aren't suitable for composting or manure,
Therefore the one hundred million lots of rice husk produced globally starts offevolved
to effect the surroundings if now no longer disposed of properly, One powerful
approach used these days to rid the planet of rice husk is to apply it to gasoline kilns,
These kilns assist to supply bricks plus different clay merchandise which are utilized
within every day lifestyles plus also are beneficial within parboiling gadgets that use RH
as their gasoline (Nnamdi, 2011), Burning the rice husk is good manner to remove the
rice cultivation byproduct even as generating different beneficial goods, After the kilns
were fired the usage of rice husk, the ash nevertheless stays, This ash nevertheless has
very large software withinside the production enterprise, As the manufacturing charge
of rice husk ash is set 20 % of the dried rice husk, the quantity of RHA generated every
year is set 20 million lots international (Hwang, 1985), Narayanamurti states that
Hardboards plus insulation forums with great residences are regularly comprised of
indigenous Indian staple , namely , areca - nut husk , bagasse , bamboo , tapioca stems ,
plus consequently the wooden plus bark of various conifers plus hardwoods Thole states
the semidry system for the manufacture of gypsum - bonded particleboards become
advised via way of means of Kossatz , This system gives the probability of the usage of
annual plant life ( like bagasse , bamboo , cotton stalks , rice straw , plus wheat straw ) as
components , the usage of these annual plant life become investigated Besides section
analytical investigations regard ing the characterization of the binders , the efficacy of
various retardants , additionally due to the fact the have an effect on of numerous plant
life at the hydration , have been decided ,Test forums of various formulation plus
densities have been product of annual plant life if you want to guage their suitability ,
The significantly retarded hydration of the gypsum plaster triggered via way of means of
special extracellular materials would not always motive forums with low power
residences ; nor does slight impairment motive forums with excessive power residences ,
As ways as board power cares , identical significance has were given to be connected to
the floor circumstance of the debris , their spraying conduct plus pore structure , the
fineness ratio of the debris , plus consequently the part of plant components that
cannot be decreased to particle fashioned structures, Mattone states that the conduct of
skinny panels of gypsum strengthened with both coconut or sisal fibers become
investigated , Test portions have been produced via vacuum system to cut back the
water : gypsum ratio , growth the compaction , plus enhance the bond among fibers
plus consequently the matrix so on gain excessive - overall performance composite ,
Bending exams have been achieved on take look at portions measuring 30 cm via way
of means of forty cm , plus effect exams have been achieved on panels sized eighty cm
via way of means of eighty cm , The conduct of the strengthened panels become as
within comparison thereupon of panels historically applied within the constructing
substances enterprise, Hussin reviews on the prevailing studies plus tendencies at the
usage of coconut fibers as reinforcement for thin cement sheets as roofing substances ,
Tests on 500 - via way of means of 500 - via way of means of 10 - mm flexural plates
plus on 1 , 220 - via way of means of 630 - via way of means of 10 - mm corrugated
sheets are stated , The load deflection curves plus cracking overall performance are also
stated supported numerous curing regimes , Additional take look at consequences
furnished are water absorption , water tightness , plus bulk density , Performance traits
of the thin sheets are proven to be feature of fiber attention plus approach of specimen
fabrication, Shukla states that Binder - loose preferred hardboards have been received
via way of means of urgent bagasse composition received via way of means of cooking
bagasse for 1 , five h with 1 percentage alkali ( tubtub ratio 1 : 6 ) then tempering the
forums for four h within air or three h within oil , Tempered forums have been received
from composition cooked for 1 , five h with 2 percentage alkali then tempered within oil
for three to four h , The rice husk ash is surprisingly siliceous fabric that may be used as
an admixture within concrete if the rice husk is burnt within selected manner, The traits
of the ash are depending on the components, temperature plus time of burning
(Hwang, et,al 1985), During the burning system, the carbon content material is burnt off
plus all that stays is the silica content material, The silica should be saved at
non-crystalline country so that it will produce an ash with excessive pozzalonic activity,
The excessive pozzalonic conduct is need within case you intend to apply it rather or
admixture within concrete, It has been examined plus observed that an appropriate
temperature for generating such consequences is among 600 °C plus 700 °C, If the rice
husk is burnt at too excessive temperature or for too lengthy the silica content material
becomes crystalline structure, If the rice husk is burnt at too low temperature or for too
quick time period the rice husk ash will include too massive an quantity of un-burnt
carbon (Zemke plus Woods2009), The use of pozzolanas as options for the usually used
Portland cement have beenusedinthepastfewdecadeseitherforcostreduction,overall
performance&sturdiness enhancement or environmental reasons (Nair, 2007), Malhorta
plus Mehta (1999)country thatpozzolanas are described as siliceous or siliceous plus
aluminous substances which within themselves own very little cementing assets,
however will within finely dispersed shape withinside the presence of water chemically
react with calcium hydroxide at everyday temperature to shape compounds owning
cementitious residences, When water is introduced to combination with pozzolanic
fabric it acts as cement, within few times presenting more potent bond than cement
alone, According to Hegazy, et al (2012), substances which include lime, pozzolana, fly
ash, limestone dirt, blast furnace slag, rice husk ash, corn cob ash, incinerator ash, billet
scales, siliceous plus ionic substances have normally being tailored to be used within
production works due to their regarded cementingproperties, The addition of rice husk
ash to concrete combination has been verified to growth corrosion resistance, It has
better early power than concrete with out rice husk ash, The rice husk ash bureaucracy
calcium silicate hydrate gel across the cement debris that's surprisingly dense plus much
less porous (Song, 1779), This will save you the cracking of the concrete plus shield it
from corrosion via way of means of now no longer permitting any leeching dealers to
interrupt down the fabric, The take look at performed via way of means of Song plus
Saraswathy observed that the incorporation of RHA as much as 30 % substitute stage
reduces the chloride penetration, decreases permeability, plus improves power plus
corrosion resistance residences, The consequences of humidity can bring about drastic
extrade withinside the very last conduct of the concrete, The comparative exams
achieved plus documented via way of means of (Jauberthie, 2002) among specimens
saved within dry plus moist situations have proven that at excessive humidity
conservation the mortar profits power via way of means of distinctive feature of the
properly developedpozzolanic reaction, This introduced power is most effective below
compression forces, specimens are extra brittle below smaller flexural load than
specimens saved at 50 % relative humidity (Hofstrand, et, al 1984), For climates with
excessive humidity levels, they imply that there may be better compressive power,
however extra brittleness withinside the concrete produced, For using concrete with rice
husk ash combinations, it'd be advocated to apply it concrete element helping
compressive forces (Zemke, plus Woods2009), In1962, country of the art ? excessive
stress extrusion system made within England become hooked up within Fremont, Calif,
within 1966, quicker device produced within Australia become vicinity withinside the
manufacturing facility placed within Corona, Calif, The financial manufacturing of lot
better great concrete tiles at 3 to 4 instances the velocity previously available met the
swiftly developing call for, Laws requiring fire-retardant roofs created developing
marketplace for concrete tiles, Homeowners plus builders observed concrete tile roofs
aesthetically pleasing, everlasting andfire-safe, Cement because the main classical
binder within production enterprise may be very expensive, This is due to extraordinary
populace increase plus urbanization that have prompted excessive call for of cement for
numerous production functions to fulfill up with the want to extend
infrastructures(Otuoze, et,al 2012), Therefore the want to attach the space among call
for plus excessive rate has warranted the want to research using inexpensive
opportunity sources, In take look at (Dabai, et,al 2009) disclosed that rice husk ash is
one of the promising pozzolanic substances that may be mixed with Portland cement
for the manufacturing of long lasting concrete plus on the equal time it's far cost
introduced product, Addition of rice husk ash to Portland cement does now no longer
most effective enhance the early power of concrete, however additionally bureaucracy
calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gel across the cement debris that's surprisingly dense plus
much less porous, plus can growth the power of concrete within opposition to cracking
(Saraswathy plus Ha- Won,2007), Rice is the main staple this is ate up international plus
is grown on each continent besides Antarctica (Kartini, 2011), It is number one supply of
meals for billions of people, plus ranks 2nd to wheat within phrases of vicinity plus
manufacturing, Nigeria which ranks because the seventeenth biggest rice generating u ,
s , , withinside the world (Omatola, 2009), cultivates rice within without doubt all of the
agro-ecological zones within Nigeria plus the maximum vital area for rice manufacturing
being River Niger basin (Nnamdi, 2011), Benue, Abakaliki, Afikpo, Ogoja, Ikepe, Lafiagi,
Badeji, Pategi, Sokoto, BirninKebi, Abeokuta, Benin plus Delta area (Opara, 2011), Rice
husk is the waste product generated from the buildup of the outer protecting of rice
grains throughout the milling system,Each u , s , , is confronted with the difficult trouble
of the disposal of this low valued via way of means of product within the framework of
hereconomy, In Makurdi plus different cities within Benue country rice husk dumps are
growing within massive proportions, plus as said within (Omoniyi, 2013) use or, RHA will
