Effects of Covid 19 Stigma To The Mental Health of Nursing Students

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES
AN AUTONOMOUS METHODIST UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NURSING AND ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES
EFFECTS OF COVID-19 STIGMA TO THE MENTAL HEALTH OF

THE NURSING STUDENTS
A Thesis
Presented to
Faculty of the College of Nursing
Wesleyan University-Philippines
Cabanatuan City
In Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirement for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
JOHN PAOLO OCAMPO

ANGELO MARIGMEN
KING STEVE RAMOS
DHENSEN JADIEL
January 2022
APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis entitled EFFECTS OF COVID-19 STIGMA TO THE MENTAL
HEALTH OF THE NURSING STUDENTS, prepared and submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Psychology
by John Paolo Ocampo, Angelo Marigmen, King Steve Ramos, and Dhensen
Jadiel, is hereby recommended for corresponding approval and acceptance.
January 30, 2022 ____________________________
Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor
of Science in Psychology by the Oral Examination Committee.
________________________________ _______________________
Member Member
_______________________________
Chairman
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor
of Science in Nursing.
________________ ______________________
Date Dean, College of Nursing
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The study would not have been made possible without the
encouragement, assistance and cooperation of those in the academe,
particularly in endeavors wherein the researchers have been involved. Due
recognition is given to the following who have unselfishly rendered a part of them
toward the completion of the study:
Dr. _____________________., Dean College of Nursing, for being part of
the study in granting the approval to conduct this study;
Prof. _______________________, thesis adviser, for her useful advices,
intellectual contribution and words of encouragement;
Prof. _______________________, panel chair, for sparing her time and
effort and sharing her ideas to make this research a significant one;
Dr. _____________________, critic reader for the careful reading of the
work, for the helpful suggestions and corrections in the development of the study;
Prof. _______________________, expert, for sharing her knowledge and
for helping the researchers in the development of the study;
The WUP-CONAMS LIBRARIANS, for letting the researchers, utilize the
books and references needed in finding necessary information, iv

The RESPONDENTS, for being very cooperative and for sharing their
stories to the researchers, this research would not materialize without their
truthfulness,
Special acknowledgement is sincerely given to the researchers'
PARENTS, who served as their inspirations; for their undying love, concern,
guidance, moral and financial support in pursuing this study,
The researchers' FRIENDS, for providing their moral support and
motivation, as well as checking us out in regular basis.
And above all, the ALMIGHTY GOD, who provide the researchers with
knowledge, energy and guidance as well as the blessings He gave.
The Researchers
DEDICATION
The researchers would like to dedicate this humble piece of work to our BELOVED
PARENTS for their moral and financial support.
To our INSTRUCTOR, _____________________, for her patience, understanding and
encouragement. To our CLASSMATES, for the joy and laughter that they have given
during the times of difficulty in doing this research.
And most of all, to our ALMIGHTY GOD, for whom all wisdom, knowledge, strength,
faith, love and blessing flow.
… JOHN PAOLO…
…. ANGELO….
…. KING STEVE …
… DHENSEN ….
ABSTRACT
TITLE: EFFECTS OF COVID-19 STIGMA TO

THE MENTAL HEALTH OF THE
NURSING STUDENTS
AUTHORS: JOHN PAOLO G OCAMPO
ANGELO MARIGMEN
KING STEVE RAMOS
DHENSEN JADIEL
COURSE AND ACADEMIC YEAR: Bachelor of Science in Nursing

2021-2022
TYPE OF DOCUMENT: Undergraduate Thesis
NUMBER OF PAGES: 60 pages
ADDRESS OF INSTITUTION: Wesleyan University-Philippines
Cabanatuan City
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
The study was conducted primarily in Wesleyan University-Philippines
Cabanatuan City during academic year 2021 to 2022.
The primary aim of the study was to determine and describe the intensity
of stigma towards nursing students in the midst of pandemic. The respondents
were students of Wesleyan University-Philippines Cabanatuan City randomly
sampled from first year level to fourth year level. The study utilized survey
questionnaire as the instrument. The survey questionnaire was adapted and
modified to tailor-fit with the study.
As the foundation of the study the researchers used the Social Stigma
Theory by a Canadian sociologist, Erving Goffman. The theory states that the
term ‘stigma’ describes the ‘situation of the individual who is disqualified from full
social acceptance’.1 Taking a historical view of his subject, Goffman recognized
that ‘shifts have occurred in the kinds of disgrace that arouse concern’. Indeed,
over recent decades there have been some remarkable shifts in relation to some
of the areas of stigma discussed by Goffman. The ascendancy of a culture of
victimhood has encouraged people to embrace labels, that would once have
been considered stigmatizing, as badges of status and entitlement. Another
category discussed by Goffman and the focus of current campaigns is that of
mental illness (Fitzpatrick, 2008).
It is concluded that aspects of stigma identified affects the mental health of
the respondents, it is evident that the two variables have direct relationship. As
first variable, the identified stigma increased or decreased the effect to mental
health also increase or decrease. As a general recommendation, in accordance
with the immediate action upon the pandemic crisis which affects education, the
local management of the institution may implement a webinar and strategic plan
to further enhance the process of conducting online or virtual classes and
educate people upon combatting social stigma in the midst of pandemic. In
addition to this, the researchers posit to synthesize, programs and webinars
regarding study habits particularly during pandemic and amplification of locus,
motivation, and stress management suggested to be organized by school clubs
and organizations.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
DEDICATION iv
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
Chapter
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Background and Purpose of the Study 5
Theoretical Framework 5
Conceptual Framework 5
Statement of the Problem 5
Assumption 5
Significance of the Study 5
Scope and Delimitations of the Study 5
Definition of Terms 5
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design 5
Subject of the Study 5
Setting of the Study 5

Sources of Data 5
Procedure of the Study 5
Statistical Treatment 5
3 PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

