MANAJEMEN SUMBER DAYA AIR TERPADU

MTSH 203
 IWRM is a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and
related resources in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner
without compromising the sustainability of vital eco systems (GWP’s definition)
Suatu proses yang mempromosikan koordinasi pengembangan dan pengelolaan air, tanah dan
sumberdaya terkait dalam rangka tujuan untuk mengoptimalkan resultan ekonomi dan kesejahteraan
sosial dalam sikap yang cocok/tepat tanpa mengganggu kestabilan dari ekosistem-ekosistem penting
(GWP, 2001)

Simple mathematical model:

max f(e,s,l)
s.t . g(e,s,l) ≤ w,r
e,s,l ≥ 0
Notes:
e=economy
s=social
l=ecology
w=available water
r=other resources

Savenije H.H.G., (2000), Water resources management: concepts and tools. IHE
1. Milestones for Evolution of WR Management
WSSD 1 Brazil
Dublin Principles WWF 2 WWF 3 WWF 4
1992 2000 2003 2006

1933 WWF 1 WSSD 2 NARBO WWF 5

Tennessee Valley Authority 1960s 1980s 1997 2002 2004 2009
(TVA) Comprehensive/Overall Integrated WR
Integrated Mississippi River River Basin Development Development and Management
(Minnesota – Florida) (RBO)
Equity, Conflict Resolution 1970s
1950s Integrated WR
Multiple Purpose Development
River Basin

Reformasi Kebijakan Sektor

Perencanaan Serbaguna Pengairan 1999
Wilayah Sungai
PP 22/1982 Tata Pengaturan Air

Lokakarya PWS dan PDAS Terpadu Seminar Cisarua 1992

(Jogja, 1985)
Pilot Basin Progo-Opak-Oyo 1992
PJT 1 Brantas 1989
Proyek Pengembangan Balai PSDA Provinsi 1995
Wilayah Sungai
PJT 2 Jatiluhur 1998
UU 11/1974 Pengairan

Lokakarya DAS Terpadu

(Cibogo, 1978)
2. Milestones of Political Era in Indonesia
IWRM
1992

Reformation
New Order

Independence

Colonial Era

Kerajaan
3. Development of WR Policy until 1990s
Five Years
Development Plan
(Pelita I – VI, 1969 - 1998)
Large Scale Irrigation,
Pelita 1956 - 1960 River Management 1990
Guided Demoracy New Order Period
Ulu-Ulu 8 years plan
(Central & East Java) Cultuurstelsel
Tuo Banda & Siak Bandar (Java, 1830)
Large Scale Investment, Prosida 1970
(West Sumatra) Irrigation Division, 1889
Subak Ethical Policy Multipurpose
(Bali) (Java, Sumatra, 1905) Independence Period Rice Self Sufficiency 1984
Raksabumi Waterschap
(West Java), (Central Java, 1905) One River One Plan
Malar & Ponggawa Estate System, Large Scale, (Brantas 1980)
(Sumbawa) Adoption of Technology (Bengawan Solo 1981)
Tudung Sipulung Irrigation Projects Jratunseluna (1982),
(South Sulawesi) Colonial period (21 Projects, 11 Provinces),
Kejruen Blang Jatiluhur, Selorejo, Karang Kates Small Scale Irrigation Transfer 1987
(Aceh) (started)
Local & Traditional Transfer Basin Citarum – Groundwater Irrigation 853 projects
Sampean River Ciliwung, - Cilalanang
Irrigation and Drainage (East Java), (East Java)
Ancient period Katulampa
(West Java)
ChandraBagha Canal, Lengkong Weir
Bekasi (500 AD) (East Java)
 4. Milestones of WR Management in Indonesia

Fact 1: National policy and development program

Water Law 11/74 WatRes Law 7/04

Government
vs
Community
Pelita 1 Pelita 3 RPJM 1
(land, river, irrigation) (irrigation & swamp) (all aspects)
Dev’t Plan 56-60 Pelita 2 Pelita 6
(multipurpose, irrigation) (irrigation, river-swamp) (conserv, supply, river, irrig,, swamp)

Fact 2: Evolution of Paradigm

[Late 80s] [2001]
ONE RIVER BASIN ONE SINGLE PLAN INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
(RB Boundary, Swamp, Water Quality) (BWRM/P, Balais, Comdev)
[1980] [1994]
ONE RIVER ONE PLAN ONE RIVER, ONE INTEGRATED PLAN, ONE INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT
(Brantas, B.Solo, JratunSeluna) (Provincial Balais, BWRP/M, PTPA)
5. Irrigation Generation in Modern Era of Indonesia
GENERATION TRIGGER/MOTIVATION
First Generation  Food self-sufficiency
(…. – 1949)  Infrastructure technology
Community Irrigation
Second Generation  Rice self-sufficiency
(1950 - 2004)  Green Technology Revolution
Water Development (multipurpose  Water-based Regional Development
dam, irrigation, swamp, flood control) (TVA),
Third Generation (2004…)  International Concern and Pressure
Integrated WR Management on WR management
 National Commitment (UU No 7,
2004)
Source: Effendi Pasandaran, 2009
Water Law (11/1974) and Government Regulation

