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Chapter 3
EVALUATING PROPERTIES

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Chapter 3 – Evaluating properties
Learning objectives
After study this chapter, you will be able to
- explain key concepts, including phase, state principle,
saturation temperature and saturation pressure, saturated
liquid–vapor mixture, quality, enthalpy, and specific heats.
- sketch T–s, p–v, and phase diagrams, and locate states on
these diagrams.
- retrieve property data from tables
- apply the ideal gas model for thermodynamic analysis.

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3.1 Studying phase change

3.1 Studying phase change

Consider a closed system consisting of 1 kg of liquid water at
20°C in a piston/cylinder

Slowly heated and pressure is kept 1.014 bar.

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3.2 Studying phase change

• Liquid states
- Water is heated at p=const  T increases
considerably while v increases slightly.
- T<100°C  subcooled liquid state
- T=100°C  saturated liquid state

• Saturated liquid–vapor mixture

Additional heating  the formation of vapor
(T=const, v increases considerably) 
saturated liquid–vapor mixture.
The saturated liquid–vapor mixture=
saturated liquid + saturated vapor.

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3.1 Studying phase change

The quality of a saturated liquid–vapor mixture, x:

0x1
x = 0 : saturated liquid,
x = 1.0 : saturated vapor.

• Vapor states
Further heating (p=const) increases in
both T and v  superheated vapor state

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3.1 Studying phase change

• Increase pressure  point fi is more close to gi.

• 22.09MPa, 200C: there is no constant-temperature
evaporation process. the point N called the critical point.
• 30MPa, 200C: there will never be two phases present
( liquid when T<Tc, vapor when T>Tc)
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3.2 Fixing the thermodynamic state
3.2. Fixing the thermodynamic state
The thermodynamic state can be fixed by two independent
intensive properties.
Intensive properties:their values are independent of the size or
extent of a system ( e.g. p, T, v, u, h, s,…)
Extensive properties:their values depend on the size or extent of
a system (e.g. mass, volume, energy)
Examples:
- The state of the superheated steam or subcooled liquid
water is determined when (T, p) are specified.
- The state of the saturated liquid–vapor mixture is
determined when 2 properties (p, x) or (T, x) are specified.
- Saturated liquid(x=0), saturated vapor(x=1) only need T or p.
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3.3 p-v-T relation
3.3 p-v-T relation
3.3.1 p-v-T surface
• A B: solid, small increase of volume.
 B  C: solid+liquid, strong decrease of V.
 C  D: liquid, small increase of V.
 D  E: liquid+gas, strong increase of V.
 E  F: gas, strong increase of T, V.

Surface for a substance that expands on freezing (water).

The line A  F presents a path with p=const.

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3.3 p-v-T relation
3.3 p-v-T relation
3.3.1 p-v-T surface
• A B: solid, small increase of volume.
 B  C: solid+liquid, strong increase of V.
 C  D: liquid, small increase of V.
 D  E: liquid+gas, strong increase of V.
 E  F: gas, strong increase of T, V.

surface for a substance that contracts on freezing.

The line A  F presents a path with p=const.

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3.3 p-v-T relation
3.3.2 Projections of the p-v-T Surface

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3.4 Retrieving thermodynamic properties
3.4 Retrieving Thermodynamic Properties
3.4.1 Superheated Vapor table

(T, p)  u, v, h, s
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3.4 Retrieving thermodynamic properties

3.4.2 Compressed Liquid Table

stated with high

pressure?

- At low pressure: properties of compressed water do not depend much on p.

properties at (T, p) can be approximated by using Saturated Liquid at T.
For example: with hf is from saturated water according to T
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3.4 Retrieving thermodynamic properties
Example 3.1 Determine the specific volume and enthalpy of
superheated water vapor at 0.35bar and 2000C.
Solution: From Table A-4, with p = 0.35bar, T=2000C 
v=6.228m3/kg, h=2878.4kJ/kg.
Example 3.2 Determine the specific enthalpy of subcooled
liquid water at 25bar and 1500C.
Solution: The temperature does not fall exactly on the
temperature value provided by the table  using linear
interpolation

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3.4 Retrieving thermodynamic properties
3.4.3 Saturation tables (temperature)

T  vf, uf, hf , vg, ug, hg

x

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3.4 Retrieving thermodynamic properties
3.4.4 Saturation tables (pressure)

p  vf, uf, hf , vg, ug, hg

x

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3.4 Retrieving thermodynamic properties
Example 3.3 Determine the specific enthalpy of Refrigerant 22
when its temperature is 120C and its specific internal energy is
144.58 kJ/kg.

