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Unit Lesson One Mark Two Five Ten Map

marks marks Marks
I 1,2 1X9=9 5X2=10 2X5=10 1X10=10 Any one Question
from lesson 1 or 5
II 3,4,5 1X15=15 5X2=10 3X5=15 1X10=10 and One Question
from IVth unit
III 6,7 1X9=9 5X2=10 1X5=5 1X10=10

IV 8,9,10 1X17=17 5X2=10 3X5=15 2X10=20

Total Marks 50/50 30/40 30/45 30/50 10/20

However, the students are advised to prepare the entire text book thoroughly to score 150/150 in
the examinations.

Students should prepare according to the table given above to get minimum pass marks.

1. Study well 1 mark questions of Unit I,II ( 24 marks) additionally student can study well 1
mark questions of unit IV (lesson 8,9,10) to get 17 more marks.
2. Students should study well 2 mark questions of first 2 lessons from unit I (Chance of getting
10 marks from question 1 to 9).
3. Study well the 5 mark questions of unit I given with the table (Chance of getting 10 marks
from questions 1 to 6).
4. Practice well the maps of deserts, earthquake zones and ASEAN (chance to get 10 marks).

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XII Standard – Geography

Two mark Questions

Lesson - 1

1. Nectons:
• Nectons are swimming organisms in the sea..
• e.g. Fish, whales, and seals are nektons.

2. Benthos:
• Organisms found beneath the sea surface are benthos.
• Benthos are two types.1. The movable – crab, snail and fish
• 2.The immovable – sea plants, sea grass, sea algae..

3. Estuary:
• The mouth of river where river water meets the sea tides is termed as an estuary.
• It is formed at the narrow coast.

4. Biomes:
• The plant and animal communities of the biosphere living in a particular territory is
called the ‘biomes’.
• These biomes adapt themselves to the prevailing conditions of the surroundings.
• The biomes help us to understand the relationships among the ecosystems.

5.Coral reefs:
• Corals are one among the oldest living creatures.
• They cannot survive in temperature below 200 C. and they are made of Calcium.
• They are normally found between 30 0 N and 300 S latitudes.
• Sea waves pose as an obstacle for their growth.

Lesson - 2

6. What are the reasons for uneven distribution of population?

• Nature of landscape.
• Climate

7. What factors controlled the population growth in the past?

• Droughts
• Epidemics

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8. What are the requirements of quality life?

• Nutritious food, low infant mortality, high enrollment in primary education, literacy,
housing, improvement in social security, right to live, political freedom,
• employment opportunity .

9.On the basis of age, how many divisions can the human potential be classified in to ?
On the basis of age, the human potential can be classified into three groups:
1. Children, non-productive age group. (0-14 years)
2. Adult population - Productive, (15-64 years)
3. Elders - Non-productive age group. (above 65 years)

10. What caused the population growth in the last 400 years?
• Agricultural and industrial revolutions
• Industrial and scientific progress.
• The improvements in medical care , health,
• flood control and fire Protection.

Lesson - 3

11. Site:
• The location of a settlement is called as site.
• It helps in the origin of settlements.
• However, once the settlements are developed, the site may lose its significance.

12. Situation:
• Situation refers to the landscapes and the environments around the settlements.
• Apart from the landscapes, sunshine, water and social conditions also form the situation.
• In India, houses are mostly built facing south as it is a monsoon land.

13. Nucleated village: ( Refer 10 mark question no .5 Pg. 26 …. )

14. Grouped or Bunched village
15. Twin village

Lesson – 4

16.Weak linkage:
• Weak linkage is an instance where one industry is less strongly linked to others.
• For an example, though the financial assistance of a bank is stopped to a Steel industry, it
can run by any other alternatives.
17. Weight losing raw materials:
• Some industries produce products from weight losing raw materials .
• Those industries are located near the raw materials available.

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18. Fuels:
• Fuel is the lifeline of industries.
• Industries depend on the location of fuel sources such as coal, petroleum,
hydroelectricity and atomic power.

19. Tertiary industries:

• The industries which provide services which are associated with primary and secondary
industries are called as “Tertiary industries”
• Examples, Transport and communication.

Additional Questions

20.Secondary industries:
• The industries which transform natural resources in to value added products are called
‘ the secondary industries”.
• Examples, Cotton textile industry and Iron and steel industry.
21. Classify the industries based on the state of production.
• Based on the state of production, the industries are classified as :
• 1. primary industries – Agriculture and mining.
• 2. Secondary industries – Textile and iron and steel industries
• 3. Tertiary industries – Transport and communication.
• 4. Quaternary industries - Bank and education.

Lesson – 5

22.Internal trade:
23. Local trade:
24. Rural trade: ( refer 10 mark question no.7 pg.28)
25. International trade:
26. Bilateral trade:
27. Multilateral trade:

28Market tremors:
• The economic and policy changes in a country may destabilize its position in the trade.
• Economic development is therefore the reason behind the market tremors.

29. Trade bloc.:

• Nowadays, the favourable conditions for free international trade are rare.
• Yet, in some regions, the trade is functioning without external barriers.
• Such blocs are found mostly in Europe.

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30. Define trade:

• The commodities produced in excess are called “surplus”
• The commodities produced in less quantity is called “ deficit”
• The process in which the surpluses are bartered for the deficits is called trade.

Lesson – 6

31. Transport Network:

• That pattern of roads or rail lines or any routes which facilitates travel.
• Movement and information exchange besides connecting several places with one another
is generally referred to as a ‘transport network’.
• In the network, the nodes and the edges (lines, routes) are fundamental.

32. Routes and Junctions:

In the analysis of any transport work (road, rail), there are three primitive concepts:
1. The Junctions - the origin.
2. Routes - Connections.
3. The Junctions - the destination.
33. Printing Revolution:
• The machine – published books became the primary sources of information.
• In the 19th Century, the steam power driven machine made electrical printing machine
available.
• Photocopying created a revolution in copying.
• Now a days , the books have been published using computer.
34. Computer Generations:
• The first Generation used simple valves.
• The second generation computers used the transistors.
• The third has been developed using integrated circuits.
• The fourth uses microchips
• The Fifth Generation computers- Artificial Intelligence.
35.Information Explosion:
• Information explosion is very much like population explosion of recent times.
• Several geographical information have been developed to store the data from the
information explosion, index and analyze them for development purpose.
• It has become possible to handle different types of data easily through computers.