The Profile of the Respondents 5
Identification of Pandemic Stigma 5
Correlation of Pandemic Stigma and Psychological Distress 5
4 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings 5
Conclusions 5
Recommendations 5
BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
APPENDICES
A. Gantt Chart of Activities 5
B. Certificate of Content Validation 5
C. Letter of Permission to Conduct the Study 5
D. Survey Questionnaires 5
CURRICULUM VITAE 1
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents 1
Table 2 Computed Mean in terms of Social Isolation 1
Table 3 Computed Mean in terms of Family 1
Table 4 Computed Mean in terms of Academic 1
Table 5 Computed Mean in terms of Physiological Distress 1
Table 6 Correlation of Isolation to Other Aspects of Pandemic Stigma 1
Table 6 Correlation of Family to Other Aspects of Pandemic Stigma 1
Table 6 Correlation of Academic to Other Aspects of Pandemic Stigma 1
Table 6 Correlation of Distress to Other Aspects of Pandemic Stigma 1

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Conceptual Model 1
Figure 2 Vicinity Map of Wesleyan University-Philippines 1

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter presents the background and the purpose of the study,
theoretical framework, conceptual framework, statement of the problem, scope
and limitation of the study, and definition of terms.
Background and Purpose of the Study
Discrimination is one of the invisible cancers of a society. Either it is
intended or not, still it is one of the major problems that hinders social dynamics.
Often times, we unnoticeably do the act of discriminating because we are
unconsciously abided to stereotyping or it can be we tend to put labels to things
and phenomena that we have no knowledge with.
Stigma occurs when society labels someone as tainted or less desirable.
Stigma involves three elements; a lack of knowledge (ignorance), negative
attitudes (prejudice) and people behaving in ways that disadvantage the
stigmatized person (discrimination) (1). Several health conditions are associated
with stigma including some cancers, HIV, AIDS and skin conditions such as
psoriasis. However, the stigma related to mental health problems is particularly
severe and widespread. This article discusses mental health stigma, its
consequences and what can be done to reduce it (Haddad & Haddad, 2015).
It’s been two years since the pandemic first arrived in the Philippines. Fear
on becoming infected is an innate reaction to human beings. As much as
possible we do not tend to fight instead, we take the flight not to get contact with
the virus. Thus, we shut everything that might be the source for us to be
quarantined. This also, includes avoiding people particularly, the health workers
such as the nurses, doctors, sanitary engineers and many more in a belief that
they are in sense can be the second-hand carrier for their profession is to treat
the people who possess the virus and or make a vaccine upon it. Hence,
stereotyping and stigmatizing to health workers had been born.
According to (American Psychological Association, 2021) Stigma often
comes from lack of understanding or fear. Inaccurate or misleading media
representations of mental illness contribute to both those factors. A review of
studies on stigma shows that while the public may accept the medical or genetic
nature of a mental health disorder and the need for treatment, many people still
have a negative view of those with mental illness. Researchers identify different
types of stigma: Public stigma involves the negative or discriminatory attitudes
that others have about mental illness. Self-stigma refers to the negative attitudes,
including internalized shame, that people with mental illness have about their
own condition. Institutional stigma, is more systemic, involving policies of
government and private organizations that intentionally or unintentionally limit
opportunities for people with mental illness. Examples include lower funding for
mental illness research or fewer mental health services relative to other health
care. Stigma not only directly affects individuals with mental illness but also the
loved ones who support them, often including their family members.
Other labelling and branding have also arisen such as in academe, the
generalization that online class is easier, despite the fact that not everyone is
privilege—this is only one among many of the discrimination that has been
hovering as the pandemic period has not yet eradicated.
We either chose it or not chose but last year 2020 we are isolated with
lockdowns and quarantine period that has been firmly implemented to prevent
and combat the spread the virus.
Many of us differ in attitude—it is evident that most Filipinos are
extroverted and others are introverted. It is still debated and is under
investigation weather isolation benefits or hold drawbacks to both mentioned
attitudes. Regardless of our type of attitude, long period of isolation causes a
great deal with our mental health.
Social isolation is a multi-dimensional construct that can be defined as the
inadequate quantity and/or quality of interactions with other people, including
those interactions that occur at the individual, group, and/or community level
(Nicholson, 2012; Smith and Lim, 2020; Umberson and Karas Montez, 2010;
Zavaleta et al., 2017). Some measures of social isolation focus on external
isolation which refers to the frequency of contact or interactions with other
people. Other measures focus on internal or perceived social isolation which