be received as waste product from the furnaces of rice parboiling gadgets that make use
of RH as their gasoline (Ramezanianpour,2009), Brook (2009) carried out take look at on
soil stabilization with fly ash plus Rice Husk Ash, it become proven that the strain –stress
behaviour of UCS confirmed that failure strain plus traces extended via way of means of
106% plus 50% respectively whilst fly ash content material become extended from zero
to 25%, When the RHA content material become extended from zero to 12 %, UCS
extended via way of means of 97% even as CBR progressed via way of means of 47%, It
become consequently concluded that RHA content material of 12% plus fly ash content
material of 25% are advocated for mixing into RHA for forming swell discount layer due
to its great overall performance within Laboratory exams, Anil plus Sudhanshu (2014)
achieved take look at on laboratory take look at on soil stabilization the usage of fly ash
plus rice husk ash ,they dealt with black cotton soil with fly ash at (five%, 10%, 15%, 20%
plus 25%) even as Rice husk ash become dealt with with (10%, 15%, 20%,25% plus 30%)
plus tested after 28 days of curing, It become discovered that Liquid restriction become
decreased to 55% for (20% fly ash plus 25% RHA blended with soil pattern, Plasticity
index become decreased to86% for 20% Fly ash plus 25% RHA blended with soil,
differential loose swell decreased to seventy five% for 15% fly ash plus 20% RHA
blended with soil, unique gravity decreased drastically as properly Agbede et al (2016)
did take look at on manufacturing of concrete roofing tiles the usage of rice husk ash
(RHA) within partial substitute of cement, The paintings become primarily based totally
on an experimental take look at of roof tiles produced with everyday Portland cement
(OPC) plus five %,10 %, 15 % , 20 % plus 25 % (OPC) changed via way of means of RHA,
The end result confirmed that addition of RHA display higher consequences at 10 %
substitute stage than OPC at 28 days, Sudipta plus Koyel (2016) made take look at on
potentials of Rice –Husk Ash as soil stabilizer with virgin soil, RHA become introduced
within five%, 10%, 15% plus 20% via way of means of weight of dry virgin soil, They
carried out UCS, CBR, Atterberg‘s Limit, plus Standard Proctor exams, most dry density
(MDD), most appropriate Moisture content material (OMC) ,It for that reason concluded
that RHA is ideal fabric for use within soil stabilization for unique first-rate grained soil,
Considering the truth that it's far very reasonably-priced within phrases of its availability
plus monetary elements as properly, Akshaya et al, (2012) made take look at on impact
of Polypropylene fibre on engineering traits of RHA-Lime stabilized expansive
soil,zero,five -2% of polypropylene fibre become introduced at an increment of zero,five
%, The most appropriate share of soil: RHA: Lime fibre become observed to be 84,five:
10: four:1,five, Muntohar plus Hantoro (2000) made laboratory take look at on
consequences of Rice Husk plus Lime on engineering traits of black cotton soil
additionally referred to as expansive soil plus observed large development within
engineering residences which include CBR , plasticity Index, Shear power parameters etc,
Rao et al (2011) studied impact of Rice Husk Ash, Lime plus gypsum on engineering
residences of expansive soil plus observed an growth within Unconfined compression
power via way of means of 548% at 28 days of curing plus CBR extended via way of
means of 1350 %at 14 days curing at RHA- 20%, Lime -five% plus gypsum -three%,
Basha et al (2003) made take look at on consequences of RHA plus cement on plasticity
plus compaction residences of expansive soil (bentonite) plus had advocated 10-15% of
RHA plus 6-eight% of cement as most appropriate chances for expansive soil
stabilization, Sabat (2013) on impact of Lime sludge on compaction, CBR, shear power,
Compressive Coefficient plus sturdiness of an expansive soil stabilized with most
appropriate Percentages of RHA after 7days of curing, The most appropriate share soil:
RHA: Lime sludge become observed to be seventy five:10:15, Ashango plus Patra (2014)
made take look at on each static plus cyclic residences of RHA plus Portland slag cement
stabilized clay subgrade, They received most appropriate percent of RHA to be 10%
even as Portland slag cement as 7,five% for expansive soil stabilization, Sharma et al,
(2008) of their take look at at the traits of expansive clay stabilized the usage of lime,
Rice husk Ash plus calcium chloride, The most appropriate percent for calcium chloride
plus become received to be 1% plus four% respectively within stabilization of expansive
soil with out addition of RHA, From UCS plus CBR factor of view whilst the soil become
blended with lime or calcium chloride, RHA content material of 12% become observed
to be the most appropriate, within expansive soil – RHA mixes, four% lime plus 1?lcium
chloride have been additionally observed to be most appropriate, Bagasse is the strong
remnant from sugar cane after juice is extracted from it, Bagasse Ash is received after
the Bagasse is burnt, Several researchers have tried to take look at this fabric within
terms of its impact on expansive soils plus or black cotton soil, few of such are as noted
below, Manikandam plus Moganraj (2014) made an complicated take look at on
bagasse ash plus observed that the mixed impact of bagasse plus Lime had extra
efficacy than simply bagasse most effective within phrases of consolidation of
residences of expansive soil within conjunction with development within different traits,
Eberemu et al (2012) did take look at on diffusion of municipal waste contaminants
within compacted lateritic soil dealt with with bagasse ash, They experimented with
zero%, four%, eight% plus 12?gasse ash, It become proven that compacted soil bagasse
ash blend has the ability to minimize Ca2+, Pb2+ plus Cr3+ Ions, Arunav et al (2016)
studied Stabilization of Expansive Soil the usage of Sugarcane Straw Ash (SCSA),
Experiments have been carried via way of means of various the odds of sugarcane straw
ash (five%, 10% plus 15%) at various curing durations (three, five plus seven days), It
become observed that 10 % growth within the proportion of sugarcane straw ash will
increase the UCS plus CBR cost with growing curing durations, Sabat (2012) had studied
the impact of bagasse ash plus Lime sludge on OMC, MDD, UCS, soaked CBR plus PS of
an expansive soil so that it will decide its value effectiveness within strengthening the
subgrade of bendy pavement within expansive areas, The fine stabilization impact have
been received whilst most appropriate percent of bagasse ash become eight% plus lime
sludge become sixteen%, Sadeen et al (2015) studied evaluation of Bagasse Ash Effect at
the California Bearing Ratio of Used Oil Contaminated Lateritic Soils within Nigeria,
Laboratory exams have been carried out blending the soil with bagasse ash within steps
of zero, 2, four, 6 plus eight % via way of means of weight of dry soil steps of zero, 2,
four, 6 plus eight % via way of means of weight of dry soil plus contaminating it with
used oil within steps of zero, 2, four, plus 6 % via way of means of, four, plus 6 % via way
of means of weight of dry soil, It become for that reason advocated that Oil infection led
to decreased power within lateritic soils plus consequently, infected soils must be
prevented within use as production substances, Osinubi (2009) made take look at of
impact of bagasse ash on compaction plus power traits of Lime stabilized black cotton
soil, At eight% lime plus four?gasse ash aggregate the best CBR cost become received,
Iorver et al (2016) studied stabilization of makurdi shale the usage of lime-groundnut
shell ash, The studies become done within different to research the impact of Lime (L)
plus Groundnut shell ash (GSA) on few geotechnical residences of Makurdi shale, within
this studies paintings, soil type exams, (CBR), (UCS) plus sturdiness take look at have
been done at the herbal shale within addition to shale dealt with with mixed variety of 2
– 10 % lime plus four – 20 % groundnut shell ash, Strength development become
discovered with using lime – groundnut shell ash aggregate extra than once they have
been carried out within unmarried because the CBR cost growth from eight % to most
cost of 67 % for the herbal shale plus shale dealt with with 10 % L, 20 % GSA
respectively, 7 – day, 14 – day plus 28 – day UCS growth from 286,forty two kN/m2,
463,25 kN/m2 plus 340,sixteen kN/m2 respectively for the herbal shale to most cost of
933,seventy three kN/m2, 1018,sixty two kN/m2, 1030,seventy four kN/m2 on the
respective day for the shale dealt with with 10 % L, four % GSA respectively plus the
sturdiness cost growth from eight,zero % to 43,four % for the herbal shale plus shale
dealt with with four % L, sixteen % GSA respectively, Response of Makurdi shale to
remedy actually suggests that, shale may be stabilized with lime + Groundnut shale ash
for Civil engineering paintings, Adetoro plus Dada (2015) studied Potentials of
Groundnut Shell Ash for Stabilization of Ekiti State Soil, Nigeria, Some laboratory exams
(i,e, Particle Size Analysis, Atterberg limits, Compaction plus California Bearing Ratio
(CBR) exams) have been carried out on Soil pattern amassed from Ido – Ekiti,
South-western part of Nigeria stabilized with 2% to 10% (via way of means of share of
soil) Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) content material, It become advocated that it must be
hired with different additive like cement for the formation of secondary cementitious
compounds so as to be comprised of the cement hydration, Oriola plus Moses (2010)
studied Groundnut Shell Ash Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil, The stabilization of black
cotton soil with groundnut shell ash isn't always attainable, However, it become
observed that groundnut shell ash suggests modern power improvement with longer
curing durations from the observations of the 7, 14 plus 28 days cured unconfined
compressive power of specimens, Gajera plus Thanki (2015) studied Stabilization
Analysis of Black Cotton Soil via way of means of the usage of Groundnut Shell Ash, The
Liquid restriction plus Plasticity index values of 83,36 % plus 89,32 % respectively for the
herbal soil advised that the soil had excessive plasticity, There become slow lower
withinside the loose swell to minimal cost of 2,91% at 10% GSA (Groundnut Shell Ash)
within comparison to the herbal cost of 15,25%, The soaked CBR for the herbal soil is
1,67% which extended to 2,17% at 10% GSA, This cost fell quick of specification
requirement of the CBR cost for use as sub-base or base fabric, However, there has been
growth within power for UCS of 21 days curing length from cost of 134kN/m2 within
comparison to 313kN/m2 for the unstabilized soil, Krisha plus Shekun (2015) studied
Soil Stabilization via way of means of Groundnut Shell Ash plus Waste Fibber Material,