Lesson – 7

36. Sensors:
• Remote sensing can be defined as the act of observation of earth’s features without
having direct contact.
• To collect information and to interpret the information later.

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37. Sun - Synchronous Satellite:

• These satellites are placed at an altitude of about 600 to 900 km in space.
• These satellites take just about 50 minutes to traverse from north pole to south pole
within.
• These satellites collect information with the help of sunlight.

38. Earth station:

• The energy is reflected and emitted by the earth’s features.
• It is recorded by the cameras and sensors fixed at the various platforms.
• The sensors convert the energy into electrical signals and send them to the earth’s
receiving stations.

39. Remote sensing platform:

• Various platforms are being used for the collection of remote sensing data.
• The satellites attached with sensors, cameras are fitted in aircrafts, balloons and tall
buildings are the most commonly used platforms in remote sensing activities.

Lesson – 8

40. What is the nature of water consumption in the world?

• Water is inexpensive and/or free.
• Hence, we use the water lavishly.

41. What are the two important crises of freshwater in the developing countries?
• Provision of sufficient clean water for all.
• Disposal of industrial wastes without damaging the environment.
42. What are the two means of improving the quantity and quality of water?
• Using water stored in dams through hydrological cycle.
• Supplying water wherever needed.
43. What is land degradation?
• Land is degraded wherever surface water and drainage and sewage channels enter into
fresh water. Land resources of the urban areas are degraded due to indiscriminate
dumping of solid wastes and
• wastewaters in the open areas.

Lesson – 9

44. Natural disaster:

• Natural phenomena like earth quake, flood, volcano, etc,. which cause an extreme
destruction is called as natural disaster.
• It is unpredictable phenomenon that causes loss of life and property.
45. Landslide:
• Disrupted slides, falls and flows – landslides with highly jumbled materials that start on
steep slopes and soil and broken rock debris move at high speed.

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46. Resilience:
• Higher capacity to recover and adapt to a new situation is termed as “Resilience”.

47. Global warming:

• Scientific development and human activities lead to the increase in earth’s temperature.
• It causes changes in the climate.
• The global average surface temperature has been increased over the 20th Century by
about 0.6 0 C.
48.Earthquake:
• Sudden vibration of part of the earth is called as “Earthquake”.
• It causes loss of life and property.

49. Desertification:
• Desertification is an extension of land under desert/ semi- desert .
• It is a man- made phenomena.
• It is caused by the deforestation associated with soil erosion.

Lesson – 10

50. Biodiversity:
• It is referred to the variety of flora and fauna spread on the earth.
• It describes the relationship among the living organisms.

51. Conservation of wildlife:

• The aim of protecting and preserving the wildlife is termed as conservation of wild life.
• It focuses both on the marine and terrestrial life.
52.Rain water harvesting:
• The process of augmenting the natural infiltration of rain water in to the ground by
artificial method is called as “rain water harvesting”.
• It includes the storing rain water in ponds, lakes, trenches and wells.

Five Mark Questions

Lesson –1

1. Marshy lands:
• Tropical tidal lands have become marshes.
• Sea grasses and the flowering plants are found in marshy lands.
• These plants are consumed by shell fish and shrimps.
• They filter the wastes coming from land .
• They prevent the coast from sea wave erosion.

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2.Wetlands:
• Temperate tidal lands have become marshes.
• Sea grasses and the flowering plants are seen in marshy lands.
• They are the food storage for the Temperate geese and flamingoes.
• These plants are consumed by shell fish and shrimps.
• They filter the waste coming from land .
• They prevent the coast from sea wave erosion.

3.Forest management:
• To protect the forest the following strategies are being followed:
• 1. Renewal of the watershed --- Renewing the forests of the watershed.
Such efforts are a few and at small scales.
• 2. Social forestry - The governments motivate people to grow more trees to meet their
needs of fuel woods.
Several states in India grow trees under this scheme.
• 3. Sustainable systems – Agro – forests have become sustaining systems.
Crops and trees are grown side by side.
Particular tree varieties help fix nitrogen in the soil.

Lesson –2
4. Human evolution:
• The present day humans have evolved over a long time in to the intelligent human
beings.
• New insights into human evolution: 4 Million years ago,
• The humans appeared in the dense forest of Africa and they used tools made of stones.
• About 2 lakh years ago,
• The Homosapiens must have lived in Asia
• and the evidences are :1. Human fossils have been found in Indonesia.
• 2. A skull of the Asian Homosapiens has been found in China.
• 3. Asians used tools made of bamboo.
5.Nature of Population Growth:

• At the time of Christ, the world population was estimated at less than 300 million.
• In the 18th century, it increased to 600 million.
• This growth through the ages was doubling once in 1,700 years.
• It now has acquired the capability to double in just about 30 years.
• The world’s average annual growth of population now is about 1.3 per cent.
• The developing countries double the existing population in about 30 years.

6. Marx’s Ideas on Population:

• Marx is the father of modern communism.
• He has not agreed that population growth is the reason behind the human problems.
• He believed that mismanagement of resources is the cause of human problems.
• His ideas revealed that capitalism fails in the equal distribution of work.
• This in turn causes poverty and unemployment.

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7.General Age – Sex Ratio:

• It is conical shaped
• On the basis of age, the human potential can be classified into three groups: Children,
adults and elders.
• The children and the elders are dependent on the middle aged population which is
economically active.
• The Adults form the middle aged who are economically very active.
• The broad base of children of age group 0-14 years also means that there will be very
high growth of population in the future.

Lesson –3

8.Rural Migration:

• People from rural areas migrate to cities in search of jobs.

• Their migration is not always in response to economic compulsions.
• People migrate also in response to educational and administrative needs.
• The present day generation moves into towns and cities in an exodus for higher studies
and employment opportunities.
• The population of Chennai increases day by day in this manner.
9.Urban Sprawl:

In any urban growth, sub - urbanization is also a part.

Suburban growth occurs primarily along the transport corridors, of roads and railways.
Developments in transport have been responsible for such a growth and expansion.
Because of competition and demand for space, people from the city centre
move towards the fringes.
At the same time, private developers build houses in the small towns and villages nearby.

10. Million Cities:

The cities with one million or more population are termed as the Million Cities.
There are 180 Million cities now.
Most Million cities are the capitals, ports and multi-functional.
Some of these settlements were the earlier capitals.
For example, Leningrad, Rio-de-Janeiro and Kolkata.

