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ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Project for 6th semester on eCommerce

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PROJECT REPORT (Submitted for the Degree of B.Com. Honours in Accounting & Finance under the
University of Calcutta) TITLE OF THE PROJECT: “E-COMMERCE” SUBMITTED BY Name of the
Candidate : RAVI KANT BHALOTIA Registration Number: 988-303-4569 Name of the College: THE
BHAWANIPUIR EDUCATION SOCIETY COLLEGE College Roll Number: 123 CU exam Roll Number:
8820-69-6761 SUPERVISED BY Name of the Supervisor: DR. ALKA BHALOTIA Name of the College: THE
BHAWANIPUIR EDUCATION SOCIETY COLLEGE MONTH & YEAR OF SUBMISSION: Date: June, 2021

Annexure-IA SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE This is to certify that MR. RAVI KANT BHALOTIA a student of
B.Com. Honours in Accounting & Finance of THE BHAWANIPUR EDUCATION SOCIETY COLLEGE,
under the University of Calcutta has worked under my supervision and guidance for his/her Project
Work and prepared a Project Report with the title “E-COMMERCE” which he/she is submitting, is his/her
genuine and original work to the best of my knowledge. Place: Kolkata Signature: Date:
Name: DR. ALKA BHALOTIA Designation: PROFESSOR Name of the College: The bhawanipur education
society college

5 CONTENTS S. NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 1. COVER PAGE 1 2. SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE 2 3. STUDENT’S
DECLARATION 3 4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4 5. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO E-COMMERCE 1.1:
Background 1.2: Introduction 1.3: Difference between E-commerce & Traditional
commcerce 1.4: Objectives/Needs 1.5: Limitiation 1.6: Features 1.7: E-commerce & E-Business 1.8:
Models/Types 1.9: Future of E-commerce 1.11: Litreture Review 1.12: Research Methodology
07 – 08 09 – 09 10 – 10 11 – 11 12 – 12 13 – 13 14 – 14 15 – 18 19 – 19 20 – 20
21 – 22 6. CHAPTER 2: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 2.1: Overview 2.2: National scenatio 2.3:
International scenatio 24 – 24 25 – 28 39 – 30 7. CHAPTER 3: DATA FINDING & ANALYSIS 31 – 35
4. CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION 36 – 38 5. CHAPTER 5: BIBLIOGRAPHY 39 –
40 6. CHAPTER 6: QUESTIONNAIRE 41 – 44

6 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO E-COMMERCE

7 1.1: BACKGROUND HISTORY OF E-COMMERCE E-commerce was introduced about 40 years ago in its
earliest form. Since then, electronic commerce has helped countless businesses grow with the help of
new technologies, improvements in internet connectivity, added security with payment gateways, and
widespread consumer and business adoption. With the wide adoption of the Internet and the
introduction of the World Wide Web in 1991 and of the first browser for accessing it in 1993, most e-
commerce shifted to the Internet. More recently, with the global spread of smartphones and the
accessibility of fast broadband connections to the Internet, much e-commerce moved to mobile devices,
which also included tablets, laptops, and wearable products such as watches. Ecommerce has come a
long way since the CompuServe launch in 1969. Changes in technology have certainly driven ecommerce
growth, along with global circumstances. Ecommerce has evolved in many ways since its start, and it’s
changing the way we live, shop and do business. Let’s dive into the history and the future of
ecommerce. E-COMMERCE TIMELINE 1969: CompuServe is founded. In the 1980s, CompuServe
introduced some of the earliest forms of email and internet connectivity to the public and dominated
the ecommerce landscape through the mid-1990s. 1979: Michael Aldrich invents electronic shopping.
This made it possible for closed information systems to be opened and shared by outside parties for
secure data transmission — and the technology became the foundation for modern ecommerce.

8 1994: Netscape Navigator launches as a web browser. Marc Andreessen and Jim Clark co-created
Netscape Navigator as a web browsing tool. During the 1990s, Netscape Navigator became the primary
web browser on the Windows platform, before the rise of modern giants like Google. 1995: Amazon
launch. Jeff Bezos introduced Amazon primarily as an ecommerce platform for books. 1999: Alibaba
launches. Alibaba Online launched as an online marketplace with more than $25 million in funding. By
2001, the company was profitable. It went on to turn into a major B2B, C2C, and B2C platform that’s
widely used today. 2011: Google Wallet introduced as a digital payment method. By linking the digital
wallet to a debit card or bank account, users can pay for products or services via these devices. Today,
Google Wallet has joined with Android Pay for what is now known as Google Pay. 2017: Shoppable
Instagram is introduced. Instagram Shopping launched with ecommerce partner BigCommerce. Since
then, the service has expanded to additional ecommerce platforms and allows Instagram users to
immediately click an item, and go to that item’s product page for purchase. 2020: COVID-19 Drives
Ecommerce Growth. COVID-19 outbreaks around the globe pushed consumers online to unprecedented
levels. By May of 2020, ecommerce transactions reached $82.5 billion — a 77% increase from 2019. It
would have taken four to six years to reach that number looking at traditional year-over-year increases.
Consumers have moved online to make purchases normally made in physical stores, such as food and
household items, apparel, and entertainment. Many consumers say they’ll continue to use online
storefronts until a COVID-19 vaccine is available.