Based on direct shear take look at on soil pattern, with groundnut shell ash chances of
three%, 6% plus 9%, the growth within brotherly love become observed to be 7,11%,
14,22% plus 20,89% respectively, The growth withinside the inner attitude of friction
become observed to be 7,69%, 14,48% plus 23,98% respectively, Based on unconfined
compressive power take look at on soil pattern with groundnut shell ash of three%, 6%
plus 9%, the growth within unconfined compression power become observed to be
24,60%, 44,26% plus 59,01% respectively, This increment become huge plus making use
of it for soils just like the soil pattern is powerful, Based on unconfined compressive
power take look at on soil pattern with polypropylene fibre of zero,05%, zero,1% plus
zero,15%, the growth within unconfined compression power become observed to be
19,67%, 47,54% plus 65,57% respectively, Overall it may be concluded that the
groundnut shell ash plus polypropylene fibre strengthened soil may be taken into
consideration to be accurate floor development approach particularly within
engineering tasks on susceptible soils wherein it may act rather to deep/raft
foundations, lowering the value within addition to energy, George plus Karibo (2014)
studied stabilization of Nigerian deltaic clay (chikoko) with groundnut shell ash, It is
concluded that the marine clays are characterised via way of means of low undrained
shear power, excessive Atterberg limits plus herbal water contents, On stabilizing the
soil with groundnut shell ash (GSA), the unconfined compressive power (UCS)
progressed from 315kN/m2 to 450kN/m2 (for preferred Proctor compaction) plus from
430kN/m2 to 525kN/m2 (for West Africa preferred compaction) at three% plus five%
groundnut shell ash content material respectively, which represents top values of UCS,
However, those upgrades have been now no longer great as they have been now no
longer as much as the 1710kN/m2 UCS cost for 7days cured specimens advocated via
way of means of avenue notice 31 for base fabric, Similar fashion become discovered for
the California bearing Ratio (CBR); despite the fact that GSA suggests modern power
improvement with longer curing durations, Rashmi et al (2016) studied laboratory
research of expansive soil stabilized with groundnut shell ash, It may be concluded that
the via way of means of the lower within plasticity index plus growth within dry density
improves the bearing ability of clayey soil, The progressed PI cost is because of addition
of groundnut shell ash as admixtures to the BC soil, It additionally reduces the hydraulic
conductivity of BC soil, There may be no want of drainage layer after remedy of BC soil,
within aggregate, the admixtures are useful for decrease plasticity plus better silt
content material soils, Zahile plus Salma (2006) studied Evaluation of the effectiveness of
olive cake residue as an expansive soil stabilizer, Test consequences indicated that
addition of most effective three% burned olive waste into the soil precipitated discount
within plasticity, extent extrade plus an growth withinside the unconfined compressive
power, However, it become discovered that the presence of burned olive waste
withinside the soil more than three?used an growth withinside the compressibility plus
lower withinside the unconfined compressive power, Test consequences imply that
using olive waste within soil stabilization offers more advantages to the surroundings
than sincerely disposing off the via way of means of-product, olive cake residue, Thus
become advocated to be used, Mutman (2013) studied Clay Improvement with Burned
Olive Waste Ash, Burned olive waste ash become evaluated to be used as clay stabilizer,
Before the laboratory, the olive waste is burned at 550°C withinside the excessive
temperature oven, The burned olive waste ash become introduced to bentonite clay
with growing 1% via way of means of weight from 1% to 10%, The take look at
consisted of the subsequent exams on samples dealt with with burned olive waste ash:
Atterberg Limits, Standard Proctor Density, plus Unconfined Compressive Strength Tests,
The take look at consequences confirmed promise for this fabric for use as stabilizer
plus to resolve number of the troubles related to its accumulation, Nalbantoglu plus
Towfiq (2006) made take look at on stabilized expansive soil the usage of olive cake
residue ash, The manufacturing of ash become effected via way of means of heating the
olive cake residue as much as 5500C for length of 1 hour, The take look at authenticated
three% olive cake residue ash as most appropriate within soil stabilization, Ureña et al
(2013) did take look at on Magnesium hydroxide, seawater plus olive mill wastewater to
lessen swelling ability plus plasticity of bentonite soil, To compare the consequences of
the components, the bodily residences of the soil which include compaction,
consistency, bearing ability plus swelling stress have been studied, The mineral
compositions of the dealt with soils have been evaluated via way of means of XRD
exams, Test consequences confirmed that the non-traditional components examined
decreased the plasticity plus the swelling ability of the soil, Indeed the examined dealers
proved to be very powerful to supply discounts withinside the swelling stress of 60–87%
within assessment with the unique swelling stress of the untreated bentonite, X-ray
diffraction exams proved that magnesium hydroxide, seawater plus olive mill wastewater
promoted mineral adjustments inside bentonite, particularly smectite to illite conversion,
This conversion is because of the changes promoted via way of means of the
components on situations which include pH plus attention of various cations
(magnesium, calcium, potassium, etc,) The mineral changes happened are at the back of
the pointy discounts within swelling stress plus plasticity of bentonite, Santosh plus
Vishwanath (2015) carried out take look at on stabilization of expansive soil via way of
means of the usage of wheat husk ash plus granulated blast furnace slag plus the
consequences confirmed that each wheat husk Ash plus granulated blast slag have been
most appropriate at (9%), Attom plus Shatnawi (2005) studied consequences of wheat
husk on expansive soil, The end result confirmed that there has been an increment
within shear power of the soil plus lower within Plasticity withinside the expansive soil
used, Afeez, Ige plus Ayodele (2015) carried out an research on Stabilization of Lateritic
Soil with Cassava Peels Ash, The paintings become done to take look at the traits of
Cassava Peels Ash (CPA) stabilization on lateritic soil, It become consequently concluded
that Cassava Peels Ash has an awesome ability for stabilizing lateritic soil, Bello et al
(2015) investigated Stabilization of Soil with Cassava Peel Ash – Lime Admixture,
Engineering assets exams (compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR) plus Unconfined
Compressive Strength) have been achieved on each the stabilized plus unstabilized soils
with the addition of 2, four, 6 plus eight?ssava Peel ash plus 1%, 2% plus three% lime
contents, There become discounts withinside the PI of samples 1 from 9% to 1% plus
6%, Optimum values of most dry densities (MDD) plus shear strengths have been
received at four% for pattern 1 plus three, 6% at pattern 2 CPA+Lime stabilization, MDD
extended to 1,680, 1,680 plus 1,920 Mg/m3 respectively within samples A, B plus C, It
become consequently concluded that Cassava Peel Ash-Lime Admixture has an
awesome ability for enhancing the geotechnical residences of lateritic soils, Edeh et al
(2014) made take look at on Cassava peel ash stabilized lateritic soil as toll road
pavement fabric, Test consequences confirmed that residences of lateritic soil made
large development whilst dealt with with Cassava peel ash, It become advocated that
cassava peel ash will be utilized within each subgrade plus sub-base within production
of roads, Olutaiwo plus Adinikin (2016) carried out studies on Evaluation of the
Structural Performance of Lateritic Soil Stabilized with Cassava Peel Ash (CPA) plus
Cement, The end result of experimental research at the assessment of the consequences
of Cassava Peel Ash (CPA) at the index plus structural residences of lateritic soil of
A-7-five (AASHTO Classification) plus SP soil (USCS type) respectively, The CPA additions
have been achieved the usage of zero, 2, four, 6, eight plus 10% increment via way of
means of weight of dry soil very well blended, The consequences of the dealt with soil
confirmed that the index residences: plastic restriction plus the most dry density (MDD)
reduced because the CPA addition extended while the liquid restriction, plasticity index,
Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) plus California Bearing Ratio (CBR) extended
because the CPA content material extended, It become additionally found that the
Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) extended as much as four% of CPA addition
plus then become discount, This means that CPA possesses the ability to be used
withinside the modification/ stabilization of lateritic soils, Thus using CPA within avenue
production works may be stated to have main advantages – as an powerful agricultural
waste control plus the development of avenue production soils for higher avenue
overall performance, Kumar plus Tamilarasan (2014) investigated Effect of Eggshell
Powder withinside the Index plus Engineering Properties of Soil, Soil samples have been
amassed plus stabilized with eggshell powder within proportions of zero,five% to
five,five% at zero,five% c language via way of means of dry weight, The index plus
engineering residences have been done to get right of entry to the behaviour of soil
with the addition of eggshell powder, The unconfined compressive power take look at
become done with plus immediately within compaction, Addition of eggshell powder to
soil pattern result within growth within unconfined compressive power, The take look at
observed that the most appropriate percentage of Egg shell is three%, growth past
three% makes it undesirable, Paul et al (2014) made an research on Improvement of
Clayey Soil Using Egg Shell Powder plus Quarry Dust, With addition of ESP, there has
been massive lower within Atterberg‘s Limits, plus after 20% the cost become steady,
The OMC extended plus most dry density decreases with growth within percent of ESP,
With addition of various chances of ESP brotherly love reduced plus attitude of inner
friction extended, Shear power extended with growth within percent of ESP plus after
20% power become steady, Permeability will increase with growth within ESP,
Coefficient of consolidation extended plus compression index reduced with growth
within percent of ESP, From the evaluation it become observed that 20% of ESP gave
massive development within residences of clay soil, So 20% decided on as most