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Lesson –4

11. Quaternary Industries:

These are the industrial activities that help the activities under the earlier three sectors.
These include education, research, administration, financial management, legal activities
and medicine besides several others.
The activities of this group of industries are not linked to commodities and products,
rather these are linked to people.
High quality skills and training are especially needed in the Quaternary sector.

12. Functional Linkage:

These activities are all integrated by their functions and this is designated as the
‘functional linkage’.
The raw materials needed for an industry come from another industry.
Similarly, the products manufactured by one industry are marketed by another industry.

13. Industrial Regions:

Clustered areas of concentration of industries are known as the ‘industrial regions’.
In Coimbatore and Madurai of Tamil Nadu, there is a concentration of textile units.
e.g. The Ruhr industrial region in Germany and the Great Lakes industrial regions of the
United States of America.

Lesson –5

14. Trade Balance:

The value of the currency of a country depends on its ‘trade balance’.
It is the difference in money value of the commodities exported to and that of the
commodities imported from any given country.
When the value of the commodities imported by a country is lesser than the value of the
commodities exported by it, then that country is said to have a ‘favourable trade balance’.
If it is the reverse of it, then it is said to be an ‘unfavourable trade balance’.
In the countries like Japan and the United States of America, export is far higher than the
import. Hence, they have a favourable trade balance.
15. benefits of Trade Blocs:
• Tariff reduction among the members and fast development.
• Trade restrictions to other countries.
• Members as single bloc to gain economic strength and achieve bargaining
power.
• Easy flow of commodities among them.
• Export of surplus products to others than member countries.
• Preference is given to produce commodities which have favourable geographical
and cultural conditions.
• Achieving political unity through trade blocs, avoiding wars hence, economic
cooperation will prevail.

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16. Trade Trap:

There is no equality in the trade between the developed and the less developed countries.
The less developed countries are dependent on resources and agricultural products for
their trade.
The profits from the sale of these are used in the purchase of manufactured products and
development technologies.
Trade balance, therefore, is favourable to the developed countries and unfavourable to the
developing countries.
This pushes the developing countries into a deprivation which acts as a trap.
This trap is commonly referred to as the ‘Trade Trap’.

Lesson –6

17. TGV Train:

Transport developments lessen the value of travel distance day by day.
TGV train runs between Paris and Lyons. The distance between Paris and Lyons is 462
km which is covered in 2 hours..
The speed of the TGV train is 270 km/hour.
The TGV has been in operation since 1983.
This train is run by a computer and without driver.

18. Sea (bed) tunnel ways:

The recent development in the rail traffic is the opening of the ‘sea tunnel ways’.
The best example is the one between London and Paris.
This has three tunnels in function.
This rail transport began in 1994.
This is an example of human ingenuity and technology.
19. The Cargo Traffic:

They are sent mostly through tankers (oil) and containers for safety.
In this mode, all commodities are put into the containers and sent as container cargoes.
The light and perishable commodities are transported through the airways.
The containers are very useful in the export and import.
This is safe and more compact for transport.
Liquid commodities such as milk, water and petrol are being transported.

20. Information exchange:

Production and trade in commodities are the bases of the economy of any country.
Information exchange is the basic need to facilitate better and higher production and
trade.
The amount of information exchange depends very much on the economic development.

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With the increase in demand for more information and exchange, the means of exchange
also develop.
It is carried out by the railways, seaways and airways for far off places.

Lesson –7
21. GIS Solutions:

RRSSCs provide turnkey solutions under varieties of situations.

The centres not only provide quality training but also involve in providing GIS solutions
in majors national missions and user specific projects.
Customized GIS solutions, Database Design and Development are the key areas of
specialization.
Help for Land and water resources development planning.
Help for Urban and regional planning and Infrastructure planning.

22.Geo stationary satellites:

• They collect information about larger areas of the earth surface at regular time interval.
• They are placed in space at an average altitude of 36000 km above the Equator.
• They advance in the same direction and speed as that of the rotation of the earth.
• Example, INSAT which collects weather data and it is telecast in the television.
• Based on the information collected, it can forecast the weather condition of an area.
• Minor elements of the earth cannot be seen by.

Lesson –8

23.Reasons for the decline of the quality of water:

• The quality of water has declined by the economic activities of man.
• Increase of population, agriculture and industrial activities have increased the need of
fresh water.
• Rainfall has declined by the change of climatic condition.
• Bio degradation and salination through irrigation have declined the quality of water.
• Solid wastes from industries have declined the quality of water.
• In the future, reduction of oxygen and acidification of water sources would become acute
crisis.

24. Water Ethics:

It is a moral responsibility for all of us to use the water resources without wasting and
contaminating it.
Water should not be wasted and polluted when it is used.
Distribution with justice is ,in effect ,good water ethics.
It is also important to be concerned with the needs of others who have the compulsion to
use it just as we do.

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25. Negative impacts of Aswan Dam:

The Aswan Dam is in Egypt.

The dam which once made the lands of the command very fertile causes sediments in the
Nasar Lake.
The brick kiln operators of Cairo do not get adequate raw materials for their brick
production.
Heavier clayey and sandy sediments, amounting as much as 100 million tons, got
deposited in the command area.
Land salination and water-logging have increased.

Lesson –9

26..Effects of Floods:
River water overflows when it is flooded
Cultivable lands are destroyed
Flood plain is made by flood
People living near the bank of the river loose life and property.
Settlements located near the catchment areas get submerged.

Additional question:

27.Phases of the Disaster Management :

Mitigation – Minimizing the damage hazards can cause.
Preparation – Tasks performed before disaster occurs.
Response – Actions taken after the disaster.
Recovery – Repairing the damage , leads into mitigation and make a cycle.

One Mark Question-Answers

Lesson –1

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Micro organisms that float in the seas Planktons.
2. The organism that swims and belongs to the species of whales Nectons.
3. Coniferous forests are a Taiga Ecosystem.
4. Steppe is a temperate grassland biome.
5. Corals is the world’s ancient biome.