refers to the person’s perceptions of loneliness, trust, and satisfaction with their
relationships (Clair, Gordon, Kroon, & Reilly, 2021).
According to the study of (Clair, Gordon, Kroon, & Reilly, 2021) their study
suggests that perceived social isolation is a significant element of health-related
quality of life during pandemic. Perceived social isolation is not just an issue for
older adults. Indeed, young adults appear to be suffering greatly from the
distancing required to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2. The experience of
social isolation is associated with poor life satisfaction across domains, work-
related stress, lower trust of institutions such as central government and
business, perceived personal risk for COVID-19, and higher levels of use of
substances as a coping strategy. Measuring the degree of perceived social
isolation is an important addition to wellness assessments. Stress and social
isolation can impact health and immune function and so reducing perceived
social isolation is essential during a time when individuals require strong immune
function to fight off a novel virus. Further, it is anticipated that these widespread
effects may linger as the uncertainty of the virus continues. As a result, we plan
to follow participants for at least a year to examine the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on
the well-being of adults.
We all thought that this alternative method of learning is just temporary,
yet its just months away until the first product of K to 12 will be graduating. Yet,
still, COVID is still around the corner mutating to various type of variants.
Students and other academe members might have been immune to the stress of
distance learning however, we are unaware to the toll to our psychological well-
being accumulated after the past couple of years dealing with the new normal.
The survey last fall of more than 10,000 students in 12 U.S. high schools,
including Yonkers, found that students who’d spent time in the classroom
reported lower rates of stress and worry than their online peers. While just over
half of all students surveyed said they were more stressed about school in 2020
than they had been previously, the issue was more pronounced among remote
students. Eighty-four percent of remote students reported exhaustion,
headaches, insomnia or other stress-related ailments, compared to 82 percent of
students who were in the classroom on some days and 78 percent of students
who were in the classroom full time. Remote students were also slightly less
likely to say they had an adult they could go to with a personal problem and
slightly more likely to fret about grades than their peers in the classroom. And the
remote students did more homework, reporting an average of 90 additional
minutes per week, the study found (NBC News, 2020).
Students, health workers, and locales might have the point of view upon
the benefits and innovation cause by sudden adjustments to address the
protocols in prevention to prolong the pandemic. Some people might want the
option of work-from-home set-up and or online-class alternative learning, for the
reason that it is easier, it does not require a massive effort unlike the old normal.
Yet, it is still in question whether this notion is in favor to lessen physiological
distress.
Based on the study of (Ambelu, 2021) their study indicates that, in the
literate community of Ethiopians, the prevalence of high psychological distress
was substantial. Those who have alternative information sources and trust the
information need special attention and intervention. To reduce the psychosocial
distress, promotion of practicing the preventive measures also could enhance
their confidence of not contracting the disease. In conclusion, we suggest that
focusing only on the COVID-19 prevention and treatment is not sufficient to
overcome the problems related to the pandemic. Development of an intervention
plan to intervene in the psychological distress in the population, mainly targeting
those groups who got information from social media, young and middle-aged
adults, and those who do not adequately practice infection prevention and control
measures to prevent COVID-19 infection. This study was made in the early onset
of the disease and follow-up studies could be vital in determining the dynamics of
psychosocial distress, more specifically after the introduction of COVID-19
vaccination.
This is are the reasons why the researchers wanted to conduct the study.
In the Philippine setting, the researchers would like to determine the factors or
aspects of stigma that had been affecting the mental health or psychological well-
being of the students.

Theoretical Framework
The present study was based and patterned with the theories derived from
Social Stigma Theory by a Canadian sociologist, Erving Goffman.
The theory states that the term ‘stigma’ describes the ‘situation of the
individual who is disqualified from full social acceptance’. Taking a historical view
of his subject, Goffman recognized that ‘shifts have occurred in the kinds of
disgrace that arouse concern’. Indeed, over recent decades there have been
some remarkable shifts in relation to some of the areas of stigma discussed by
Goffman. The ascendancy of a culture of victimhood has encouraged people to
embrace labels, that would once have been considered stigmatizing, as badges
of status and entitlement. Another category discussed by Goffman and the focus
of current campaigns is that of mental illness (Fitzpatrick, 2008).
Stigma arises when society have the consensus to label an individual
mostly in an indecent manner or in an idea that is not fully understood by many.
In such, the situation of pandemic had stigmatized health workers to their
community, as locals fear that these people in this line of profession were
possible primary carrier of the virus, thus for health protection, people
stigmatized and worst discriminate them in the community they belong.

Conceptual Framework
The conceptual model of the study was anchored and patterned on a
mathematical; statistical and experimental modeling. It consists the values of
dependent variables depend on the values of independent.
The first frame represents the independent variables that consists the
input in which includes profile of the student respondents in terms of sex and
age, year level and block section, and program. In addition to that, factors
included in identifying pandemic stigma such as— Social Relation, Academic,
Psychological Distress, and Physiological Distress were included.
The second frame represents the dependent variables that consists the
output in which includes the identified impact of pandemic stigma such as—
Social Relation, Academic, Psychological Distress, and Physiological Distress
were included.
The arrow connects the two frames to show their relationship.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Profile of the Respondents

in terms of: Identified Effects or Impact
of Pandemic Stigma
1.1 Sex and Age
1.2 Year Level, Major and
Program 2.1. Social Isolation
2.2. Academic
2.3. Psychological Distress
Aspects Affected by 2.4. Physiological Distress
Pandemic Stigma
2.1. Social Isolation

2.2. Academic
2.3. Psychological Distress
2.4. Physiological Distress
Figure 1
Conceptual Model showing the Effects of Covid-19 Stigma to The Mental Health
of The Nursing Students
Statement of the Problem
The study aimed to determine the degree and magnitude of Effects of
Covid-19 Stigma to The Mental Health of The Nursing Students.
Specifically, this seeks the answer to the following questions:
1. What is the Profile of the Respondents in terms of;

1.1 Sex and Age
1.2 Year Level, Major and Program
2. How does the COVID-19 stigma affect the mental health of the respondents in
terms of;
2.1. Social Isolation

2.2. Academic
2.3. Physiological Distress
3. Is there a significant relationship between the identified pandemic stigma and

the effects of COVID-19 stigma on the student’s mental health?
Hypothesis
There is a significant difference between the identified pandemic stigma
and the mental health well-being of the students amidst pandemic period The
first variable which is the identified pandemic stigma corresponds positively to the
second variable which is the mental health well-being of the students amidst
pandemic period, thus implying direct and almost no relationship with one
another.
Scope and Limitation
This study is conducted to understand the effects and relationship of
pandemic stigma and mental health well-being acquired. It focused on
determining the impact and consequences of the pandemic stigma as well as
consequences or its effects t the mental health of the respondents.
It will be conducted in the said university under the pandemic season,
Academic Year 2020 to 2021. The focal point of the study is to determine that
there is a massive correlation between the stigma experienced by the
respondents and its effects to their mental health.
This study involves students of College of Nursing under four-year levels.
The said strata of respondents were composed through purposive systematic
sampling. Sixty-eight (68) active first-year nursing students stratified according to
their program and section. Thirty-five (35) active second-year nursing students
stratified according to their program and section. Forty(40) active third-year
nursing students stratified according to their program or major and section, and.
Five (5) active fourth-year nursing students stratified according to their program
or major and section.