appropriate percent, Maximum dry density extended plus most appropriate moisture
content material reduced significantly with addition of most appropriate percent of ESP
plus ranging percent of QD,The Shear power plus attitude of inner friction extended
plus brotherly love reduced with addition of most appropriate percent ESP plus growth
within percent of QD, Atterberg‘s limits reduced significantly with addition of most
appropriate percent of ESP plus QD, PI is sort of steady for 20% plus 30% QD with most
appropriate percent of egg shell, Hence 20% ESP & 30% QD is chosen as most
appropriate percent, It become for that reason concluded that egg shell plus quarry dirt
are advocated for soil stabilization of clayey soils, Okonkwo et al (2012) studied The
Effects of Eggshell Ash on Strength Properties of Cement-Stabilized Lateritic, The take
look at aimed toward figuring out the impact of eggshell ash at the power residences of
cement- stabilized lateritic soil, The lateritic soil become labeled to be A-6(2) within
AASHTO score device plus reddish-brown clayey sand (SC) withinside the Unified
Classification System, Constant cement contents of 6% plus eight% have been
introduced to the lateritic soil with versions within eggshell ash content material of
zero% to 10% at 2% intervals, All proportions of cement plus eggshell ash contents have
been measured within chances via way of means of weight of the dry soil, The
Compaction take look at, California Bearing Ratio take look at, Unconfined Compressive
Strength take look at plus Durability take look at have been done at the soil-cement
eggshell ash combinations, The growth within eggshell ash content material extended
the Optimum Moisture Content however decreased the Maximum Dry Density of the
soil-cement eggshell ash combinations, Also the growth within eggshell ash content
material significantly extended the power residences of the soil-cement eggshell ash
combinations as much as 35% withinside the common however fell quick of the power
necessities besides the sturdiness requirement become glad, Amu et al (2005) studied
Effect of Eggshell Powder at the Stabilizing Potential of Lime on an Expansive Clay Soil,
Tests have been done to decide the most excellent amount of lime plus most
appropriate percent of lime –ESP aggregate, the most excellent amount of lime become
regularly changed with appropriate quantity of eggshell powder, The lime stabilized plus
lime ESP stabilized combinations have been subjected to engineering exams, The most
excellent percent of Lime-ESP aggregate become attained at four% ESP +three% lime,
Which served as manage, Results of most Dry Density ,CBR,UCS take look at plus
undrained triaxial shear power take look at all indicated that lime stabilization at 7% is
higher than aggregate of four% ESP + three% Lime, Corn Cob: Akinwumi plus Aidomojie
(2015) Studied Effect of Corncob ash at the geotechnical residences of Lateritic soil
stabilized with Portland cement, The article aimed toward presenting experimental
insights at the engineering residences of lateritic soil stabilized with cement-corncob
ash (CCA) to examine its suitability to be used as pavement layer fabric, Series of unique
gravity, consistency limits, compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR) plus permeability
exams, thinking about 3 CCA blends plus 4 CCA contents, various from zero to 12%,
have been done, The consequences confirmed that the addition of CCA to the soil
normally decreased its plasticity, swell ability plus permeability; plus extended its power,
CCA-stabilization, apart being extra inexpensive plus surroundings-pleasant than
cement- stabilization, progressed the geotechnical residences of the soil for pavement
layer fabric software, Thus become advocated to be used within pavement layers, Yinusa
plus Apampa (2014) Did an Evaluation of the Influence of Corn Cob Ash at the Strength
Parameters of Lateritic Soils, The soil become blended with CCA within various chances
of zero%, 1,five%, three%, four,five%, 6% plus seven,five% plus the have an effect on of
CCA at the soil become decided for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, Compaction
Characteristics, CBR plus the Unconfined Compression Test, These exams have been
repeated on laterite CCA-cement blend plus laterite-cement blend respectively so that it
will come across any pozzolanicity within CCA whilst it combines with Portland cement
plus to examine consequences with regarded soil stabilizing agent, The end result
confirmed similarity withinside the compaction traits of soil-cement, soil- CCA plus
soil-CCA-cement, within that with growing addition of binder from 1,five% to 7,five%,
Maximum Dry Density steadily declined even as the OMC gradually extended, within
phrases of the power parameters, the most effective effect become discovered at
1,five?Aaddition for soil-CCA with CBR cost of 84% plus UCS cost of 1,0MN/m2, as
within comparison with the manage values of 65% plus zero,4MN/m2 respectively, For
the soil-CCA-cement blend, the power parameters CBR plus UCS persisted to growth
with growing binder addition within the examined variety for the ratios 1:2 plus 1:1 plus
2:1 CCA: cement, Significantly, the consequences from the soil-CCA-cement blend,
indicated the pozzolanicity of CCA within that UCS values have been better via way of
means of at the least 14% for the 1:1 ratio, than become attained with the addition of
most effective the corresponding amount of cement, within the mild of the above, it
become advocated that CCA may be made commercially to be had within its natural
shape or as CCA-cement blends plus promoted as stabilizing agent for soils within
pavement production, Apampa et al (2015) studied Modelling of Compaction Curves for
Corn Cob Ash-Cement Stabilized Lateritic Soils, The take look at proposed version for
predicting the dry density of lateritic soils stabilized with corn cob ash (CCA) plus mixed
cement - CCA, Lateritic soil become first stabilized with CCA at 1,five, three,zero,
four,five plus 6% of the burden of soil after which stabilized with the equal proportions
as substitute for cement, Dry density, unique gravity, most diploma of saturation plus
moisture content material have been decided for every stabilized soil specimen,
following preferred procedure, Polynomial equations containing alpha plus beta
parameters for CCA plus mixed CCA-cement have been developed, Experimental values
have been correlated with the values expected from the Mat lab curve becoming tool,
plus the Solver feature of Microsoft Excel 2010, The correlation coefficient (R2) of
zero,86 become received indicating that the version will be well-known within predicting
the most dry density of CCA stabilized soils to facilitate brief choice making within
avenue works, Neelu plus Singh (2016) made an research on impact of Areca nut Husk
Ash plus Water Hyacinth Stem Ash on Plasticity Behaviour of Lateritic Soil, The paper
provided investigations at the have an effect on of areca nut husk ash plus water
hyacinth stem ash as an additive at the plasticity behaviour of soil, Ashes have been
blended with the soil at five, 10, 15 plus 20 wt, %, It become discovered that the areca
nut husk ash reduced the plasticity index, while water hyacinth stem ash extended the
plasticity index with the growth within ash content material, Thus most appropriate
15?dition of ANA become advocated from the take look at, Lekha et al (2014) made take
look at on Evaluation of lateritic soil stabilized with Areca nut coir for low extent
pavements, The take look at particularly centered at the sturdiness take look at plus
bodily assessment of soil cement combinations strengthened with Areca nut coir, Coir
content material become numerous from zero,2% to 1% with an increment of zero,2%,
For within addition development, uniform dosage of three?ment become introduced to
soil, Laboratory exams along with the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS),
California Bearing Ratio (CBR), sturdiness plus fatigue behaviour, have been carried out
as consistent with standards, The take look at consequences indicated that the
development within traits of the soil cement coir combinations have been features of
coir dosage, soil kind plus curing days, Durability take look at glad at 1% Areca nut coir
with three?ment, The strain–stress values have been decided plus harm evaluation
become carried out for the better dosage of Areca nut coir the usage of KENPAVE
software, From the consequences it become discovered that, the Areca nut coir
strengthened cement soil blend may be used for low extent roads (traffic ?1 million
preferred axles), Muni, et al (2014) investigated power plus stiffness reaction of Itanagar
Soil Reinforced with Areca nut Fibre, within the take look at sequence of triaxial
compression exams below special confining pressures have been carried out on
domestically to be had (Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India) soil with out plus with Areca
nut Fibre, The percent of Areca nut fibre via way of means of dry weight of soil become
taken as zero,25 %, zero,five %, zero,seventy five plus 1 % plus that they have been
randomly blended with the soil, The soil samples of unreinforced plus strengthened soil
for triaxial exams have been organized at most dry density similar to most appropriate
water content material The shear power parameters (c plus ?) plus stiffness modulus (?d
/? i,e, ratio of deviator strain to corresponding stress) of soil similar to every fibre
content material become decided, The impact of extrade within duration of fibre
become additionally investigated, Tests consequences imply that on inclusion of Areca
nut fibre, the shear power parameters (c plus ?) plus stiffness modulus (?d /?) of soil
extended, It become additionally discovered that on growing the proportion of Areca
nut fibre, those parameters within addition extended plus this growth become huge at
fibre contents of 1 %, Thus there has been large growth within shear power parameters
plus stiffness modulus of soil because of addition of Areca nut fibre plus become
advocated because it become observed to significantly growth the weight wearing
ability plus decrease the cost of on the spot agreement of soil drastically, Uche plus
Ahmed (2013) investigated impact of millet husk ash on index residences of marginal
lateritic soil, Experimental research labeled the untreated soil as A-7-6 plus CL soil within
line with AASHTO plus USCS type respectively, The MHA additions have been achieved
the usage of zero, 2, four, 6, eight plus 10% of MHA via way of means of weight of dry
soil very well blended, The consequences of the dealt with soil confirmed that the index
residences: liquid restriction, plastic restriction plus the most dry density (MDD) reduced
because the MHA addition extended while the plastic index plus Californian bearing
ratio (CBR) extended because the MHA content material will increase, This implied that