Solution: Table A-7, the given u value falls between uf and ug

at 120C  a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture.

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3.4 Retrieving thermodynamic properties

Example 3.4 Analysing Two Processes in Series

Water steam contained in a piston–cylinder assembly
undergoes two processes in series from an initial state where
the pressure is 10 bar and the temperature is 4000C.
Process 1–2: The water is cooled as it is compressed at a
constant pressure of 10 bar to the saturated vapor state.
Process 2–3: The water is cooled at constant volume to 1500C.
(a) Sketch both processes on p–v diagram.
(b) For the overall process determine the work, in kJ/kg.
(c) For the overall process determine the heat transfer, in kJ/kg.
Solution
p1 = 10 bar  the saturation temperature 179.90C  state 1
is located in the superheat region.

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3.4 Retrieving thermodynamic properties
(a) Sketch both processes on p–v diagram.

(b) Determine the work, in kJ/kg.

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3.4 Retrieving thermodynamic properties
(b) Determine the work, in kJ/kg.
Table A-4, p1 = 10 bar and T1 = 4000C  v1 = 0.3066 m3/kg, u1
= 2957.3 kJ/kg.
Table A-3 (saturated vapor) p2=10 bar  v2= 0.1944 m3/kg.

(c) Determine the heat transfer, in kJ/kg.

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3.4 Retrieving thermodynamic properties

State 3 (T3, v3 = v2)  u3:

where vf3 and vg3 are from Table A-2 at 1500C. Then

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3.5 Processes of water vapor
3.5 Processes of water vapor
+ Isobaric process + Isometric process
(constant-pressure process) (constant-volume process)

u = (h2 - h1) - v(p2-p1)

q = h2 - h1 w=0; q = u
+ Isothermal process + idiabatic process (Q=0)
(constant-temperature process)

u = (h2 - h1) - (p2v2-p1v1) u = (h2 - h1) - (p2v2-p1v1)

q = T(s2-s1); w = q - u q=0; w = - u
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3.6 Evaluating properties of ideal gas
3.6 Evaluating Properties of the Ideal Gas
3.6.1 Introducing the Ideal Gas
The ideal gas is defined as a gas:
- There is no attraction between moleculars;
- The volume occupied by moleculars themselves is negligible.
3.6.2 Ideal Gas Equation of State

M [kg/kmol] is the molecular weight.

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3.6 Evaluating properties of ideal gas

3.6.3 Ideal Gas Model

3.6.4 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases

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3.6 Evaluating properties of ideal gas

The relationship between the ideal gas specific heats:

The specific heat ratio:

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3.6 Evaluating properties of ideal gas
3.6.5 Polytropic Process

In terms of specific volumes:

The relationship between properties:

(p-V)

(T-V)

(T-p)

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3.6 Evaluating properties of ideal gas
Some special cases of the polytropic process:
• n=0  p=const: isobaric process (constant-pressure process)

• n=1 pV=constT=const: isothermal process (constant-

temperature process)
• n=k  pVk=const  the idiabatic process (q=0)

• n=±  pV=const  p1/V=const  V=const : isometric

process (constant-volume process)
- Work

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3.6 Evaluating properties of ideal gas
3.6.6 Processes of ideal gas
+ Constant-valume process(v=const)
P T
T1 1
1
T1 v=const

-q +q T2 p=const
2
q = u
2 T2

v 0 s
0
s1 s2

pv = RT, v = const

u = CvT; h = CpT
w =  pdv  0
q = u + w =CvT

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3.6 Evaluating properties of ideal gas
+ Constant-pressure process (p=const)
P T
2
T2
T1 +q T2 p=const
T1
2
1 1
-q
q=i
l
0 v 0 s
s1 s2

v1 T1
pv = RT, p = const 
v 2 T2
u = CvT; h = CpT
2

w =  pdv  p ( v 2  v 1 )  R (T2  T1 )
1

q = u + w =CvT + RT = (Cv + R) T = CpT = h

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3.6 Evaluating properties of ideal gas
+ Constant-temperature process(T=const )
P T
v2>v1
v1 v2
1
T 1=T 2 1 2

2 l 12=q
l 12=q

v 0 s
0 s2
v1 v2 s1

pv = RT, T = const p 1 v1 = p 2 v2
u = CvT=0; h = CpT=0

q = u + w = w

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3.6 Evaluating properties of ideal gas
+ Adiabatic process (q=0)
T
P

1 T1 1

q=0 T1>T2

T=const
T2 2

0
2 v 0 s
v1 v2 S1=S2

u = CvT; h = CpT

q = 0, s= 0
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