The researchers will seek help to professionals who will give comments
and suggestions in the instruments. After it passed through the content validation
the researcher will revise it.
This study is limited among the students of Wesleyan University-
Philippines Cabanatuan City. This study will not discuss other related topics that
are connected to Effects of Covid-19 Stigma to The Mental Health of The Nursing
Students.
Definition of Terms
For further understanding of the terms used in the study, the following
terms were defined conceptually and operationally
Academic Performance. Refers to the measurement of student achievement
across various academic subjects. Teachers and education officials typically
measure achievement using classroom performance, graduation rates and
results from standardized tests (Ballot Pedia, 2020).
Anxiety. Define as an emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried
thoughts and physical changes like increased blood pressure (APA, 2020).
Class Workload. Defined as the number of working hours typically required to
complete the learning activities of course units in order to achieve their expected
learning outcomes (ECTS User‫׳‬s Guide, 2009)

Concentration. Refers to the act or process of concentrating: the state of being
concentrated (Merriam Dictionary)
Depression. Refers to a common and serious medical illness that negatively
affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act (APA).
Family. Refers to group of people who are related to each other (Merriam
Dictionary)
Financial Difficulties. Define as current or impending financial conditions that
impair or may impair the ability of a provider to meet existing or future obligations
(Law Insider, 2013)
Health. Refers to the condition of being well or free from disease (Merriam
Dictionary)
Mental Health. Define as the condition of being sound mentally and emotionally
that is characterized by the absence of mental illness and by adequate
adjustment especially as reflected in feeling comfortable about oneself, positive
feelings about others, and the ability to meet the demands of daily life.
Pandemic. Refers to occurring over a wide geographic area (such as multiple
countries or continents) and typically affecting a significant proportion of the
population (Merriam Dictionary)
Physiological Distress. Refers to the negative stress response, often involving
negative affect and physiological reactivity: a type of stress that results from
being overwhelmed by demands, losses, or perceived threats. It has a

detrimental effect by generating physical and psychological maladaptation and
posing serious health risks for individuals (APA).
Psychological Distress. Refers to a set of painful mental and physical
symptoms that are associated with normal fluctuations of mood in most people.
In some cases, however, psychological distress may indicate the beginning of
major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, somatization
disorder, or a variety of other clinical conditions. It is thought to be what is
assessed by many putative self-report measures of depression and anxiety
(APA)
Psychological. Define as to directed toward the will or toward the mind
specifically in its conative function (Merriam Dictionary)
Sleeping Habits. Defined as that behavior pertaining to time to bed, time to rise,
drinking coffee at night, duration of night sleep and consumption of sleeping pills
(Baker A)
Social Isolation. Refers to voluntary or involuntary absence of contact with
others. In experimental research on nonhuman animals, this typically indicates
separation from other members of the animal’s species. Social isolation often
produces abnormal behavioral and physiological changes in both humans and
nonhuman animals (APA).
Social Relations. Refers to the sum of the social interactions between
individuals over a period of time. Momentary social interactions can be described
in terms of parental care, dominant–subordinate or aggressive–fearful

interactions, and so on, but a social relationship is the emergent quality from
repeated interactions (APA).
Stigma. Refers to the negative social attitude attached to a characteristic of an
individual that may be regarded as a mental, physical, or social deficiency. A
stigma implies social disapproval and can lead unfairly to discrimination against
and exclusion of the individual (APA).
Suicidal thoughts/ideation. Refers to thoughts about or a preoccupation with
killing oneself, often as a symptom of a major depressive episode. Most
instances of suicidal ideation do not progress to attempted suicide (APA).