Choose the Correct Answer:

6. The biospheric plant and animal communities that are confined to a territory.
a) Biomes b) Ecosystem c) Ecology d) Earth

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7. The plant biomes that are found beneath the seas.

a) Plankton b)Nectons c) Benthos d) Corals
8. Equatorial rain forests, tropical deciduous forests.
a) Tropical biomes b) Desert biomes c) Taiga biomes d) Savannah biomes
9. A contiguous stretch of biome around the poles.
a) Tropical seas b) Cold desertc) Temperate regions d) Grasslands
10. Temperate tidal lands.
a) Wet lands b) Grass lands c) Marshy lands d) Waste lands

Lesson –2

Fill in the Blanks:

11. The African Homo Sapiens used tools made of stone whereas Asian used those made of
bamboo.
12. The nomads who moved out of Central Asia transformed the Roman and Chinese
civilizations.
13. When working potential of a country is fully utilized, it would develop the industries and
Quality of life and all other sectors.
14. Age sex Pyramids help us to understand working potential
15. In Africa and Latin America, poverty and mal nutrition are the drastic problems.
16. The population numbers theory was first propounded by Malthus.

Choose the Correct Answer:

17. The growth rate of the world population is:
a) Low b) High c) Moderate d) Very High
18. The reason why the developing countries are unable to exploit their entire working potential
is:
a) Small population numbers b) Lack of essential services
c) Lack of resources d) Absence of hard work

19. The most populous country in the world today is:

a) India b) USA c) China d) Japan

Match the Following:

20. Progressive age structure - Developed economy (21)
21. Regressive age structure - Declining economy (20)
22. Intermediate age structure - Population explosion (23)
23. Malthus’ theory - Capitalism and resources mismanagement (24)
24. Marx’s idea - Developing economy (22)

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Lesson –3
Fill in the Blanks:
25. Human habitats are called settlements.
26. Locational characteristics of a settlement give it pattern of settlements.
27. The place where a settlement is located is site.
28. The city along the Thames River is London.
29. The important feature of a rural settlement is known as villages.
30. The cities with more than a million population are called Million cities.
31. The proponent of Central Place Theory is Walter Christaller.
32. The reason for suburban development is transport.
33. Market settlements have the hexogonal shape.
34. The factors that determine the location of a settlement is site and situation.

Choose a correct Answer:

35. The minimum population required for a commodity to be sold in the market.
a) 0-50 b)50 -100 c) 100-200 d) 200-300
36. Rural population migrating to urban areas.
a) Purchase things b) Jobs c) Recreation c) Luxurious Life

37. The settlements situated in the flood plains and alluvial fans.
a) Compact b) Nucleated c) Grouped d) High land settlement
38. The villages with farmsteads and hamlets.
a) Urban b) Rural c) Compact d) Nucleated
39. The theory based on markets.
a) Market theory b) Goods theory c) Central place theory d) Malthus theory

Lesson –4

Fill in the Blanks:

40. An industry obtains its raw materials from another industry is referred to as input linkage.
41. The place where demand and supply of a commodity meet is known as market.
42. Weber’s theory is known as the industrial location theory.
43. Transport cost is determined by the weight of materials and distance.
44. ‘Weight-gaining industry’ is seen located at market.

Choose the correct Answer:

45. The activity that obtains its resources directly from the nature.
a) primary industries b) secondary industries c) tertiary industries c)
quaternary industries
46. The links that are established for selling the consumer products.
a) input linkage b) output linkage c) strong linkage d) weak
linkage
47. Theory that explains the location of industry.
a) Weber’s Theory b) Christaller Theory c) Vonthunan Theory d) Malthus Theory

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48. The state in which the four industries are inter-linked.

a) Input linkage b) Output linkage c) Functional linkage d) Strong linkage

49. Regions with industrial concentrations.

a) Desert regions b) Forest regions
c) Mountain regions d) Raw material available region

Lesson –5

Fill in the Blanks:

50. In ancient times, trade was by Barter system.
51. The value of a country’s currency depends on its Trade Balance.
52. The trade that occurs within the limits of a country is known as Internal Trade.
53.ASEAN was established in the year 1967
54. The process by which the less developed countries are pushed to poverty is known as Trade
trap.

Choose a correct Answer:

55. The trade between the countries of the world.
a) Rural Trade b) Bilateral Trade c) International Trade d) Local Trade
56. The trade in which a country exports to another and buys the commodities it requires from
the third with the money received from its exports.
a) Trade Bloc. b) Multilateral Trade c) Bilateral of Trade d) Internal Trade
57. The trade in which one good is exchanged for another.
a) Barter b) Special Drawing Right c) Balance of Trade d) Dunkel Agreement
58. The goods produced in excess of a country’s own needs.
a) Deficit b) Surplus b) Excess d) Export
59. The trade that takes place daily or on a specific week day within a place.
a) Rural Trade b) Local Trade c) Internal Trade d) Bilateral Trade

Lesson –6

Fill in the Blanks:

60. Transport is between Demand and Supply centres.
61. In a transport network, there are nodes and edges.
62. The recent development in railway transport is the sea bed Tunnel way traffic.
63. Air craft is useful for travelling long distances in a short while.
64. The most intensive air passenger transport is between New York and Los Angeles.
65. Broadcasting has given way to narrow casting.
66. Languages are being used in the local and regional communications.
67. In telecommunication, the information is exchanged through symbols.
68. The first ever man-made satellite of the world is sputnik-I.
69. Computers are used in telecommunications in two important ways.

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Choose the Correct Answer:

70. That which is carried on by the roads, rails, sea routes, river ways, air routes and
telecommunications.
People ,goods and services / Vehicles.
71. The structure that not only connects the places on the earth but also helps in the travel,
movement and information exchange – Infrastructures / Transport web.
72. That which connects one level of road with another – Junctions / Nodes
73. The carrier that transports armies and medical personnel, quickly to the needy –
Air buses / Helicopters.
74. That which is taken in tankers and containers – Oils / Milk./ Goods
75. As it is a two-way as well as a communication without codes, it has no parallel – Wireless /
Telephones.
76. A human designed, remote sensing equipment – Sensor / Camera.
77. It receives the sound waves from the air and converts them into the programmes we hear –
Radio /Television.
78. It is a method of long distance communication using signal language - Telegraph / Telefax .
79. It is reception-room entertainment equipment which telecasts programmes in cinematic mode
– Television / Video.
Lesson –7

Fill in the Blanks:

80. The two types of remote sensing are aerial and satellite remote sensing.
81. First of the aerial photographs were taken from balloons.
82. The source of world’s energy is the sun.
83. The terrestrial energy is recorded by sensors and camera platforms, in remote sensing.
84. The electrical signals from the satellites are converted as digital numbers.
85. The RRSSCs provide software solutions through a package called cape works.
86. NRIS forms the core information system for the NNRMS.
87. Department of space is the nodal department in the Government of India for evolution and
establishment of Natural Resources Management System.
88. RRSSC are involved in the generation of precision products and groundwater prospect maps.
89. The national mission wherein remote sensing techniques are used to provide pre-harvest
estimates on is crop acreage and production estimation.