Water Resources Law (7/2004) and Government Regulation

REGULATION 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
WR Law (7/2004)
1 PP Drink Water (16/2005)
2 PP Irrigation (20/2006)
3 PP WR Management (42/2008)
4 PP GroundWater (43/2008)
5 PP Dams (37/2010)

……we’ve been well prepared in policy and regulation……….

coming up next:
Significant progress with increasing challenges
1. Re-organization of River Basin Management Unit
No. 39/PRT/1989 1989 Established 90 river basins:
• Province : 73
• National : 15 (+ 2 partially with PJT)
• PJT : 2 (partially)

1996  23 Balai PSDA (Province)

 15 Strategic Project (National)
2003  21 Balai (Java) ; 18 Balai (others)

No. 11A/PRT/M/2006 2006 Established 133 river basins:

• National : 69
• Province : 51
• District : 13

2008  31 BWS/BBWS (National)

Now  Province/District Balai? PJT?

Q: Re-centralization?
National Basin = National Level Manager?
2. Level of Intervention and Management
No. 12/PRT/M/2006 BWS/BBWS (National, MPW) 31 units
No. 13/PRT/M/2006
• Functions: Management & Implementation
Public Works • Clear authority within the basin
• Not covers all regions: separate from
Province & District RB units
• Provide mechanism to delegate
implementation (TP-OP)

665/KPTS-II/2002 BP DAS (National, MF) 31 units

Forestry
• Functions: Planning, Evaluation, Database
• Implementation with regional government
• Covers all regions
• No major authority to ensure the
implementation

• Establishment of National RBM Unit with two parallel functions: Manager & Operator
• Province/District balais has not been prepared
Lowland in Indonesia represents over 40% of world’s peat land with rich
eco- systems and swamp forests, cultural diversity, livelihood source for
indigenous tribes
Issue 1: Knowledge, Experience , Data and Information
• Melayu people have developed their culture in lowland area along coastal area of Kalimantan and
Sumatera for hundreds of years (comparable to the culture of rice production from Java people) 
local based technology, long term effort.
• Government investment in lowland has just started since 70’s (Mega Rice Project 1996)  limited
knowledge and technology.
• Concern for “careful development” in lowland has raised in last decades.
 Next plan for lowland intervention should be based on Valid Data & Info

Issue 2: Climate Change and Carbon Emission

• Indonesia has declared 26% emission reduction until 2020  Peat
lands emission target for 280 billion ton (37%)
• Government new-initiative to utilize lowland area for food and
crops production  Sumatera (CPO) ; Merauke - MIFEE
 There should be an acceleration of knowledge
and comprehensive action for lowland management
 Lowland Management ≈ WR Management
but
Lowland Boundary ≠ River Basin Boundary
= Lowland area

= RB Boundary

Kalimantan River Basin Boundary

and Lowland Area

mis-interpretation of spatial data:

Peat dome ≠ topographical
boundary

Source: NEDECO, 1984

 Lowland Management ≈ Land Management
but
Lowland Zone ≠ Spatial Plan Zoning Regulation
= Lowland area

Pulau
Kimam
Pulau
Kimam
Source: NEDECO, 1984

Kimam island should be considered Eastern part of Kimam is possible

as one lowland system for developed area

bowl and porridge

1. Basic consideration: Integration is Possible
 Common concern for sustainable environment ;
 Common principles in management: planning stages (long-mid-short); combine
administrative and natural boundary, etc;
2. Short-term action: Let’s start from what we have agreed on
 No Regret Activities
 no one against conservation, improving OM performance , and
information sharing
 Addressing local issue with local concern
 Almost all villages boundary is within river basin boundary
 Approach for community-based activities cannot be a uniform one.
 Building up consensus is easier when we understand common
problems
 Continue reform process in public governance
 It is easier to let each sector to go on with their own plan and program
rather than stuck in disagreement while the problem arises in the field
3. Next future: Let’s focus on preparing a better generation
By 2025, DEMOGRAPHIC BONUS will be in Indonesia
Re-generation takes 20 - 30 years: we have started 10 yrs ago.
We have experienced and started some best practices:

Metallica and London Symphony Orchestra, 1999