Chapter 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter deals with research design, setting of the study, subject of
the study, source of data, procedure of the study and statistical treatment applied
in the study.
Research Design
The study used a quantitative method to evaluate and determine the
possible correlation of identified stigma amidst pandemic and the mental health
well-being of the College of Nursing students in the said university. The
respondents were described through their profile such as—sex and age, year
level, and program.
Quantitative Research is a method of research that relies on measuring
variables using a numerical system, analyzing these measurements using any of
a variety of statistical models, and reporting relationships and associations
among the studied variables. For example, these variables may be test scores or
measurements of reaction time. The goal of gathering this quantitative data is to
understand, describe, and predict the nature of a phenomenon, particularly
through the development of models and theories. Quantitative research
techniques include experiments and surveys (Americn Psychological
Association, 2020)1Researchers used quantitative method to analyze and
measure the magnitude and impact of identified variables such as the direction
and the extent of dissonance and academic performance. It usually makes some
type of comparison, contrast and correlation and sometimes causes-effect.
Subject of the Study
The subject of the study are the students of Wesleyan University-
Philippines Cabanatuan City.
The population of this study were consisted of students from College of
Nursing under four-year levels. The said strata of respondents were composed
through purposive systematic sampling; composing first year to the fourth-year
enrolled under Bachelor of Science in Nursing, Academic Year 2021-2022,
Online Class. With the age range of 16 years old to 24 years old. Sixty-eight (68)
active First Year students stratified and selected according to their program and
section. Thirty-five (35) active Second Year students stratified and selected
according to their program and section. Forty(40) active Third Year students
stratified and selected according to their program or major and section, and. Five
(5) active Fourth Year students stratified and selected according to their program
and year-level during Academic Year 2021 to 2022 were used as sample.
They were selected using purposive sampling technique. According to
(Crossman, 2017), Purposive Sampling is a non-probability sample that is
selected based on characteristics of population and the objective of the study.
Purposive sampling is also known as judgmental, selective or subjective
sampling2.
It is a technique in which decisions concerning the individuals to be
included in the sample are taken by the researcher, based upon the variety of
criteria which may include specialist knowledge of the research issue, or to
capacity, availability and willingness to participate in the research.
Utilizing questionnaire checklist as an instrument of the study will be
distributed to the participants for the collection of relevant data. The respondents
are tasked to answer the questionnaire checklist designed to measure the
intended outcome of the study.
Setting of the Study
The study of was conducted at Wesleyan University Philippines an
Autonomous Methodist University College of Nursing and Allied Medical
Sciences
At present the college has merged with the College of Allied Medical
Sciences to keep up with the global health trends and meet the increasing
demands for healthcare providers in Medical Technology, Physical Therapy,
Radiation Technology, Midwifery and Pharmacy. Upon completion of the
preparatory course, graduates of these courses are equipped with appropriate
skills to function as health aides or primary health care providers in the hospital
or community.
Today, the College moves forward through the able leadership of the
returning Dean, Dr. Wilfredo C. Ramos. It is currently undergoing the process of
continual advancements of its curricular offerings/ programs/ services as it
attained Level IV accreditation. It continuously develops its faculty members
through seminars, trainings, case presentations and graduate studies. Faculty
members of the College are Master’s degree holders and some are finishing their
Doctorate degrees. The plan of undergoing accreditation of Allied Health
Programs is already in place.
CONAMS is one of the accredited colleges in the university. It utilizes and
integrates cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains in the various fields of
learning necessary to nursing and other health-related practices. It also assists
them to develop leadership competence towards active participation in the
promotion of physical and mental health through relevant community health
services.
During Academic Year 2020-2021 and the following years, due to
emerging cases and mutation of COVID-19 Virus, face to face classes were
postponed as the government suspended social gathering. Not long after, with
the immediate act of Commission on Higher Education, a memorandum of
agreement was implemented by the University of Rizal System, wherein classes
resume through synchronous and asynchronous virtual method with the use of
mainly Google Classroom and other social platform that suggest convenience to
both students and teachers.

Figure 2
Vicinity Map of Wesleyan University-Philippines Cabanatuan City
An Autonomous Methodist University College Of Nursing and Allied Medical
Sciences
Sources of Data
In this study, the researchers adapted a survey questionnaire from a study of
(Son, Hegde, Smith, & Wang, 2020) entitled Effects of COVID-19 on College
Students’ Mental Health in the United States: Interview Survey Study. The survey
questionnaire archived from the said study aims to identify the effect of COVID-
19 to college students. It has 11 dimensions which are—Social Relation,
Changes in Living Environment, Concerns on Academic Performance, Difficulty
in Concentration, Class Workload, Sleeping Habits, Eating Patter, Depressive
thoughts, Suicide Thoughts, Own Health and Health of Love Ones, and Financial
Difficulties. Modified by the researchers and grouped it into four aspects namely
—Social Relation, Academic, Psychological Distress, and Physiological Distress.
The instrument or survey questionnaire adopted is composed of three parts.
Part I was labeled as the Informed Consent in which the respondents give
their confirmation upon joining and answering the electronic survey, permitting
their selves to participate to the study.
Part II consist of questions regarding to the profile of the respondent, this
includes code naming, information about sex, age, course and block section.
Part III consist of 23 questions regarding the identification pf pandemic
stigma which uses summative scale thus use cumulative scoring model.
The questionnaires were given to the students to determine the variables
measure by the researchers. To further interpret the data in the instrument the
following scale were used as scales in the study.
Scale Range Interpretation
4 4.00 – 3.00 Strongly Agree
3 2.99 – 2.00 Agree
2 1.99 – 1.00 Disagree
1 1.00 – 0.99 Strongly Disagree
Procedure of the Study
First step is the planning of research topic and giving of issues or problem
specifically in the school or community. Second is the formulation of the problem,
the researchers identified the problem and it’s entitled “Effects of COVID-19
Stigma to the Mental Health of the Nursing Students”
After the approval of the title, the researchers started working for the
development of Chapter 1 and 2. To develop the said chapter, they began to
read articles and also look for legal basis that helped them to justify their study.
The researchers also developed the statement of the problem and research
methodology.
The researchers adapted and modified an inventory scale as survey
questionnaire where they used to gather the needed data. They sought
assistance from the research experts for validations of instruments. The
necessary permits were secured before conducting the study. After that, they
started to conduct interview and gather data from the respondents. After
conducting the research, the researchers started to write Chapter 3 and 4. The
result of the survey were analyzed and interpreted to answer the problem in
Chapter 1 then, the researchers developed the summary of findings, conclusion
and recommendation.
Finally, oral defense was conducted followed by the formulation and
submission of the hardbound copy to the thesis adviser and to others offices of
the University.
Statistical Treatment
The researchers used the frequency formula to obtain the mean of data
gathered using the formula:
∑f
μ=
n
Wherein:
μ Is the mean
∑ Is the summation
f Is the frequency
n Is the sample size or no. of respondents
Chapter 3
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of data which
resulted from the application of the various statistical treatment
Table 1
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents in Effects of
Covid-19 Stigma to The Mental Health of The Nursing Students in Wesleyan
University-Philippines Cabanatuan City
Year Level Frequency Percentage

1 First Year 68 46%
2 Second Year 35 24%
3 Third Year 40 27%
4 Fourth Year 5 3%
148 100%
The table showed that from 148 respondents, sixty-eight (68) were
identified as students from First-year, of which represents 46 percent of the total
respondent count. Thirty-five (35) were identified as students from Second-year,
of which represents 24 percent of the total respondent count. Forty (40) were
identified as students from Third Year, of which represents 27 percent of the total
respondent count. Five (5) were identified as students from Fourth-year, of which
represents 3 percent of the total respondent count.
All respondents included in the study answered the presented
questionnaire to conclusively measure all respondents’ effects of covid-19 stigma
to the mental health
Table 2
The Computed weighted mean of Effects of Covid-19 Stigma to The
Mental Health of The Nursing Students in Wesleyan University-Philippines
Cabanatuan City in terms of Social Isolation
Weighted Verbal Ran