the Millet husk ash (MHA) possesses the ability to be used withinside the modification/
stabilization of marginal lateritic soils plus as result advocated to be used, It become
observed that MHA can introduced to soil at above 10?n be used for soil stabilization,
Oluremi et al (2012) studied stabilization of negative lateritic Soils with Coconut Husk
Ash (CHA), The soil used for experiments become air dried plus divided into six samples
plus every pattern become stabilized the usage of zero, 2, four, 6, eight plus 10% of
coconut ash via way of means of mass of soil pattern, The end result indicated that
coconut husk ash is appropriate for enhancing the California bearing ratio due to the
fact this parameter will increase with addition of coconut husk ash, Addition of coconut
husk ash additionally extended the plastic restriction however decreased the plasticity
index, Therefore, this take look at suggests that coconut husk ash may be efficiently
used to enhance lateritic soils with low CBR values however now no longer appropriate
for enhancing soils with excessive liquid restriction, Shabana et al (2014) studied on CBR
values of soil with overwhelmed coconut shells, The take look at centered on
investigating the development of the soil power via way of means of the inclusion of
coconut shell portions of various attention, of various sizes at special depths, The
consequences of the take look at actually indicated that the inclusion of Crushed
Coconut Shells had sizeable have an effect on on CBR cost of soils, Location of Crushed
Coconut Shell layer throughout the intensity of the specimen suggests large variant
within CBR cost, It become discovered that past zero,2H intensity, consequences of
Crushed Coconut Shell have been nominal, Effects of couple of layers plus length of
debris of Crushed Coconut Shell have been additionally tested plus observed that with
extra layers, the proportion growth within CBR have been excessive, besides within case
of 4 layer inclusion, But whilst percent development become normalized with unit fabric
consumption, the best plus inexpensive consequences have been received for unmarried
layer inclusion of Crushed Coconut Shell of 1cm length, 25gm at intensity of zero,2H,
Vysak plus Bindu (2012) investigated Stabilisation of lateritic soil the usage of coconut
shell, leaf plus husk ash, The take look at analysed the suitability of coconut shell, husk
plus leaf ash to stabilize the lateritic soil, The consequences confirmed the addition of
CSLHA improves the power residences of soil, The most appropriate quantity of CSLHA
to be introduced for pavement production is observed to be 7%, Ibrahim plus
Oluwafemi (2015) Investigated power traits of genetically special rice plus coconut husk
ash compacted shales, 2 to 20 % via way of means of weight of each RHA plus CHA, It
become concluded that, addition of 10 % RHA plus 6–10 % CHA delivered
approximately most excellent impact at the geotechnical residences of shales plus as
such may be appeared because the most appropriate content material, It become
concluded that those substances should for that reason function appropriate options to
alter plus stabilize complicated shale plus as result assist lessen production costs,
environmental risks plus within the long run result within shales with progressed
geotechnical residences,, BUILDING MATERIALS Careful choice of environmentally
sustainable constructing substances is the perfect manner for architects to start
incorporating sustainable layout concepts within buildings, Traditionally, fee has been
the most attention while evaluating comparable substances or substances unique for
the equal function, However, the ―off-the-shelf‖ fee of constructing issue represents best
the producing plus transportation costs, now no longer social or environmental costs,
Low price housing tasks are carefully associated with urbanization, herbal populace
growth, plus the economical, monetary plus political situation, It entails absolutely each
person from decision-makers to beneficiaries plus users, Provision of "good enough
housing" is one of the maximum urgent troubles of the twenty first century, Worldwide,
18% of all city housing gadgets are non-everlasting plus 25% donot agree to
constructing regulations Building substances plus technology, plus constructing
practices have advanced thru ages, Housing plus constructing situations replicate the
dwelling requirements of society, Stones, mud, thatch/leaves plus wood constitute the
earliest constructing substances used for the development of dwellings, Quest for long
lasting constructing substances is an ongoing phenomenon ever considering that guy
began out creation activity, Brick burning represents one of the earliest examples of the
usage of power (apart from animate power) to fabricate long lasting constructing
substances from the soil/earth, Then got here the manufacture of lime plus
lime-primarily based totally merchandise, Burnt bricks, steel merchandise plus lime are
the synthetic substances (the usage of outside power sources) usually used for creation
with the aid of using our ancestors for totally lengthy length of time, Discovery of herbal
inorganic binders like pozzolanic substances result within using lime-pozzolana (LP)
cement for creation purposes, Experience of the usage of LP cement paved the manner
for the discovery of Portland cement within 1824, Portland cement plus metallic
introduced modern modifications withinside the creation practices from early part of
twentieth century, Then plastics plus plastic merchandise entered the development
industry, Findings display that as much as 60 % of the entire price of low-earnings
housing venture is allotted to engineering layout plus creation substances, Moreover,
partitions represent as much as 50% of the entire price of substances plus as much as
45% of overall creation time, Material origin, manufacturing strategies plus labour
necessities all have main influences on the choice of wall constructing material, TYPES
OF BUILDING MATERIALS The numerous constructing substances to be had may be
divided into kinds plus that they are: Traditional substances These substances serve the
simple wishes of the bulk of the populace, These have very beneficial properties,
however, there may be scope to alter those thru suitable modifications withinside the
system of manufacturing within addition to withinside the strategies of application,
within order that those are made structurally plus functionally acceptable, Conventional
substances The traditional substances are those, that have been received with the aid of
using the usage of the cutting-edge technology plus may be noted as fruit of studies
plus followed to indigenous necessities, Three Phases of Building Materials These 3
existence-cycle stages relate to the waft of substances thru the existence of the
constructing as proven within Figure 1,, Figure 1: Three phases of the building material
life cycle, Pre-Building Phase The Pre-Building Phasedescribes the manufacturing plus
transport technique of fabric up to, however now no longer including, the factor of
installation, This consists of coming across uncooked substances within nature within
addition to extracting, manufacturing, packaging, plus transportation to constructing
webweb page, This segment has the maximum ability for inflicting environmental harm,
Understanding the environmental affects withinside the pre-constructing segment will
result within the clever choice of constructing substances, Raw cloth procurement
methods, the producing technique itself, plus the space from the producing place to the
constructing webweb page all have environmental consequences, An attention of the
origins of constructing substances is essential to an knowledge within their collective
environmental effect while expressed withinside the shape of constructing, The
fundamental substances for constructing merchandise, whether or not for concrete
partitions or roofing membranes, are received through mining or harvesting herbal
sources, The extraction of uncooked substances, whether or not from renewable or finite
sources, is within itself supply of extreme ecological harm, The outcomes of clear-slicing
forests plus strip-mining once-pristine landscapes were nicely documented, Mining
refers back to the extraction, regularly with remarkable difficulty, of metals plus stone
from the earth‘s crust, These substances exist within finite quantities, plus aren't taken
into consideration renewable, The refining of metals regularly calls for huge quantity of
rock to yield particularly small amount of ore, which similarly reduces to fair smaller
amount of completed product, Each step withinside the refining technique produces
huge quantity of poisonous waste, within theory, harvestable substances like wooden
are renewable sources plus therefore may be received with much less devastation to
their ecosystems, within reality, fabric is best taken into consideration renewable or
sustainable useful resource if it may be grown at charge that meets or exceeds the
charge of human consumption, Hardwoods, for example, can absorb to eighty years to
mature, The ecological harm associated with the collection of herbal sources plus their
conversion into constructing substances consists of lack of flora plus fauna habitat,
erosion, plus water plus air pollutants, Loss of habitat: Habitat refers back to the herbal
surroundings wherein species is found; usually, those regions are undeveloped, Cutting
forests for lumber or getting rid of plants for mining destroys the habitats of animal plus
plant species, microclimate can be at once plus seriously altered through the elimination
of unmarried tree that protectively shaded the flora, The sizeable destruction of
rainforests to make manner for mining plus farming operations has been connected to
expanded ranges of carbon dioxide withinside the atmosphere, which within flip has
been connected to worldwide warming, Water Pollution: Waste plus poisonous
through-merchandise of mining plus harvesting operations also are carried into the
water, Like soil erosion, they could boom the turbidity, or opacity, of the water, blocking
off sunlight, Many of those byproducts are acidic plus therefore make contribution to
the acidification of floor water, harming plant plus flora plus fauna, Oil plus gas from
engines plus poisonous metals leftover from mining may additionally leech into the
groundwater, inflicting infection of ingesting supplies, Air Pollution: Mining plus
harvesting operations make contribution to air pollutants due to the fact their
equipment burns fossil fuels plus their techniques fire up particulate matter, Combustion
enginesemit numerous poisonous gases: ? carbon monoxide, that's toxic to maximum
lifestyles ? carbon dioxide, referred to as ―greenhouse gas‖; has been connected to
worldwide warming ? sulfur dioxide plus nitrous oxide, which make contribution to ―acid
