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1. Physical Laboratory Tohari, et al.  Two different sandy soils, namely,  The process leading to failure
Modelling Rainfall- river sand and residual granite
(Laboratory- Induced Slope soil were used to construct a
scale models) Failure with number of homogeneous
Moisture experimental slopes in this study.
 The experiments were conducted
Content
in a metal tank with maximum
Measurement
dimensions of 2.0 m*1.0 m *1.5
m. Four experimental soil slopes i.
were constructed by placing wet
soils in a series of horizontal
layers 50 mm thick to the full
width of the tank.
 For the first three experiments,
the river sand with a uniform
water content of 5% was used to
construct a dry slope profile. For
Experiment 4, the residual granite
soil was placed at its optimum ii.
water content of 11.8% to
construct a wet model slope.
 A rainfall simulator was set
approximately 1.0 m above the
model slopes to induce the
change in volumetric moisture
content and instability in the
model slope in Experiments 3 and time period of the second increase in
4. The simulator was designed to
produce an effective rainfall
intensity of approximately 10
cm/hr.
Drawbacks and
Conclusion
Future Scope
Further research work
initiation commences by the with the following
formation of the seepage area, the objectives were
development of the seepage area recommended:
initiates localized failure in that  Assessment and
particular area and thus accounts determination of the
for the initiation of localized optimum depth of
instability. installation of
The hydrologic response of moisture sensors for
initially dry, permeable hillslopes effective monitoring
leading to failure is characterized of the changes in
by two stages of significant moisture content
increase in moisture content, in during rainfall.
association with the  Comparison of the
advancement of the wetting front experimental results
from the slope surface, and the with field
development of the gwt at the measurement results
slope surfaces. to verify and modify
For wet and less permeable the concept of a
hillslopes there’s only one stage moisture content-
of volumetric moisture content based warning
increase, in response to rainfall, system.
corresponding to the
advancement
of saturated wetting front.
For rainfall-induced slope failure,
the moisture content may be used for
early warning against the slope failure
hazards. Hence, precise monitoring of
the change in the moisture content is
likely to provide the possibility of
developing a reliable and effective
means for predicting failure or issuing
hazard warning of slope failures,
during a particular rainfall.
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In this paper, a design of experiments