Social Isolation
Mean Interpretation k
This new normal and staying at home
1 2.16 Agree 2
most of the time don’t bother me.
Restriction of going outside doesn’t
2 1.97 Disagree 5
affect the way I live my life.
Restriction doesn’t affect the way I
3 1.92 Disagree 6
think and the way I perform activities.
Learning in isolation has made it more
4 1.82 Disagree 4
attractive for a student
Lack of interactions with people and
5 spending most of the time at home is 2.05 Agree 3
the best for me.
When I am at home, I feel safe and

6 2.74 Agree 1
don’t worry about the pandemic.
2.11 Agree
It could be gleaned to the table that in terms of The Computed weighted
mean of Effects of Covid-19 Stigma to The Mental Health of The Nursing

Students in Wesleyan University-Philippines Cabanatuan City in terms of Social
Isolation the computed weighted mean of item 6 is 2.74 as perceived by the
respondents which is interpreted as “Agree”. In addition to that item 1 has the
computed weighted mean of 2.16 which is interpreted as “Agree”. These are two
items that rank the highest.
The computed weighted mean of item 3 is 1.92 as perceived by the
respondents which is interpreted as “Disagree”. In addition, item 2 has the
computed weighted mean of 1.97 as perceived by the respondents which is
interpreted as “Disagree”. These are two items that ranked the lowest.
The average of Social Isolation aspect of Effects of Covid-19 Stigma to
The Mental Health of The Nursing Students in Wesleyan University-Philippines
Cabanatuan City as perceived by the respondents showed a result of 2.11 and
was verbally interpreted as “Agree”.
Table 3
Cabanatuan City in terms of Family
Weighted Verbal Ran

Family
Mean Interpretation k
I don’t worry about my family and
1 1.53 Disagree 5
relatives who may be vulnerable.
I feel okay with my families with more
2 2.43 Agree 2
interpersonal contact.
I don’t think about themselves being

3 1.60 Disagree 4
infected.
I stop thinking that they might have the
4 1.91 Disagree 3
virus and maybe a carrier.
It is okay if my relatives are working or

5 2.77 Agree 1
working as frontlines
2.05 Agree
Students in Wesleyan University-Philippines Cabanatuan City in terms of Family,
the computed weighted mean of item 5 is 2.77 as perceived by the respondents
which is interpreted as “Agree” In addition to that item 2 has the computed
weighted mean of 2.43 which is interpreted as “Agree”. These are two items that
rank the highest.
The average of Family aspect of Effects of Covid-19 Stigma to The Mental
Health of The Nursing Students in Wesleyan University-Philippines Cabanatuan
City as perceived by the respondents showed a result of 2.05 and was verbally
interpreted as “Agree”.
Table 4
Cabanatuan in terms of Academic
Weighted Verbal
Academic Rank
Mean Interpretation
I focus more on my study when doing it
1 2.20 Agree 1
at home.
The new ways of learning give me the

2 2.07 Agree 3
willingness to study harder.
I don’t take online classes as a
3 1.84 Disagree 6
challenge.
I always get excited about having
4 1.98 Disagree 4
online classes.
I am gaining more knowledge in online

5 1.91 Disagree 5
classes.
6 I study and think better when at home. 2.18 Agree 2
2.03 Agree
Students in Wesleyan University-Philippines Cabanatuan in terms of Academic
the computed weighted mean of item 1 is 2.20 as perceived by the respondents
which is interpreted as “Agree”. In addition to that item 6 has the computed
weighted mean of 2.18 which is interpreted as “Agree”. These are two items that
rank the highest.

The average of Academic aspect of Effects of Covid-19 Stigma to The
Cabanatuan City as perceived by the respondents showed a result of 2.03 and
was verbally interpreted as “Agree”.
Table 5
Cabanatuan City in terms of Physiological Distress
Weighte Verbal Ran

Physiological Distress
d Mean Interpretation k
1 I always try to think positively. 2.99 Agree 3
Staying at home gives me a lot of time

2 2.95 Agree 4
to think.
3 I am powerful and have many hopes. 2.79 Agree 5
I take any feedback as an advantage, Strongly
4 3.01 2
and it gives me more motivation. Agree
Strongly
5 Feel fear or anxiety 3.13 1
Agree
Negative Judgements always lead to

6 2.49 Agree 6
positive thoughts.
2.89 Agree
Students in Wesleyan University-Philippines Cabanatuan in terms of
Physiological Distress the computed weighted mean of item 5 is 3.13 as
perceived by the respondents which is interpreted as “Strongly Agree”. In
addition to that item 4 has the computed weighted mean of 3.01 which is
interpreted as “Strong Agree”. These are two items that rank the highest.
respondents which is interpreted as “Agree”. In addition, item 3 has the
interpreted as “Agree”. These are two items that ranked the lowest.
The average of Physiological Distress aspect of Effects of Covid-19
Stigma to The Mental Health of The Nursing Students in Wesleyan University-
Philippines Cabanatuan City as perceived by the respondents showed a result of
2.89, and was verbally interpreted as “Agree”.
Table 6
Correlation of Isolation to Other Aspects of Effects of Covid-19 Stigma to The
Cabanatuan City
SOCIAL
PHYSIOLOGIC
ISOLATIO FAMILY ACADEMI
AL DISTRESS
N ASPECT C ASPECT
ASPECT
ASPECT
SOCIAL Pearson Correlation 1 .460** .548** .234**