rain‖: precipitation acidified through atmospheric gases, which could harm homes or kill
flora plus flora plus fauna, In the United States, the Northeast has been mainly difficult
hit through acid rain, Forests plus lakes have ―died‖ due to growing acidity withinside
the water plus soil, Building Phase The Building Phaserefers to constructing cloth‘s
beneficial lifestyles, This segment starts on the factor of the cloth‘s meeting right into
shape, consists of the preservation plus restore of the cloth, plus extends within the
course of the lifestyles of the cloth inside or as part of the constructing, Post-Building
Phase The Post-Building Phase refers back to the constructing substances while their
usefulness within constructing has expired, At this factor, fabric can be reused within its
entirety, have its additives recycled lower back into different merchandise, or be
discarded, From the attitude of the designer, possibly the least taken into consideration
plus least understood segment of the constructing lifestyles cycle takes place while the
constructing or cloth‘s beneficial lifestyles has been exhausted, The demolition of homes
plus disposal of the ensuing waste has excessive environmental cost, Degradable
substances can also additionally produce poisonous waste, on my own or within mixture
with different substances, Inert substances devour an increasing number of scarce
landfill space, The adaptive reuse of an current shape conserves the electricity that went
into its substances plus production, The electricity embodied withinside the production
of the constructing itself plus the manufacturing of those substances can be wasted if
those ―sources‖ aren't well utilized,, MATERIALS Rice husks Rice straw is rice by-product
that is created during paddy harvesting, Depending on the variety, cutting height of the
stubbles, plus moisture content at harvest, each kg of milled rice produces 0,7–1,4 kg of
rice straw, Rice straw is separated from the grains after the plants have been threshed
manually using stationary threshers or more recently with combine harvesters, Rice
straw is made up of three different types of lignocellulosic biomass: lignin, cellulose, plus
hemicelluloses, Pretreatment may be used to fractionate these, Cellulose plus
hemicelluloses are organic fibres, while lignin is component of the cell membrane (Klass
1998), Rice husk The rice husk, also known as rice hull, is the outer layer of rice seed or
grain, It's made of tough elements like silica plus lignin to protect the seed during the
growing season, As by-product of rice production during milling, each kg of milled
polished rice yields around 0,28 kg of rice husk, The bulk density ranged from 86 to 114
kg/m3 due to the moisture content ranging from 8•68 to 10•44 percent, Excessive
volatile release of more than 60%, high ash content ranging from 15•30 to 24•60
percent (dry weight basis), plus high silica content of the ash ranging from 90 to 97
percent were among the findings, The lowest heating values were between 13•24 plus
16•20 MJ/kg (dry weight basis), Glass fiber Glass fibre (or glass fibre) is material made
up of variety of extremely tiny glass strands, Glassmakers have experimented with glass
fibres throughout history, but mass production of optical fibre was only conceivable
after the invention of finer machine tools, Edward Drummond Libbey showed dress
made of glass fibres with the diameter plus feel of silk strands at the World's Columbian
Exposition within 1893, Glass fibres can also be found within nature, such as within
Pele's hair, Games Slayter of Owens-Illinois invented glass wool, which is now referred to
as "fibreglass," as textile for use as thermal building insulation within 1932–1933, It's
sold under the Fiberglas brand, which has become generic trademark, When used as
thermal insulator, optical fibre, Gypsum Gypsum powder is most commonly used within
construction products, For hundreds of years, gypsum has been utilised to create
decorative components for structures, Pure white rock gypsum, often known as
alabaster, has long been used within the creation of carved statues plus sculptures,
Traditional Greek windows were made of translucent gypsum crystals, Plaster of Paris is
moulding substance made from gypsum powder plus water that is used to create
decorative fittings for buildings as well as wall coating, Gypsum was also utilised by
ancient builders to strengthen colours used to paint structures, Gypsum is used within
nearly all modern homes plus structures as type of wall board, often known as
plasterboard, drywall, or sheet rock, Gypsum is commonly found within homes within
the form of drywall within the United States, It's nailed to timber studs to create walls
plus ceilings, When gypsum powder is combined with water, it hardens plus becomes
rock-like when dried, To manufacture drywall slabs, hardened gypsum is pressed
between sheets of paper, Drywall is low-cost artefact, QUANTITY OF MIX Sample 1-
Gypsum + Rice straw name quantity gypsum 5kg ricestrawof15-20cm 220gm Sample 2-
gypsum + rice husk name quantity gypsum 4kg ricehusk 350gm Sample 3- gypsum +
rice husk +glass fiber name quantity gypsum 4kg rice husk 200gm glass fiber 50gm
MATERIAL COLLECTION MATERIALS The materials used within this project are as follows
M-SAND: Figure 3,1: M-sand Crushed fine aggregate created from source material plus
tailored for use within concrete or other particular products is known as manufactured
sand, Only use materials that have the right strength, durability, plus shape properties,
Crushing, screening, plus potentially washing are all common steps within the
manufacturing process, It may be essential to separate into discrete portions,
recombine, plus blend,, CLAY: Figure 3,2: Clay Clay has the tiniest particles of any soil
type, with individual particles so minute that only an electron microscope can see them,
Because the individual particles are too small to generate rough surface within the clay,
this property plays big role within its smooth texture, Clay soils' structure tends to be
very dense due to the small particle size of the particles, Clay has very little organic
material; if you want to grow plants within clay-heavy soil, you'll need to apply
amendments frequently,, REDSOIL: Figure 3,3: Redsoil Red soils are heavily leached soils
from the humid tropics with high sesquioxide concentration, Low natural fertility is the
key limiting factor for good crop production on these soils, which are frequently acidic
plus low within all important elements, particularly N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, B, plus Cu, plus
are frequently acidic plus deficient within all critical nutrients, Appropriate lime plus
fertiliser treatments are critical measures for renewing soil fertility plus increasing crop
yields on these soils, Appropriate lime plus fertiliser treatments are critical measures for
renewing soil fertility plus increasing crop yields on these soils,, RICE HUSK ASH: Figure
3,4: Rice husk ash Rice Husk Ash is byproduct of the rice milling industry, which
produces large amount of rice husk during the milling of paddy harvested from the
fields, This rice husk is mostly utilised as fuel within paddy processing boilers, Rice husk
is also utilised to generate electricity, When rice husk is burned, rice husk ash (RHA)
makes up around 25% of the total weight of the rice husk,, WATER: For mixing plus
curing the specimens, potable tap water was employed, The water combines with the
clay plus sand, forming solid-like material that binds the other components together,,
COCOPEAT: Figure 3,5: Cocopeat Cocopeat is coconut husk-based multipurpose growth
medium, Coconut husk with fibro, Cocopeat is great alternative to traditional peat moss
plus rock wool because it is pre-washed, machine dried, sieved, plus devoid of sand plus
other contaminants including animal plus plant matter, Water absorption Test
Specimens - specimen measuring 175 X 75 mm must be cut• at least 150 millimetres
from the board's edge from each board selected from the sample, The specimen must
be weighed to within 1 gramme plus then preserved at 27 degrees Celsius within 65
percent relative humidity condition, The specimen must be weighed once day until the
mass has stabilised to within 1% of its original value, Measurement of dimension On
each of the sample's full-size boards, length plus breadth measurements must be taken,
At three spots on each board, callipers, rule, or other acceptable tools must be used to
measure length plus width separately, MIX DESIGN Specimensize • LENGTH = 8 inch =
0,2032m • WIDTH = 8 inch = 0,2032m • THICKNESS = 1 inch = 0,0254m • MASS
=VOLUME*DENSITY = 0,2032*0,2032*0,025*2400Kg/m3 =2,5kg Water quantity will be
maintain same for all mix ratio :0,5kg 1st MIX RATIO: STANDARD ROOF TILES SL,NO
MATERIALS PERCENTAGE WEIGHT[KG] 1 M SAND 40% 1 2 RED SOIL 30% 2,25 3 CLAY
30% 2,25 2nd MIX RATIO SL,NO MATERIALS PERCENTAGE WEIGHT[KG] 1 M SAND 30%
0,75 2 RED SOIL 30% 0,75 3 CLAY 30% 0,75 4 RHA 5% 0,125 5 CP 5% 0,125 CASTING OF
SPECIMEN RESULT plus DISCUSSION Water absorption (gypsum as binder with different
fibers) Sampletype Ricehusk Ricestraw Ricehusk+glassfiber Waterabsorption 14% 9,8%
9,9% Measurement of dimension Sampletype Ricehusk Ricestraw Ricehusk+glassfiber
Length andwidth(mm) 600 600 600 600 600 600 Thickness(mm) 12,5 18mm 12,5 Table1 ,
Do you Stock asbestos plus tiles by Agriculture Wastes, Options Numbers of
Respondents Percentage of Respondent YES 60 60% NO 40 40% TOTAL 100 100% S
ource: Field survey, (July-September, 2021) Fig:1: retailers that Stock asbestos plus tiles
by agriculture wastes `` Source: Table,1: Interpretation: From the figure it is seen that
60% of the respondents have stock of agriculture wastes plus 40% do not stock Jumbo
products, Table,2: Reason for not storing product of Agriculture Wastes Options
Numbers of Respondents Percentage of Respondent Low Margin 20 50% No
replacement for unsold stock 10 25% Durability 5 12,5% Availability 5 12,5% TOTAL 40
100% Source: Field survey (July-September, 2021) Fig:,2: : Reason for not storing product
of agriculture wastes Source fig:2 Interpretation: From the figure it is seen that 50% of
the respondents said low margin is the reason followed by no replacement for unsold
stock, durability plus availability at 25%, 5% & 5%, Table,3,If YES, What are the features
you like the most Options Numbers of Respondents Percentage of Respondent Brand
Name 5 5% Advertisement 5 5% Quality 20 50% Company Support 10 25% TOTAL 60
100% Source: Field survey (July- September ,2021) Fig:,3: If YES, What are the features
you like the most Source Table:,3 Interpretation: From the figure it is seen that 50% of
the respondents said quality is the reason followed by company support, brand name
plus advertisement at 25%, 5% & 5%, Table,4, Do you face any Problem within Selling
Options Numbers of Respondents Percentage of Respondent YES 80 80% NO 20 20%