A prediction model for safety factor The prediction equation,
(DoE) methodology was applied to
(Fs) of homogeneous slope was which is proposed here
develop a prediction model.
developed with six main factors to represents a very basic
 The safety factor (Fs) is calculated
predetermine the stability of slope: model for slope stability
for a range of important input
height H, slope angle β, bulk density ϒ, prediction. Further
parameters.
cohesion c, analyses in this direction
 A mathematical model was then angle of internal friction Φ, and pore should include the effect
developed by applying multiple
pressure coefficient ru. of the bedrock depth and
linear regression and least-
Increase of Fs with increase of c and Φ the impact of external
Slope Stability squares method of
was observed, whereas Fs decreases static and dynamic
Analytical Analysis Based approximation.
2. Kostic, et al. with the increase of H, β and ru. Also, forces. The final model
modelling on Experimental  The contribution of each input
the impact of ϒ on slope stability is not should also involve the
Design parameter to Fs was defined and
significant. possibility of locating the
mutually compared. Hence,
Importantly, the two-factor position of critical slip
parameters with the greatest
interactions significantly affect the surface. In that case,
influence on Fs are then
slope stability, the impact of certain such a model would
identified.
single input parameters will change provide a full picture of
 After development of the
with different values of other factors. slope stability, and it
mathematical model, extensive
The obtained results indicate would have a more
statistical analysis was done to
a high level of statistical reliability. significant practical
confirm the practical application
application.
of the model.
3. Numerical Effects of Rahardjo, et al. Six slopes were selected from two  The GWT of residual soil slope The variations in factor of
modelling. Groundwater different geological formations in from the sedimentary JF has a safety from case studies
Table Position Singapore. larger variation between dry and showed similar trends
and Soil  Piezometers were used to wet periods in comparison to BT. with those obtained from
Properties monitor the position of  At the driest period, the parametric studies in
on Stability of groundwater table over a 2-year groundwater table of the JF slope this paper. However,
Slope during period (June 2006 until is deeper than that of the BT slope different slope
Rainfall September 2008). and hence the factor of safety of geometries and soil
 The SWCCs of the investigated the JF slope decreases more properties will result in
soils were plotted. rapidly during rainfall. different values of
 Field and laboratory permeability  At the wettest period, the GWT of minimum factor of
tests were conducted to obtain slopes from both locations are safety.
saturated permeability ks of the located near the ground surface.
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selected residual soils.
 Shear strengths of the soils were
obtained from triaxial tests.
Two-dimensional seepage analyses
were performed using the FEM
software SEEP/W. Variations in factor
of safety due to initial groundwater
table positions and different rainfall
intensities were determined
4. Numerical Use of recycled Rahardjo, et al.  The capillary barrier system (CBS)
modelling. crushed concrete was constructed using fine sand
and Secudrain in as the fine-grained layer and
capillary barriers recycled crushed concrete
for slope aggregates as the coarse-grained
stabilization layer. Another CBS was
constructed using a geosynthetic
(Secudrain) as the coarse-grained
layer.
 Performance of CBS was
monitored using tensiometers
installed at different depths and a
and a rainfall gauge mounted on
the slope over a 1-year period.
 Laboratory tests were carried out
to determine saturated and
unsaturated properties of soil,
recycled crushed concrete, and
Secudrain within the CBS and
original slope.
 Two-dimensional seepage
analyses were carried out using
the FEM software SEEP/W and
slope stability analyses were
conducted using Slope/W.
Drawbacks and
Conclusion
Future Scope
As a result, the factors of safety of
both slopes decrease gradually
during rainfall.
 If a soil contains high percentage
of fine particles, the minimum
factor of safety may not occur at
the end of rainfall, but several
hours after the rainfall stops
because rainwater has not
reached the critical slip surface.
 CBS has been shown to be The effectiveness of the
effective in minimizing rainwater capillary barrier system
infiltration into a slope and depends on the selection
therefore, maintaining stability of of materials,
the slope during rainfall. Recycled hydrogeological
crushed concrete aggregates and condition of the slope,
Secudrain were both found to be and a good drainage
suitable, nonconventional, and system to properly drain
sustainable alternatives to be the rainwater from the
used in place of a natural coarse- capillary barrier system
grained layer in a capillary barrier
system.
 Also, CBS with Secudrain provides
the benefit of reducing the total
thickness of a CBS layer without
lowering its performance in
minimizing rainwater infiltration
into the slope.
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 Factors of safety are computed

using the explicit finite difference
code, FLAC.
 The soil is modelled as a linear
The use of an associated
elastic perfectly plastic material
flow rule allowed the
with a Mohr Coulomb yield
Strength-reduction results were effects of elastic
condition.
generally slightly higher than those constants, the initial
 To perform slope stability analysis
predicted by limit analysis. The stress and the stress path
with the shear strength reduction
Slope stability similarity between the two solutions, to be ignored. These had
technique, simulations are run for
Numerical analysis by obtained by two methods, supports no effect on the collapse
5. a series of trial factors of safety
modelling strength Dawson, et al. the view that the log-spiral solution is, load for an associated
Ftrial.
reduction in effect, an exact solution. material, but for more
 First, upper and lower brackets
the numerical solution value is slightly realistic soil models, such
are established, a point midway
higher with the difference decreasing as those with non-
between the upper and lower
as the mesh is refined. associated flow rules,
brackets is then tested and
these factors cannot be
process is repeated until the
ignored.
difference between upper and
lower brackets is less than a
specified tolerance.

6. Centrifuge Simulating Tamate, et al.  A rain simulator was developed  Experimental requirements to Further study on the
Modelling. shallow failure in to simulate heavy precipitation in simulate heavy precipitation relationship between
slopes due to the centrifuge model. were studied in terms of the permeation in slopes and
heavy  This paper presents studies on precipitation intensity and the precipitation intensity
precipitation the development of a rain impact pressure on the ground would be required to
simulator for centrifuge testing. surface. investigate a potential
 Development of the rain  A precipitation intensity of 1500 risk of shallow failure in
simulator by: mm/hr corresponding to 30 further detail.
i. Determining Pneumatic mm/hr in the prototype was
conditions for precipitation provided at 50 g.
ii. Arrangement of spray  Failure was commonly observed in
headers shallow sections of the slope.
iii. Measurements of impact  Additionally, local failures
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pressures and distribution of
precipitation intensity.
occurred in the upper sections,
 Then, Simulation of slope failure
propagating to the lower sections
by heavy precipitation is done
through developed model slope.