Choose the correct answer:

90. An organization which has an ambitious program of remote sensing applications – ISRO /
FAO.
91. Packages for processing remotely sensed data – image processing software / state of the art
package.
92. This system has been set up by the Indian Government for the management of natural
resources – NNRMS / RRSSC
93. Sensors and instruments are used from a distance to collect the information about the earth
objects – remote sensing / observation.
94.The satellites used in collecting information regarding the movements of army troops and
location of atomic power stations are - Resource satellites / Spy satellites.

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95. The band of rays, from the emission of solar energy, which consists of Gamma rays to radio
waves – Electromagnetic spectrum / Albedo.
Lesson –8

Fill in the Blanks:

96. Water is formed with the combination of hydrogen and Oxygen.

97. Water is perceived as earth’s natural resource.
98. Most of the freshwater of the world is locked up in ice caps.
99. Globally, demand for water is increasing primarily due to population increase and
climatic changes.
100. Freshwater sources are greatly polluted by agricultural growth and related developments.
101. In Madurai district, the foothills of the Western ghats in Kambam valley are buried under
sand dunes.
102. Water ethics is a moral responsibility in terms of its utilization.
103. Water efficiency has been high in countries such as United states of America and Israel
due to the careful use of water and with respect for ethical values.
104. That part of the United States which uses drip irrigation with high efficiency is California.
105. The countries that benefit from the Niles are Egypt and Sudan.

Choose the Correct Answer:

106. The region where groundwater is the most efficiently recharged.
a) Dense forest b) Grasslands c) Deserts d) Agricultural lands
107. The region where the Amazon and the Congo traverse is
a) Temperate region b) Polar regionc) Equatorial region d) Subtropical region
108. Per capita domestic water in the developed countries is:
a) 100 litres b) 200 litres c) 300 litres d) 400 litres
109. The river in dispute between Brazil and Argentina is
a) La Plata b) Orinoco c) Mississippi d) Missouri
110. The country which has achieved potable water supply for all her people is:
a) Malaysia b) Sudan c) Niger d) Malawi

Match the Following:

111. River blindness
112. Drinking water scarcity
113. Nuclear reactors
114. Tanning industry
115. Dams
- Multi-purpose resource (115)
- Radioactive ash (113)
- Black flies (111)
- Population growth (112)
- Ambur (114)

Lesson –9

Fill in the Blanks:

116. Hazard plus vulnerability make a disaster.
117. The DPAP is a central Government sponsored scheme.
118. In a disaster, if people are prepared to know how to respond to it, then half the risk is
eliminated.

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119. Desertification trends are evaluated by means of NDVI.

120. Disasters disrupt to get out of this circle is development.
121. Hazards cause disasters only when they meet with vulnerable people.
122. Resilience is the higher capacity to recover and adapt to a new situation.
123. Emergency is declared caution.
124. “Don’t Make Things Worse” is the guiding principle in preparedness for disasters.
125. The Sahel is a narrow band of desert in West Africa.

Choose the Correct Answer

126. Poverty is:

a) Disaster b) Vulnerability c) Hazard d) Emergency
127. The warmest decade of the 20th century:
a) 1990s b) 1920s c) 1970s d) 1950s
128. NDVI is based on:
a) Field level data b) Secondary data c) Interview data d) Satellite data
129. The Sahel enjoyed a notably wet decade in:
a) 1930s b) 1940s c) 1950s d) 1960s
130. New analyses of proxy data for the Northern Hemisphere indicate that the increase in
temperature in the 20th century is likely to have been:
a) The largest of any century b) The lowest of the last 100 years
c) The smallest of the past 1,000 years d) The largest of 19th century

Match the Following:

131. Hazard - Capacity to recover (132)
132. Resilience - Hot desert (134)
133. Cholera - Disaster (131)
134. Rajasthan - Flood (135)
135. Haiti - Acute infection of the gut (133)

Lesson –10

Fill in the Blanks:

136. Global loss in biodiversity and wild places are not the stuff of environmental alarmism.
137. The two basic categories of wildlife conservation science are threat assessment and the
analysis of small animal population.
138. Overpopulation and the subsequent resource depletion are believed to be the cause of the
collapse of the Mayan civilization in the tenth century.
139. The first significant development in environment and conservation took place in 19th
century.
140. Henry David Thoreau suggested that humans should strive for environmental wisdom.
141. Irrigation accounts for 70 per cent of the world’s water use.
142. In Canada (country), water is metered in approximately two-thirds of the municipalities.
143. India has 2.1 trillion cubic meters of freshwater every year.
144. Interstate River Linkages is the present talk of India.

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145. The general failure of natural resource managers in managing biological resources noted by
Ludwig and Hilborn.

Choose the Correct Answer:

146. The President of Sierra Club:

(a) John Muir (b) Theodore Roosevelt (c) George Bush (d) Indira Gandhi
147. World wildlife fund was established in:
(a) 1965 (b) 1961 (c) 1978 (d) 1254
148. The First Earth Day was celebrated in:
(a) United Kingdom (b) The United States (c) Israel (d) Sierra Leone
149. Johannesburg 2002 United Nations’ Conference was on:
(a) Software development (b) Transport development
(c) Sustainable development (d) Community development
150. The techniques that reduce the amount of water applied to crops:
(a) Hydroponics (b) Automated irrigation
(c) Macro irrigation (d) Micro irrigation

Match the Following:

151.Kyoto Protocol - 1988 (152)
152.Earth Share - 67 countries (151)
153.Saudi Arabia - 25 to 50 per cent (154)
154.Leakage of water in urban areas - Former Soviet Union (155)
155.Amu Darya River - 1987
- 75% underground water (153)

Additional Questions
I Choose the Correct Answer
1.
a. It is almost 1000 million years since life forms appeared on the surface of the earth.
b. It is almost 1000 crone years since life forms appeared, on the surface of the earth.
c. It is almost 1000 billion years since life forms appeared, on the surface of the earth.
2.
a. Waves, however, hamper coral growth.
b. Tides however hamper coral growth.
c. Ocean currents however hamper coral growth
3.
a. In the southern seas of India, we have Barrier reefs. Lakshadweep islands are entirely
made of corals.
b. In the southern seas of India, we have fringing reefs. Lakshadweep islands are
entirely made of corals.
c. In the southern seas of India, we have Atoll reefs. Lakshadweep islands are entirely made
of corals.