ISOLATIO
Sig. (1-tailed) .001 .000 .002
N
ASPECT Sum of Squares and
3.151 222.076 85.709 85.188
Cross-products
Covariance .117 8.225 3.174 3.155
N 148 148 148 148
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (1-tailed).
It could be gleaned to the table that the Correlation of Social Isolation to
Other Aspects of Effects of Covid-19 Stigma to The Mental Health of The Nursing
Students in Wesleyan University-Philippines Cabanatuan City is 0.460 to Family
Aspect interpreted as “Low Positive Correlation”; 0.548 to Academic interpreted
as “Moderate Positive Correlation”; and 0.234 to Physiological Distress Aspect
interpreted as “Negligible Correlation”, this means that Isolation has a direct and
almost no relationship with Other Aspects of Pandemic Stigma as perceived by
the respondents. The correlation significant of the datum is 0.000 to 0.002 at the
level 0.01 (1-tailed). This infer that the researchers’ alternative hypothesis is in
favor.
Table 7
Correlation of Family to Other Aspects of Effects of Covid-19 Stigma to The
Cabanatuan City
SOCIAL
PHYSIOLOGIC
AL DISTRESS
N ASPECT C ASPECT
ASPECT
ASPECT
FAMILY Pearson Correlation .460** 1 .501** .078**

ASPECTS
Sig. (1-tailed) .001 .000 .000
Sum of Squares and

222.076 45823.714 16013.571 17206.714
Cross-products
Covariance 8.225 1697.175 593.095 637.1486
N 148 148 148 148

It could be gleaned to the table that the Correlation of Family to Other
Aspects of Effects of Covid-19 Stigma to The Mental Health of The Nursing
Students in Wesleyan University-Philippines Cabanatuan City is 0.460 to Social
Isolation Aspect interpreted as “Low Positive Correlation”; 0.501 to Academic
interpreted as “Moderate Positive Correlation”; and 0.078 to Physiological
Distress Aspect interpreted as “Negligible Correlation”, this means that Family
Aspect has a direct and almost no relationship with Other Aspects of Pandemic
Stigma as perceived by the respondents. The correlation significant of the datum

is 0.001 at the level 0.01 (1-tailed). This infer that the researchers’ alternative
hypothesis is in favor.
Table 8
Correlation of Academic to Other Aspects of Effects of Covid-19 Stigma to The
Cabanatuan City
SOCIAL
PHYSIOLOGIC
AL DISTRESS
N ASPECT C ASPECT
ASPECT
ASPECT
ACADEMI Pearson Correlation .548** .501** 1 .234**

C
Sig. (1-tailed) .000 .000 .000
ASPECT
Sum of Squares and

85.709 16013.571 6630.857 5332.571
Cross-products
Covariance 3.174 593.095 245.587 197.503
N 148 148 148 148

It could be gleaned to the table that the Correlation of Academic to Other
Aspects of Effects of Covid-19 Stigma to The Mental Health of The Nursing
Students in Wesleyan University-Philippines Cabanatuan City is 0.548 to Social
Isolation interpreted as “Moderate Positive Correlation”; 0.501 to Family Aspect
interpreted as “Moderate Positive Correlation”; and 0.234 to Physiological
Distress Aspect interpreted as “Negligible Correlation”, this means that Academic

Aspect has direct and almost no relationship with Other Aspects of Pandemic
Stigma as perceived by the respondents. The correlation significant of the datum
is 0.000 at the level 0.01 (1-tailed). This infer that the researchers’ alternative
hypothesis is in favor.
Table 9
Correlation of Physiological Distress to Other Aspects of Effects of Covid-19
Stigma to The Mental Health of The Nursing Students in Wesleyan University-
Philippines Cabanatuan City
SOCIAL
ACADEMI PHYSIOLOGIC
ISOLATI FAMILY
C AL DISTRESS
ON ASPECT
ASPECT ASPECT
ASPECT
PHYSIOLOGIC Pearson Correlation .229** .078** .234** 1

AL DISTRESS
Sig. (1-tailed) .002 .000 .000
ASPECT
Sum of Squares and 17206.71

85.188 5332.571 8144.964
Cross-products
Covariance 3.155 637.1486 197.503 301.665
N 148 148 148 148

It could be gleaned to the table that the Correlation of Physiological
Distress to Other Aspects of Effects of Covid-19 Stigma to The Mental Health of
The Nursing Students in Wesleyan University-Philippines Cabanatuan City is
0.229 to Social Isolation Aspect interpreted as “Negligible Correlation” 0.078 to

Family Aspect interpreted as “Negligible Correlation”; 0.234 to Academic
interpreted as “Negligible Correlation”, this means that Physiological Distress
Aspect has no relationship with Other Aspects of Pandemic Stigma as perceived
by the respondents. The correlation significant of the datum is 0.000 to 0.002 at
the level 0.01 (1-tailed). This infer that the researchers’ alternative hypothesis is
in favor.
.
Chapter 4
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings, the conclusion drawn, and
the recommendation offered.
Summary of Findings
1. The Frequency Distribution of Respondents in total is 148 College of Nursing
students from Wesleyan University-Philippines Cabanatuan City. Among the
sample are sixty-eight (68) or 46% were first-year students. Thirty-five (35) or
24% were second-year students. Forty (40) or 27% were third-year students.
Five (5) or 3% were fourth-year students
1.1 There are 78.5% male respondents and 21.5% female respondents
had participated in this study. The age of the respondents ranges
from 18 to 20 years old.
1.2 The respondents were all enrolled to Bachelor of Science in Nursing
at Wesleyan University-Philippines Cabanatuan City
2. According to the findings, the identified aspects of stigma data gained from
the participants had low and almost no correlation. However, the aspects of
identified stigma has direct relationship with one another.