9 1.2: INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ECOMMERCE? E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying
and selling of goods and services, or the transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic network,
primarily the internet. E-Commerce or Electronics Commerce is a methodology of modern business,
which addresses the need of business organizations, vendors and customers to reduce cost and improve
the quality of goods and services while increasing the speed of delivery. Ecommerce refers to the
paperless exchange of business information using the following ways − • Electronic Data Exchange (EDI)
• Electronic Mail (e-mail) • Electronic Bulletin Boards • Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) • Other Network-
based technologies There are some examples of e-commerce are: • Online shopping: Online shopping is
the most popular example of e-commerce, it involves buying and selling of goods on internet. • Online
payments: when a buyer get product they can make his payment through net. • Internet banking: In
today’s time banks can offers you internet banking which is the easiest way of making online payments.
• Online Ticket: We can book our ticket through net whether it is bus ticket, train ticket, or movie ticket
internet can reduces efforts for it.

10 1.3: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN E-COMMERCE V/S TRADITIONAL COMMERCE Basis E-commerce

Traditional System Reduce Data Error Doesn’t involve data at multi points. Data goes directly from one
computer to another Computer without involving human being. The buyer and seller create purchase
order on their system and send it to their trading partner. The receiver/seller then re‐enter the same
information on the computer, which will create data error. Reduce cost Initial cost of E‐commerce is
very high as compared to paper process but over a long period of time, it is very effective. Time is
directly linked to saving the money. There is repetition of same work at every level and it involves a lot
of wastage of time and if the error is arisen that will lead to more wastage of money. Reduce Paper
work E‐commerce data in the electronic form make it easy to share it across the organization. It
requires re‐entry of data at each level and requires lot of time. So the peak time is wasted in re‐entering
and printing of the Reports. Reduce Processing cycle time E‐commerce reduces the processing cycle
time of complete cycles as the data is entered the system, it is simultaneously Processed. When the
buyer order in a paper format, the data is re‐entered in to the Sellers’s computer and then only
processing can take place which is a time consuming process. Reduce labour No need to maintain large
number of employees, instead there arises the need to manage them more efficiently. Need to maintain
a large number of employees because one‐third of labour force is employed to fulfill orders from
customers.

11 1.4: OBJECTIVES/MERITS/ADVANTAGES OF E COMMERCE (a) Enhances convenience: Customers can

make orders for goods at their own convenience and from the comfort of their homes without having to
travel to the business premise. Orders are also delivered to them at their most ideal locations. It’s the
best shopping option for people who are always busy. (b) Allows for product and price comparison:
Again, when making purchases, customers want to get the best deals. This business model allows for
product and price comparison by consumers so that the best products are bought at the fairest prices.
They can also enjoy extra benefits like discounts, coupons, items on sale and also get the best deals. (c)
Easy fund-raising for start-ups ventures: So many people have the desire to venture into business but
lack sufficient funds to set up shop. Leasing a physical store can be quite expensive. E-commerce makes
it easier for start-ups to do business and grow. (d) Efficient: E-commerce has the advantage of being
efficient. Resources are used efficiently since most of the business services are automated. Business
owners sometimes spend a lot of resources meeting business needs and this eats into profits. E-
commerce thrives on efficiency. (e) Customer reach: It’s easier to reach many customers on the
internet. Using social media links and good search engine optimization strategies, an online business can
increase brand awareness and grow its customer base. It also has the advantage of being able to
connect buyers and sellers from all corners of the globe. (f) Prompt payments: Payments are fast since
online stores use electronic or mobile transactions payment methods. The mobile wallet system for
merchant accounts drive up sales and increase revenue generation. (g) Ability to sell different products:
The flexibility of conducting business over the internet makes it possible for entrepreneurs to display
and sell several products and also cater to a wider demographic.

12 1.5: LIMITATIONS / DISADVANTAGES OF E-COMMERCE (a) Poor quality products: You don’t
physically see and inspect whatever you are paying for before it’s delivered. Customers, therefore, run
the risk of falling victim to false marketing and buying poor quality products from the virtual shop. (b)
Impulsive purchases: Online stores display a large number of products and due to the convenience of
shopping, customers can find themselves making bad financial decisions through impulsive purchases.
(c) Internet scammers: The internet is a good thing but some people have decided to use it for all the
wrong reasons. Scammers have made this type of business model unattractive for some consumers. (d)
Lack of after sales support: As a result of lack of physical premises, customers find it hard to access after
sales support. It can take up to several days before any help is accorded to a customer in need. (e) Fast
changing business environment: Technology evolves so fast. Some entrepreneurs find it hard to keep up
and lose a lot of business in the process. This may make business growth unattainable. (f) Loss of
personal touch: Business is all about relationships. This business model erodes the personal touch
between a customer and the business owner. Cultivating loyalty can thus be a problem since there are
many such businesses that provide different options. (g) Delivery of goods can get delayed: It takes time
before the goods ordered for are delivered. Sometimes the delivery delays and this inconveniences the
customer. This is different from physical business premises where customers walk out with the products
bought. Further, many critics of electronic commerce, however, have argued that this mode of buying
and selling has been endangering the livelihoods of traditional market sellers and shop owners who
prefer to sell face to face.