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4.
a. Civilizations emerged some 500 years ago.
b. Civilizations emerged some 5000 years ago.
c. Civilizations emerged some 10000 years ago.
5.
a. The earth was a sphere.
b. The earth was a ellipse.
c. The earth was a flat.
6.
a. The working potential of a country can be detected from the national production.
b. The working potential of a country can be detected from the national income.
c. The working potential of a country can be detected from the shape of the age-sex
profile.
7.
a. In India, houses are mostly built facing south as it is a monsoon land.
b. In India, houses are mostly built facing west as it is a monsoon land.
c. In India, houses are mostly built facing east as it is a monsoon land.
8.
a. Market areas of the central places are round.
b. Market areas of the central places are hexagonal.
c. Market areas of the central places are triangular.
9.
a. Developments in industry have been responsible for urban growth and expansion.
b. Developments in agriculture have been responsible for urban growth and expansion.
c. Developments in transport have been responsible for urban growth and expansion.

10
a. Weber uses a triangular structure to elaborate on his theory of industrial location
using least transport cost principle.
b. Weber uses a hexagonal structure to elaborate on his theory of industrial location using
least transport cost principle.
c. Weber uses a round structure to elaborate on his theory of industrial location using least
transport cost principle.
11.
a. According to Weber the industrial location near the raw material is more profitable than
any other.
b. According to Weber the industrial location near the fuel is more profitable than any other.
c. According to Weber the industrial location near the market is more profitable than
any other.
12.
a. Since the Industrial policy is under the control of government it plays vital role in
factors of industrial location.
b. Since the Industrial policy is under the control of private it plays vital role in factors of
industrial location.
c. Since the Industrial policy is under the control of government and private it plays vital
role in factors of industrial location.

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13.
a. Coniferous biome is found in both the hemisphere.
b. Cold desert biome is found in both the hemisphere.
c. Temperate deciduous biome is found in both the hemisphere.

14.
a. Green revolution look place in 18th century and more machines were provided.
b. Industrial revolution look place in 18th century and more machines were provided.
c. White revolution look place in 18th century and more machines were provided.

15.
a. The quality and quantity of the commodities produced in a country depends on the
technological development in that country.
b. The quality and quantity of the commodities produced in a country depends on the
working potential in that country.
c. The quality and quantity of the commodities produced in a country depends on the
demand in that country.
16.
a. The wheat that is grown in south India is sold in all parts of the country. Similarly, the
coffee that is grown mostly in north India is sold in all parts of the country.
b. The coffee that is grown in south India is sold in all parts of the country. Similarly,
the wheat that is grown mostly in north India is sold in all parts of the country.
c. The coffee that is grown in south India is sold in south India. Similarly, the wheat that is
grown mostly in north India is sold in north India.

17.
a. The plantation crops such as coffee and tea are grown on the plains.
b. The plantation crops such as coffee and tea are grown on the mountain peak.
c. The plantation crops such as coffee and tea are grown on the hill slopes.
18.
a. All new innovations in technology use religion as the interfaces in the information
exchange.
b. All new innovations in technology use languages as the interfaces in the information
exchange.
c. All new innovations in technology use community as the interfaces in the information
exchange.

19.
a. The ‘first wave’ of revolution is the ‘industrial revolution’.
b. The ‘first wave’ of revolution is the ‘communication revolution’.
c. The ‘first wave’ of revolution is the agriculture revolution’

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20.
a. The seas are generally hot in summer and cold in winter.
b. The seas are generally cold in summer and hot in winter.
c. The seas are generally hot in summer and mild cold in winter.

Match the following

21. Sahara Desert - North America(25)

22.Kalahari desert -India(24)
23.Atacama desert -Southern Africa(22)
24.Thar desert -North Africa(21)
25.California desert -South America(23)

26.Prairies -Eurasia(27)
27.Steppe -Africa(29)
28.Pampas -North America(26)
29.Veld -Australia(30)
30.Downs -South America(28)

31.Bison -Eurasia(32)
32.Wild horse -Polar region(35)
33.Zebra -North America(31)
34.Kangaroo -South America(33)
35.Lemmings -Australia(34)

36.Himalayas -North America(37)

37.Rockies -Europe(39)
38.Andes -Asia(36)
39.Alps -Africa(40)
40.Atlas -South America(38)

41.Cradle of civilization -England(43)

42.New death -Indus civilization(44)
43. Industrial Revolution -Developed countries(45)
44.Peak of civilization -River Basins(41)
45.Regressive age structure -Cancer(42)

46.Million city -Thames(48)

47.Walter Christaller -Chennai(49)

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48.London -Delhi(50)
49.George Fort -Kolkatta(46)
50.Top level city -Central place theory(47)

51. Nerves of industries - ChotaNagpur plateau region(53)

52. Coal - Trade(54)
53.Industrial region - Transport(51)
54.Tertiary industries - Administration(55)
55. Quaternary industries - Fuel(52)

56. E.E.C. - Special drawing rights(58)

57. IMF - Value Added Tax (59)
58. SDR - World Trade Organization (60)
59. VAT - European Economic Community(56)
60. WTO - International Monetary Fund(57)

61.T.G.V. Train - Motor way in the United Kingdom(65)

62.Courier Service - Communication revolution(63)
63. Third revolution - Paris – Lyons (61)
64. Sea Tunnel Ways - Private Sector (62)
65. M25 - London – Paris(64)

66. Israel - Software solution(69)

67. New Delhi - R.R.S.S. Centre(68)
68. Bangalore - Indian Satellite(70)
69. Cape works - Indian Air force(67)
70. INSAT - Spy Satellite(66)

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Ten Mark Questions

1. Factors of Industrial Location:

The following are the basic factors of industrial location.

Raw Materials, Capital, Transport , Fuel

, Labour, Government

Raw Materials:
• Industrial productions depend upon the supply of raw materials.
• Industries depend on bulk of the raw materials for production are located in the places of
raw materials.
• Secondary industries are all located in the places of raw materials.
Capital:
• No industry could function without capital.
• To buy the land where industry is to be set up, raw materials, office equipment and to pay
wages, we need the capital.
Transport:
• To transport raw materials to the industrial site and the finished products to the market,
we need transport.
Fuel:
• For every industry, fuel is the most important need.
• Industries are dependent on the location of coal, petroleum, hydroelectricity and atomic
power.
• They are easily transported .
Labour:
• The size of an industry is determined by the number of labour employed by it.
• Availability of labour and their skill determine the productivity of an industry.