TOTAL 100 100% Source: Field survey (July- September ,2021) Fig:,4:Do you face any
Problem within Selling Source table:6,4 Interpretation: From the figure it is seen that
80% of the respondents don‘t have any problem plus only 20% have problem within
selling, Table,5, If Yes, What are the Problems Options Numbers of Respondents
Percentage of Respondent Low demand 5 25% Price 10 50% Durability 5 25% Lack of
supply 0 0% TOTAL 20 100% Source: Field survey (July- September ,2021) Fig:5,If Yes,
What are the Problems Source Table:6,5 Interpretation: From the figure it is seen that
majority of the respondents i,e,, 50%have problem with the price, Around 25% of the
respondents have problem with the low demand plus durability, Table,6, Do you face
any Problem within Storing Options Numbers of Respondents Percentage of
Respondent YES 80 80% NO 20 20% TOTAL 100 100% Source: Field survey (July-
September ,2021) Fig:,6:Do you face any Problem within Storing Source Table:,6
Interpretation: From the figure it is seen that 80% of the respondents don‘t have any
problem within storing plus only 20% have problem within storing, Table,7, If yes, what
are the problems Options Numbers of Respondents Percentage of Respondent Space
constraints 5 25% High Rent 0 0% Unavailability Godown 10 50% Any other, specify 5
25% TOTAL 20 100% Source: Field survey (July- September ,2021) Fig:,7: If yes, what are
the problems Source Table:,7 Interpretation: From the figure it is seen that majority of
the respondents i,e,, 50% don‘t have godown to store, Around 25% of the respondents
have space constraint plus other problems, Table,8Which is the Most Preferable brand
that you stock Options Numbers of Respondents Percentage of Respondent agriculture
wastes 20 20% Roofing alliance 30 30% Tata 20 20% Ambuja 10 10% Any other, please
specify 20 20% TOTAL 100 100% Source: Field survey (July- September ,2021) Fig:,8:
Which is the Most Preferable brand that you stock Source Table:,8 Interpretation: From
the figure it is seen that 30% of the respondents preferred roofing alliance followed by
agriculture wastes, tata plus others at 20%, Table,9: Why the specific brand is most
preferred, Options Numbers of Respondents Percentage of Respondent Customer
demand 10 10% Profit Margin 30 30% Availability 20 20% Better scheme from company
30 30% Any other, please specify 10 10% TOTAL 100 100% Source: Field survey (July-
September ,2021) Fig:,9:Why the specific brand is most preferred, Source Table:,9
Interpretation: From the figure it is seen that 30% of the dealer prefer other brand
because of profit margin plus better scheme from company followed by 20% for
availability plus 10% for customer demand, Table,10, Give an attributes for agriculture
wastes: Source: Field survey (July- September ,2021) Fig: Give an attributes for
agriculture wastes: Note: VG-Very good, G-good, A-Average, B-Bad, VB-Very Bad
Features Respondents Percentage (%) VG G A B VB VG G A B VB Quality 0 100 0 0 0
100% 0 0 0 Durability 20 60 20 0 0 20% 60% 20% 0 0 Margin 0 50 50 0 0 0 50% 50% 0 0
Availability 40 50 10 0 0 40% 50% 10% 0 0 Source Table:6,10 Interpretation: According
to the table, it is evident that quality is 100% within jumbo, durability stands at 60% i,e
good, margin at 50% good plus some says its 50% average plus availability stands at
50% within good, Table,11,If you are not dealing with Jumbo products, are you
interested to keep stock of the same within the near future, Options Numbers of
Respondents Percentage of Respondent YES 100 100% NO 0 0% TOTAL 100 100%
Source: Field survey (July- September ,2021) Fig:,11: you are not dealing with Jumbo
products, are you interested to keep stock of the same within the near future, Source
Table:,11 Interpretation: From the figure it is seen that 100% of the respondents said
that they will store it within future, Table,12, If yes, what are the reason Options
Numbers of Respondents Percentage of Respondent Brand image 0 0% Customer
demand 0 0% Availability 0 0% Above all 100 100% TOTAL 100 100% Source: Field
survey (July- September ,2021) Fig:,12: If yes, what are the reason Source Table:,12
Interpretation: From the figure it is seen that 100% of the respondents will select all the
above reason for storing of agriculture wastes, DISCUSSION ? From the graph, it can be
seen that 60% of the respondents had agricultural waste on hand, whereas 40% do not,
? Low margin is cited by 50% of respondents, followed by no replacement for unsold
stock, durability, plus availability, which are cited by 25%, 5%, plus 5% of respondents,
respectively, ? According to the graph, quality is cited by 50% of respondents, followed
by corporate support, brand name, plus advertisement, which are cited by 25%, 5%, plus
5% of respondents, respectively, ? According to the graph, 80% of respondents have no
trouble selling, while 20% have problem, ? From the figure it is seen that majority of the
respondents i,e,, 50% have problem with the price, Around 25% of the respondents have
problem with the low demand plus durability, ? From the figure it is seen that 80% of
the respondents don‘t have any problem within storing plus only 20% have problem
within storing, ? From the graph, it can be observed that the majority of respondents, or
50%, had an issue with the pricing, Around 25% of those polled had problem with low
demand plus long-term durability, ? According to the graph, 80% of respondents have
no trouble saving, while only 20% have problem storing, ? The result shows that the
majority of respondents, or 50%, do not have godown to keep their goods, Around 25%
of those polled said they have room constraints plus other issues, ? According to the
graph, roofing alliance was selected by 30% of respondents, followed by agriculture
wastes, tata, plus others at 20%, ? According to the graph, 30% of dealers prefer other
brands because of higher profit margins plus better corporate schemes, followed by
20% for availability plus 10% for consumer demand, ? According to the table, quality is
100 percent within jumbo, durability is 60 percent (good), margin is 50 percent (some
say average), plus availability is 50 percent (good), ? According to the graph, 100
percent of responders will choose all of the aforementioned reasons for storing large
roofing, ? From the graph, it can be observed that 100% of the respondents claimed
they would store it within the future, CONCLUSION Handcrafted gypsum boards are less
expensive than store-bought gypsum boards, These boards can be cast on-site without
the use of any specific equipment, within rural locations, gypsum plus other
components are readily available, Due to the usage of rice husk, rice straw, plus glass
fibre mixed with gypsum as binder, these boards are particularly cost effective, The
water absorption of these different fibre boards is less than 10% when agricultural waste
is used as fibre, The major goal of this research was to determine how satisfied our
dealers were with our company's products plus services, as well as the items themselves,
Both positive plus negative replies from respondents were received within order to finish
the project, Findings were used to identify the requirement, plus appropriate proposals
were made within the form of recommendations, Because the roofing sector is growing
within tandem with the building industry, they must cultivate strong relationships with
dealers within order to develop their business, It has been observed that dealers are
price conscious within general, but after conducting the survey, it was discovered that
other factors such as brand image, quality, company policies, margin given to dealers,
plus variety of other factors all play an equal role within influencing dealers preferences
plus perceptions for particular company's product, The information gathered during the
survey can be quite useful within analysing dealer purchasing behaviour plus assisting
the company within developing plans that will ensure dealer satisfaction plus attract
new dealers to the company's roofing services, REFERENCES ? IS 3978-1967 Indian
Standard Code of Practice for Manufacture of Burnt Clay Mangalore
PatternRoofingTiles,YaningZung,A,E,Ghaly,BingxiLi,?Physical Proiperties of Corn
Residues?, American Journal of Biochemistry plus Biotechnology, Aug, 2012,
ISSN1553-3468, ?
SaravananJ,SridharM,?ConstructionTechnology,ChallengesandPossibilitiesof Low Carbon
Buildings within India?, International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRJ- IJCE), Vol 2 Issue
11, November 2015, ISSN2348-8352, ?
SaravananJ,SridharM,VinithaJudithJ,?EffectiveUtilizationofVinylFlexBanners – A Solid
Waste Management Perspective?, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research,
Vol 10, No 38 (2015), ISSN 0973-4562, ?
SaravananJ,SridharM,?FlexCrete:LowCostConcreteUsingOldVinylBannersas Partial
Replacement of Coarse Aggregate – Solid Waste Management Perspective?,
International Journal of Engineering Trends plus Technology (SSRJ-IJETT), Volume 30
Number 4, December 2015, ISSN2231-5381, ?
Gunasekaran,Ketal,?Mechanicalandbondpropertiesofcoconutshellconcrete? (2011),
construction plus building materials 25 92-98, 9,K,Gunasekaran, P,S,Kumar,- ?
Lightweight concretemixdesignusingcoconut shell aggregate?Proceedings of
InternationalConferenceonAdvancesinConcreteandConstruction,ICACC-2008 ? February,
2008, Hyderabad, India pp, 450-459, ? Peels Ash, British Journal of Applied Science &
Technology, 648, ? AgbedeI , F, Akuto T,, TizaM,T, &UgamaT,I, (2016), International
Research Journal of Engineering plus Technology, Production Of Concrete Roofing Tiles
Using Rice Husk Ash (RHA) within Partial Replacement Of Cement,3(6) ? Akinwumi, I, I,,
&Aidomojie, O, I, (2015), Effect of Corncob ash on the geotechnical properties of
Lateritic soil stabilized with Portland cement Akinwumi, International Journal of
Geomatics plus Geosciences, 5(3), ? Akshaya Kumar ,S, (2012), Effect of Polypropylene
Fiber on Engineering Properties of Rice Husk Ash – Lime Stabilized Expansive Soil, The
Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 17,651,658-659, ? Akshaya ,K,S,, &Subasis
,P, (2016), Review of Literature on Stabilization of Expansive Soil Using Solid Wastes, The
Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering , 19, 6255-6257 ? Amu, O,O, A,B, Fajobi
plus B,O, Oke , 2005, Effect of Eggshell Powder on the Stabilizing Potential of Lime on an
Expansive Clay Soil,Journal of Applied Sciences, 5: 1474-1478, ? Anil Kumar plus
Sudhanshu Singh, (2014), Laboratory Study On Soil Stabilization Using Fly Ash plus Rice
Husk Ash, IJRET: International Journal of Research within Engineering plus Technology,
348-350, ? Apampa, O, A,, Yinusa, A, J,, &Olonade, K, A, (2015), Modeling of Compaction
Curves for Corn Cob Ash-Cement Stabilized Lateritic Soils, International Journal of Civil,
Environmental, Structural, Construction plus Architectural Engineering, 9(6), ?