2.1. Social Isolation aspect had the following correlation with the other
aspects: Family aspect having 0.460—lowly affected; Academic
having 0.548—moderately affected; Physiological Distress—having
0.234—lowly affected.
2.2. Academic aspect had the following correlation with the other
aspects: Social Isolation aspect having 0.548—moderately affected;
Family aspect having 0.501—moderately affected; Physiological
Distress—having 0.234—lowly affected.
2.3. Physiological Distress aspect had the following correlation with the
other aspects: Social Isolation aspect having 0.229—lowly affected;
Family aspect having 0.078—not affected; Academic—having 0.234
—lowly affected.
3. It is evident that there is a low positive or negligible relationship between the
identified pandemic stigma aspect to the mental health of the student in
College of Nursing Wesleyan University-Philippines Cabanatuan City
Conclusion
Based on the findings, the researchers conclude that the effects of COVID
19 Stigma are not predominant across levels in WUP-CON. In addition, the
COVID 19 Stigma in WUP-CON is affected by different variables ranging from

social isolation, family and academic variables. Thus, the family of the student
nurses is not fully aware of how the COVID 19 pandemic affects their children’s
mental health due to their lack of interpersonal contact.
Recommendations
1. To the Future Researchers
The future researchers can adapt or use this as a reference for related studies.
This study may help them to identify the various stigma discussed and be aware
of it.
It can also serve as their lenses towards comprehending a depth perception
regarding labelling, stigma, and stereotyping. Likewise, this study may help the
school academe to formulate strategies and techniques in managing the
discussed stigma and improving the coping mechanism for the mental health of
the students.
2. To the Students
Nursing students must be guided and follow the restrictions, which are
supposed to be by the city health office and the barangay officials in their
respective places. Nursing students must stay at home and focus on their
studies through online and modular instructions. Nursing students should
maintain health quality standards to protect themselves and their families at all
times, especially during this pandemic. They should observe their neighbors
and the whole community to take good care of themselves by following health
protocols during isolation-face mask, face shield, keeping social distance, and
avoiding gathering.
3. To the Teachers
Academes and Nursing students have to observe polite attitude regarding
online classes. At the very least, students must be clear to their academic goal
and manage their time to focus in studying. Teacher can read and study this
as references upon strategizing approach to students to prevent possible
stigma and other cause of malignant mental health issues. Management of the
institution may implement a webinar and strategic plan to further enhance the
process of conducting online or virtual classes and educate people upon
combatting social stigma in the midst of pandemic. In addition to this, the
researchers posit to synthesize, programs and webinars regarding study
habits particularly during pandemic and amplification of locus, motivation, and
stress management suggested to be organized by school clubs and
organizations.
Bibliography
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
Gannt Chart
APPENDIX B
Certificate of Content Validation
APPENDIX C
Letter of Permission to Conduct the Study
APPENDIX D
Survey Questionnaires
PROFILE OF THE RESEARCHERS

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WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES

AN AUTONOMOUS METHODIST UNIVERSITY

EFFECTS OF COVID-19 STIGMA TO THE MENTAL HEALTH OF

JOHN PAOLO OCAMPO

This thesis entitled EFFECTS OF COVID-19 STIGMA TO THE MENTAL

HEALTH OF THE NURSING STUDENTS, prepared and submitted in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Psychology

Jadiel, is hereby recommended for corresponding approval and acceptance.

January 30, 2022 ____________________________

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor

of Science in Psychology by the Oral Examination Committee.

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor

encouragement, assistance and cooperation of those in the academe,

particularly in endeavors wherein the researchers have been involved. Due

toward the completion of the study:

Dr. _____________________., Dean College of Nursing, for being part of

the study in granting the approval to conduct this study;

Prof. _______________________, thesis adviser, for her useful advices,

intellectual contribution and words of encouragement;

Prof. _______________________, panel chair, for sparing her time and

Dr. _____________________, critic reader for the careful reading of the

Prof. _______________________, expert, for sharing her knowledge and

for helping the researchers in the development of the study;

The WUP-CONAMS LIBRARIANS, for letting the researchers, utilize the

books and references needed in finding necessary information, iv

Special acknowledgement is sincerely given to the researchers'

guidance, moral and financial support in pursuing this study,

The researchers' FRIENDS, for providing their moral support and

motivation, as well as checking us out in regular basis.

knowledge, energy and guidance as well as the blessings He gave.

PARENTS for their moral and financial support.

To our INSTRUCTOR, _____________________, for her patience, understanding and

during the times of difficulty in doing this research.

faith, love and blessing flow.

TITLE: EFFECTS OF COVID-19 STIGMA TO

COURSE AND ACADEMIC YEAR: Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Cabanatuan City during academic year 2021 to 2022.

of stigma towards nursing students in the midst of pandemic. The respondents

were students of Wesleyan University-Philippines Cabanatuan City randomly

questionnaire as the instrument. The survey questionnaire was adapted and

modified to tailor-fit with the study.

social acceptance’.1 Taking a historical view of his subject, Goffman recognized

of the areas of stigma discussed by Goffman. The ascendancy of a culture of

been considered stigmatizing, as badges of status and entitlement. Another

category discussed by Goffman and the focus of current campaigns is that of

mental illness (Fitzpatrick, 2008).

It is concluded that aspects of stigma identified affects the mental health of

health also increase or decrease. As a general recommendation, in accordance

to further enhance the process of conducting online or virtual classes and

educate people upon combatting social stigma in the midst of pandemic. In

addition to this, the researchers posit to synthesize, programs and webinars

regarding study habits particularly during pandemic and amplification of locus,

motivation, and stress management suggested to be organized by school clubs

Statement of the Problem 5

Significance of the Study 5

Scope and Delimitations of the Study 5

Subject of the Study 5

Setting of the Study 5

Procedure of the Study 5

3 PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Identification of Pandemic Stigma 5

Correlation of Pandemic Stigma and Psychological Distress 5