Government:
• Economic and political factors affect industrial production.
• Industrial policy of the government has the industrial production.
2. Water a valuable resource:
• Water is a valuable resource.
• Although it is obtained as a free resource, it has high economic value.
• In its use, there is no place for selfishness.
• As it is increasingly becoming scarce, there is a need for greater
attention in its use.
• Water quality must be protected.
• The individuals and the people have an equal responsibility.
• It is good to understand others’ thinking and act in an integrated
manner in the management of water resources.

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3. Role of Geographical Factors in Trade:

The role of Geographical Factors in Trade are
Geology. Climate Population ,
Stage of Technological Development , Culture.

• The structures and characteristics of rocks of a region depend on the nature of geology of
that region. They differ from place to place.
• Some minerals are found in some countries alone.
• Depending upon the nature of the land patterns, the agricultural products also vary.

Climate:

• Every agricultural product requires a certain set of climatic conditions.

• For example, sugarcane in tropical areas and oats and barley in the temperate areas are
grown in their respective climatic areas.

Population:
• The commodities produced in a country are exported only after they have satisfied the
demands of the people of that country and a surplus is left over.
• That is why, whether a commodity is in excess of demand or in deficit, is based on the
number of population.

Stage of Technological Development:

• The quality and quantity of the commodities produced in a country depends on the
technological development of the country.
• The developed countries manufacture highly valuable machineries and consumer
products.
• The developing countries export raw materials.
• Hence, developing countries have low incomes.

Culture:
• Some products are manufactured in accordance with the culture and heritage of an area.
• Example, Thanjavur plates, brass vessels of Kumbakonam, silk of Kanchipuram
4.Malthus’s population theory:
• Thomas Robert Malthus propounded the population theory.
• It was based on the effect of population increase after the Industrial revolution in
England.
Assumptions:
• Humankind has great potential for the reproduction.
• In agriculture, the law of diminishing returns operates.
• Food is important in the survival of human beings.
• The intimacy between men and women cannot be avoided.

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• Food production increases arithmetically as 1,2 3,4 while population grows

Geometrically as 1,2,4,8, and so on.
• The population growth is controlled in two ways as follows;
Natural control:
• Droughts
• epidemics
Man – made control:
• Poverty
• Food shortage
• Lack of child care
• World wars
Means of population control:
• Increasing marriageable age.
• Humans must encourage child births depending primarily upon the their ability to provide
and protect their children.
• Human must exercise self control.
5.Classify the settlements. Write about Rural and Urban settlements.
• Based on the functions of the settlements they are divided into two basic types: 1. Rural
settlements and 2. Urban settlements.
I. Rural settlements:
• There are several types of rural settlements. Farm sheds and hamlets form rural
settlements.
• Typical form of rural settlements is the villages.
• Villages are classified on the basis of the site, size and form as follows:
Compact village:
• The houses and buildings are found packed together.
• High density of population is the direct cause of such compactness.
Nucleated village:
• These villages are grown around some nuclei.
• The nuclei may be a pond, lake or a temple.
Grouped or bunched village.:
• A family leaves a village and settles down in an another place.
• Over time, there emerge several houses around it to make a new village.
Twin Village:
• The settlements form in two definable parts .
• These parts may be found either side of a bridge or on the up and down slope of the hills.

II. Urban settlements:

Million cities:
• ‘Million cities’ are those which hold a million or more population.
• There are 180 million cities now.
• Most million cities are the capitals, ports and multi-functional.
• Some of these settlements were the earlier capitals.
• For example, Leningrad, Rio-de-Janeiro and Kolkata.

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6. Write in detail about Weber’s Industrial location theory?

• Weber uses a triangular structure to elaborate on his theory of industrial location using
least transport cost principle.
• The two corners of the triangle defined by the base line represent the places where raw
materials are found (R1 and R2)
• M is the market and P is the industrial location.
1. Resources Locations (R1, R2)
2. Market Location (M)
3. Nature of Finished Products (bulky, weight losing, weight Gaining)

4. Transport Costs

M If the industry is located at the raw material source R1, then raw
Material R2 must be transported to industrial location R1 and the
Finished products must be transported to the market M. This would
P result in the increased transport cost.
R1 R2

M If the industry is located near the raw materialR2 , the transport cost
would be as high as in R1. If the Industry (P) is located
at M, then R1 and R2 resources must be transported to market
M. This would also increase transport costs.

P
R1 R2

M On the other hand ,if the industry is located in between R1

,R2 and M, the transport cost to bring the raw materials from R1
and R2 is equal. Transport cost involved in transporting finished
P products to the market decreases because of the small distance to
market M (if transport cost is assumed to increase with distance).
R1 R2
M
In the final analysis, the transport cost for
raw materials to the industrial location P and the finished products
P to Market M from P together is the least when industry is located
at P. Hence, there is a chance for increased profit for the industry.
R1 R2

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7. Describe the types of Trade:

Trade geographically may be classified as follows.

Internal trade, Local trade, Rural trade

International trade, Bilateral trade, Multilateral trade

Internal Trade.
• The trade that occurs within the limit of a country is called the internal trade.
• It includes the retail and wholesale traders.

Local Trade.
• It is a trade that occurs either on a daily basis or on some week days, within a place.
• For example, the daily markets of the towns and cities and the weekly market
Rural Trade.
• All commodities required by the parts of a country are not normally produced in all parts
of that country.
• For example, the coffee that is grown in south India is sold in all parts of the country.
International Trade.
• It is a trade between the countries of the world.
• No country can exist in isolation.
• They have to import the commodities they do not produce.
• Generally, agricultural and mineral products are exported from the developing to the
developed countries.

Bilateral Trade.
In this trade, a country gives a commodity it has in surplus to another in return for an
equally valuable commodity it requires directly from that country.

Multilateral Trade.
In this trade, a country exports commodities it produces to another and gets what it
requires from another country using the money it receives from the importer of its commodities.

8. Describe the means of water pollution

There are multiple causes for water pollution.
1. Water draining from agricultural lands, carries chemical pollutants;
2. Wastewater disposal in urban areas;
3. Industrial wastewater disposal;
4. emission of heat from atomic plants
5. Dumping of wastes and chemicals in to the oceans.