ArunavChakaborty, Archita Borah plus DebanganaSharmah (2016) Stabilization of
Expansive Soil using Sugarcane Straw Ash (SCSA), ADBU-Journal of Engineering
Technology, Volume4(1), ? Ashango, A,A, plus Patra, N,R, (2014) ―Static plus Cyclic
Properties of Clay Subgrade Stabilised with Rice Husk Ash plus Portland Slag
Cement,International Journal of Pavement Engineering, DOI:
10,1080/10298436,2014,893323, ? Attom, M, plus Shatnawi, M, (2005) ―Stabilisation of
Clayey Soils using Hay Materials,‖ Journal of Solid Waste Technology plus Management,
31 (2), 84-92 ? Basha, E,A, Hashim, R, plus Muntohar, A,S, (2003) ‗Effect of the Cement-
Rice Husk Ash on the Plasticity plus Compaction of soil,The Electronic Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering, 8, ? Bello, A, A,, Ojelade, A, E,, &Oriaje, A, T, (2015),
Stabilization of Soil with Cassava Peel Ash - Lime Admixture, Stabilization of Soil with
Cassava Peel Ash – Lime Admixture, 7(11), - Brooks, R, M, (2009), Soil stabilization with
flyash plus rice husk ash, International journal of research plus reviews within applied
sciences, 1(3), - Eberemu, A, O,, Amadi, A, A,, &Edeh, J, E, (2012), Diffusion of municipal
waste contaminants within compacted lateritic soil treated with bagasse ash, Environ
Earth Sci, 70(2), 789-797, doi:10,1007/s12665-012-2168-z - Edeh,J,, Tyav, S,, plus
Osinubi,,K (2014) Cassava Peel Ash stabilized Lateritic Soil as Highway Pavement
Material, Pavement Materials, Structures , plus Performance, Pp 375-378 - Gajera, N, V,,
&Thanki, K, R, (2015), Stabilization Analysis of Black Cotton Soil by using Groundnut
Shell Ash, International Journal for Innovative Research within Science & Technology|,
2(1), - George, R, O,, &Karibo, P, (2014), Stabilization Of Nigerian Deltaic Clay (Chikoko)
With Groundnut Shell Ash, International Journal of Engineering plus Technology
Research, 6(2),Ibrahim, O, A,, &Oluwafemi, F, F, (2015), Strength characteristics of
genetically different rice plus coconut husk ash compacted shales, International Journal
of Geo- Engineering,6(10), - Iorver, V,T, Tiza, M,T,&Olu, S, (2016), Stabilization OfMakurdi
Shale Using Lime- Groundnut Shell Ash, International Research Journal of Engineering
plus Technology, 3(6), - Krishna ,M,T and, &Shekun ,B, (2015), Soil Stabilization by
Groundnut Shell Ash plus Waste Fiber Material, International Journal of Innovations
within Engineering plus Technology, 52-56, - Kumar M, M,,&Tanilaransan, V, S, (2014),
Effect of Eggshell Powder within the Index plus Engineering Properties of Soil,IJETT,
11(7), 319-321,

INTERNET SOURCES:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0% - https://www.slideshare.net/Sachingupta16
0% - https://www.powershow.com/view0/94d7a0-Y
0% - Empty
0% - https://www.studocu.com/in/document/dr-a
0% - https://piktochart.com/blog/progress-rep
0% - https://issuu.com/glory04chhajed/docs/fr
0% - https://easychair.org/publications/prepr
0% - https://www.studocu.com/in/document/symb
0% - http://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/29992/3/3_da
0% - https://silo.pub/download/successful-pro
0% - https://aircconline.com/vlsics/V10N4/104
0% - https://lastmomenttuitions.com/mcqs/extc
0% - https://www.scribd.com/presentation/5465
0% - http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS20
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://issuu.com/unhabitat/docs/sustain
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://link.springer.com/article/10.100
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://americanpatriotsurvivalist.com/u
0% - https://sites.google.com/site/mj40ha28/h
0% - https://www.scribd.com/document/25815627
0% - https://www.chegg.com/study
0% - https://smlnj-gforge.cs.uchicago.edu/sni
0% - https://issuu.com/yourlocallink/docs/yll
0% - https://www.cmu.edu/cee/projects/PMbook/
0% - https://www.fao.org/3/t0099e/T0099e04.ht
0% - https://www.civilsdaily.com/2017/08/24/
0% - https://www.academia.edu/43296393/Enviro
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.academia.edu/79852495/Isolat
0% - https://www.metalroofingsource.com/metal
0% - https://roofrepairhq.com/roof-repair-roo
0% - https://ebin.pub/time-saver-standards-fo
0% - https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30612/30
0% - https://kingbuildersandservices.com/the-
0% - https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100
0% - https://roofingcenter.org/the-5-best-roo
0% - https://www.rcademachine.com/steel-mater
0% - https://up.codes/viewer/pennsylvania/irc
0% - https://createonlinebusinessmarket.blogs
0% - https://www.wikihow.com/Boost-a-Wifi-Sig
0% - https://jodykreitmayer.wordpress.com/199
0% - https://investingnews.com/northstar-init
0% - https://docshare.tips/construction-dicti
0% - https://drrajivdesaimd.com/2021/01/27/el
0% - https://www.academia.edu/19121118/Food_P
0% - https://patents.google.com/patent/US2009
0% - https://driwancybermuseum.wordpress.com/
0% - https://www.scribd.com/document/25815627
0% - https://themadtruther.com/2021/10/31/glo
0% - https://undecidedmf.com/episodes/the-pro
0% - https://www.homestratosphere.com/paver-t
0% - https://www.thespruce.com/sustainable-ro
0% - https://www.bravarooftile.com/blog/metal
0% - https://howtodiscuss.com/t/clay-roof-til
0% - https://id.scribd.com/doc/234915856/Bnc-
0% - https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/20
0% - https://www.tesla.com/solarroof
0% - https://ebin.pub/scenario-focused-engine
0% - https://iim-cat-questions-answers.2iim.c
0% - https://asoothingliving.com/different-ty
0% - https://asoothingliving.com/different-ty
0% - https://brainly.com/
0% - https://www.dreamaircraft.com/dreamaircr
0% - https://issuu.com/countyliving/docs/2017
0% - https://5estimates.com/best-roofing-shin
0% - https://devinfosoft.wordpress.com/mba-as
0% - https://issuu.com/commstrat/docs/mybusin
0% - https://bargames101.com/howtoplaydominoe
0% - https://www.roofingsuperstore.co.uk/help
0% - https://www.roofingmegastore.co.uk/blog/
0% - https://www.roofingsuperstore.co.uk/help
0% - https://www.burtonroofing.co.uk/blog/how
0% - https://www.roofingsuperstore.co.uk/help
0% - https://www.roofingsuperstore.co.uk/prod
0% - https://www.roofingsuperstore.co.uk/help
0% - http://www.idm.uct.ac.za/Full_Members
0% - https://www.roofcalc.org/metal-roofing-p
0% - https://issuu.com/margatemercury/docs/mm
0% - https://www.roofingsuperstore.co.uk/help
0% - https://www.keyword-suggest-tool.com/sea
0% - https://www.academia.edu/2612116/Waste_M
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.academia.edu/1741690/SHORT_Q
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://id.scribd.com/doc/45719670/A-Stu
0% - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.csdn.net/tags/MtTaEgysMzExOT
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/10/5/710/
0% - https://vsip.info/concrete-making-materi
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.scribd.com/document/30923233
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Chem
0% - https://www.scribd.com/document/17144311
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/topic/Cemen
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC545641
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://rssrabbit.com/?files=,Music,Euro
0% - https://www.academia.edu/15172510/PRODUC
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://urcad.umbc.edu/archives/presente
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.ijeit.com/vol%202/Issue%203/
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.academia.edu/31005821/IJEE_F
0% - https://www.scribd.com/document/45673234
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
1% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.academia.edu/28361464/Planni
0% - https://www.academia.edu/31005821/IJEE_F
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/eng
0% - https://dokumen.pub/mega-urbanization-in
0% - https://academic-accelerator.com/Manuscr
0% - https://www.scribd.com/document/36686202
0% - https://www.scientific.net/paper-keyword
0% - https://ng.linkedin.com/in/engrtiza
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://isindexing.com/isi/journalpapers
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://vdoc.pub/documents/sustainable-h
0% - https://www.academia.edu/15134044/INTERN
0% - https://www.scribd.com/document/45303769
0% - https://www.academia.edu/32932514/Design
1% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.academia.edu/6693126/America
0% - https://link.springer.com/article/10.155
0% - https://aconspiracyofsilence.wordpress.c
0% - https://www.science.gov/topicpages/w/was
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.academia.edu/7888154/Handboo
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - http://asphalt.csir.co.za/tmh/a9.pdf
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=jas.2
0% - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
0% - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.academia.edu/77447926/Udd_AS
0% - https://www.science.gov/topicpages/l/lim
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://issuu.com/luisalbertocollazospas
1% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
1% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.academia.edu/28762014/Berto_
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.slideshare.net/irjetjournal/
0% - https://www.scribd.com/document/38400409
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://ebin.pub/use-of-recycled-plastic
0% - https://www.academia.edu/38489821/Procee
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
0% - https://meridian.allenpress.com/the-biop
0% - https://www.coursehero.com/file/55543656
1% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
1% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.ijstr.org/research-paper-pub
0% - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
0% - https://www.academia.edu/es/4658047/The_
0% - https://www.scribd.com/document/47137546
0% - https://m.rediff.com/money/gallery12aug.
0% - https://www.academia.edu/27087661/Soil_N
0% - https://byjus.com/jee/modulus-of-elastic
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.academia.edu/6042407/ET2011N
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
1% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://karesto24.de/de/nici-qid---21342
1% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.ijert.org/stabilization-of-p
0% - https://www.civilsdaily.com/2017/page/30
0% - https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c7d7/cd
0% - https://iopscience.iop.org/volume/1757-8
0% - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/9/1928
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://ebin.pub/a-concise-history-of-th
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/file.PostFi
0% - https://www.scribd.com/document/39266638
0% - https://www.cmu.edu/cee/projects/PMbook/
0% - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://drrajivdesaimd.com/2013/09/02/ec
0% - https://www.teachmint.com/tfile/studymat
0% - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/6
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.academia.edu/11318871/Factor
0% - https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Doc
0% - https://www.nationmaster.com/country-inf
0% - https://bajrang75.wordpress.com/2016/06/
0% - https://www.academia.edu/5831705/GOING_G
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://patents.google.com/patent/US2008
0% - https://dc-d126398bb157.unifiedclass.com
0% - https://id.scribd.com/doc/94699447/Handb
0% - https://vdoc.pub/documents/waste-managem
0% - http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ericep
0% - https://www.facebook.com/universalbreedi
0% - https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/20
0% - http://dictionnaire.sensagent.leparisien
0% - https://www.scribd.com/document/69242873
0% - http://www.speedace.info/composites/glas
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.auctionzip.com/Listings/3687
0% - https://www.wikihow.com/Make-Plaster-of-
0% - https://zillionsawaminerals.com/gypsum-m
0% - https://brainly.in/
0% - https://www.slideshare.net/RajeshK12345/
0% - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil
0% - https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1840
0% - https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ri
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
0% - https://www.academia.edu/44461833/LOW_CO
0% - https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf
0% - https://docshare.tips/site-layout-str-am
0% - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
0% - https://www.slideshare.net/ArjunDutta10/
0% - https://www.readkong.com/page/democracy-
0% - https://quizlet.com/353896722/chapter-16
0% - https://www.slideshare.net/iipmff2/jet-a
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
0% - https://www.slideshare.net/harshitabansa
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.questionpro.com/blog/likert-
0% - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar
0% - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
0% - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
0% - https://www.coursehero.com/file/p6t1blib
0% - https://www.assignmentpoint.com/business
0% - https://www.slideshare.net/Rishipatel67/
0% - https://www.businessmanagementideas.com/
0% - https://www.academia.edu/1741690/SHORT_Q
0% - https://drrajivdesaimd.com/2021/01/27/el
0% - https://en.unionpedia.org/i/Gypsum
0% - https://www.researchpublish.com/upload/b
0% - https://www.academia.edu/42021671/NMIMS_
0% - https://www.academia.edu/44461833/LOW_CO
0% - https://www.academia.edu/44461833/LOW_CO
0% - https://www.academia.edu/44461833/LOW_CO
0% - https://www.iutoic-dhaka.edu/publication
0% - http://ijera.com/pages/v3no3.html
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://wendeschneidplatten-888.de/de/te
1% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
1% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
1% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://irjet.in/volume-3-issue-05-may-2
1% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.10
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://journals.utm.my/mjce/article/vie
1% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - http://eprints.icrisat.ac.in/13868/
1% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
1% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication
0% - https://studylib.net/doc/7869171/pro-bio
0% - https://www.ijert.org/effective-utilizat