Agricultural Wastewaters
Modern agriculture uses chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides. It has been estimated
that 83 per cent of the sea and ocean pollutants have human activity origins.
Urban Wastewaters

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With urbanization, scarcities in basic amenities have become the order of the day. There appears
to be no plan for proper disposal of wastewaters from urban activities. For example, the rivers
such as the Coovum and Adyar carry domestic wastewater.
Industrial Wastewaters
Hazardous wastewaters from industries are also drained into the rivers and reach the oceans. As a
consequence, the recycled water from the hydrological cycle is also a pollutant and contains
contaminated traces.
Atomic Wastes, Oil Spills and Water Pollution
The countries which produce atomic energy claim that the production is for peaceful purposes
but they dump the radioactive ashes along the coast, marsh lands and estuaries.

9. What are the causes for the drinking water scarcity?

Several reasons for the drinking water scarcity.
o Urbanization
o Industrialization.
Urbanization
• Villages turn into towns, towns into cities and cities into metropolises, in course of time.
• Towns develop industries and generate employment.
• As a result, people from villages go into town in search of jobs.
• water scarcity increases as urban population increases.
• Drinking water scarcity becomes acute in the metropolitan cities of New Delhi, Mumbai,
Calcutta and Chennai.
• Drinking water for Chennai has been stored in the suburban lakes such as the
Chembarapakkam, Puzhal (Redhills) and other sources.
• Industrialization and other related developments lead to contamination of the freshwater
sources.

Industrialization
• The main cause of water scarcity is industrial development.
• Industries use water as coolant and solvent.
• water scarcity increases in the industrial areas as the water storage is limited.
• This is so because the cities are becoming entirely built-up areas, with no provision made for
the construction of adequate storage.

10. Discuss the progressive and regressive age structures.

Progressive Age Structure:
Above

65 years

15-64

0-14

Male Female

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• In pyramids such as these, there is an indication of high birth and death rates.
• Of the total population, 55 per cent will account for children of 0-14 years while 10 per
cent will account for old people.
• The rest of 35 per cent is the economically active population.
• There will be high adult mortality and high infant mortality rates.
• With no proper and adequate medical and health care, the children of 1-6 years die in
large numbers.
• Lack of adequate health workers, insanitation, lack of or no immunization practices and
little or no use of medicines cause death of children of young ages.

Regressive Age Structure:

Above

65
years

15-64

0-14

Male Female

• In countries with such age pyramids, there will low birth and death rates.
• Children will account for 30 per cent of the total population while the older people
account for 15 per cent of the total population.
• However, the economically active will account for 55 per cent of the total population.
• As the economically active people account for higher proportion, these countries are
economically developed.
• The needs of the dependent, non-working population are satisfied with ease.
• Increasing number of the aged indicates to problems of social security and old age
protection in the future.
• Equal importance is given for education , health and nutrition of the people.
• There are reports indicating one million Europeans being locked up in the mental
asylums.

11. Write a reasonable account of desertification in Sahel.

• The Sahel is a narrow band of West Africa between 150 N and 18° N, between the Sahara
to the north and savannah (grass and open forest) and equatorial forest to the south.
• It extends from Senegal , 15° W, across Mali and Niger, to about 15° E.

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• It receives less rainfall during but active at wet season, from late June to mid September.
• The forest cover is scanty due to less rain fall.
• the vegetation is stunted as a result of high temperature and less rain fall.
• Soil erosion affects the productivity adversely.
• Overgrazing always is the most prevalent in these regions.
• It is concluded that the formation of desert is not a single self-aggravating process, but is
complex, reflecting changes of both climate and human activities.
12. Objectives and functions of Regional Remote Sensing Service Centres :
Objectives :
• Provide facilities for digital image analysis and GIS to the users.
• Develop and demonstrate techniques in the new areas of applications.
• Train the Scientists of agencies in Remote sensing.
Functions:
• User application projects.
• Application validation projects and technology development projects.
• Software development and customization.
• Training and education.
• Expert advice towards promotion of technology in the country.
Centers of RRSSC:
• Kharagpur ____________ Eastern region
• Jodhpur _____________ Western region
• Dehradun _____________ Northern region
• Bangalore _____________ Southern region
• Nagpur ______________ Central region

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MAPS
1. TROPICAL FOREST

TROPICAL FOREST

1. This includes the rain forests of the equatorial region and the tropical deciduous forests.
2. In the equatorial regions of high temperature and high rains, there is profuse tree growth.
3. These supply oxygen to the atmosphere in large quantities
4. As the tropical rain forests are thick, there are marshes.
5. Large animals live at the edge of these forests.
or

Tropical Biome:
This includes the tropical rain forests and the tropical deciduous forests.
It has high temperature and high rainfall.
The trees are tall and evergreen.
As the tropical rain forests are thick, there are marshes.
Large animals live at the edges of these forests.
For example, the gorillas, the monkeys and the leopard.

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2.TEMPERATE FOREST

TEMPERATE FOREST

• These biomes are in the continental interiors of the Mid - latitudes.

• Here the winter is mildly warmer and the summer is mildly hot.
• The annual rainfall is regular and high.
• It is here the brownish forest soils are found.
• There live deer, bear, panther, red fox and squirrel.
• In recent times they have been occupied by the humans and have been converted
into settlements and dairy forms.

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3.WORLD DESERTS

WORLD DESERTS

1. They are rain deficient regions.

2. They are found in areas with less than 250mm of rainfall.
3. They may be classified as arid and semi arid deserts, hot and cold deserts.
4. A few people are living at the desert area.
5. Animals and plants are a very few.

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4.CONIFEROUS FOREST

CONIFEROUS FOREST
1. Coniferous forests are called Taiga forest.
2. The climate conditions are short summers and long winters.
3. There are the highly acidic pod sol soils in this region.
4. Caribou and Rodents are in abundance.
5. The tribes here have hunting and fishing as the most important activities.

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5. SOUTH EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES

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5. SOUTH EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES

SOUTH EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES

1. This was established in 1967

2. Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines and Singapore are the members of this
organization.
3. Trade is rapidly increasing.
4. Agricultural product and natural resources are exported to Japan and Western
countries.

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World Regions of Earthquakes

World Regions of Earthquakes :

• The major earthquakes occur in association with volcanic eruption.
• They occur in the plate boundaries.
• The following are a few examples of earthquakes: California(1994),
Turkey(1999), India(2001)
• The earthquakes are measured by the Richter Scale
• If the damages caused by the earthquakes are not rectified immediately, it
will lead to the spread of Epidemic diseases.

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