13 1.6: CHARACTERISTICS/FEATURES OF E – COMMERCE:- E-Commerce provides the following features

– (a) Non-Cash Payment − E-Commerce enables the use of credit cards, debit cards, smart cards,
electronic fund transfer via bank’s website, and other modes of electronics payment. (b) 24x7 Service
availability – E-commerce automates the business of enterprises and the way they provide services to
their customers. It is available anytime, anywhere. (c) Advertising / Marketing – E-commerce increases
the reach of advertising of products and services of businesses. It helps in better marketing
management of products/services. (d) Improved Sales – Using e-commerce, orders for the products can
be generated anytime, anywhere without any human intervention. It gives a big boost to existing sales
volumes. (e) Support − E-commerce provides various ways to provide pre-sales and post-sales
assistance to provide better services to customers. (f) Inventory Management − E-commerce
automates inventory management. Reports get generated instantly when required. Product inventory
management becomes very efficient and easy to maintain. (g) Communication improvement – E-
commerce provides ways for faster, efficient, reliable communication with customers and partners.

14 1.7: E-BUSINESS VS. E-COMMERCE While some use e‐commerce and e‐business interchangeably,
they are distinct concepts. Basically, electronic commerce (EC) is the process of buying, transferring, or
exchanging products, services, and/or information via computer networks, including the internet. EC can
also be benefited from many perspective including business process, service, learning, collaborative,
community. EC is often confused with e‐business. In e‐commerce, information and communications
technology (ICT) is used in inter‐business or inter‐organizational transactions (transactions between and
among firms/organizations) and in business‐to‐consumer transactions (transactions between
firms/organizations and individuals). In e‐business, on the other hand, ICT is used to enhance one’s
business. It includes any process that a business organization (either a for‐profit, governmental or non‐
profit entity) conducts over a computer‐mediated network. The main distinctions between E‐commerce
and E‐Business are E-commerce E-Business Open system [statistics] Closed System Not secured Secured
Deals more with technology Deals with processes needed to facilitate e‐commerce Does not involve the
use of EDI Used EDI Always operate on Internet Always operates on intranet Involves all types of
commerce transaction Involves explicitly business transactions Used for small and bulky transaction
Used for bulky transaction Focused on Business to consumer activities Focused more on business to
business activities e‐commerce is an extension of a traditional business model e‐business is an online
business only

15 1.8: MODELS/TYPES OF ECOMMERCE Business to Business [B2B] B2B (business – to‐ business )is a
kind of e-commerce, which refers to a company selling or buying from other companies. One company
communicates with other companies through electronic Medias. Some of these transactions include
sending and receiving orders, invoice and shopping orders. It was an attractive alternative to the current
process of printing, mailing various business documents. B2C Model Business – to Consumer [B2C] e‐
commerce consists of the sale of products or services from a business to the general public. Products
can be anything from clothing to flowers and the products can also be intangible products such as online
banking, stock trading, and airline reservations. Sellers that use B2C business model can increase their
benefits by eliminating the middlemen. This is called disintermediation because businesses sell products
directly to consumers without using traditional retail channels. Business – to Consumer [B2C] is basically
a concept of online marketing and distributing of products and services over the internet.

16 C2C Business Models: A website following the C2C business model helps consumers to sell their
assets like residential property, cars, motorcycles, etc., or rent a room by publishing their information on
the website. Website may or may not charge the consumer for its services. Another consumer may opt
to buy the product of the first customer by viewing the post/advertisement on the website. Examples:
Olx.com.

17 Consumer-to-Business E-commerce (C2B) In this model, a consumer approaches a website showing

multiple business organizations for a particular service. The consumer places an estimate of amount
he/she wants to spend for a particular service. For example, the comparison of interest rates of personal
loan/car loan provided by various banks via websites. A business organization who fulfills the
consumer’s requirement within the specified budget, approaches the customer and provides its
services. Business – to – Government B2G model is a variant of B2B model. Such websites are used by
governments to trade and exchange information with various business organizations. Such websites are
accredited by the government and provide a medium to businesses to submit application forms to the
government.

18 Government – to – Business Governments use B2G model websites to approach business

organizations. Such websites support auctions, tenders, and application submission functionalities.
Government – to – Citizen Governments use G2C model websites to approach citizen in general. Such
websites support auctions of vehicles, machinery, or any other material. Such website also provides
services like registration for birth, marriage or death certificates. The main objective of G2C websites is
to reduce the average time for fulfilling citizen’s requests for various government services.

19 1.9: The Future of Ecommerce By 2022, ecommerce revenue in the U.S. alone is expected to reach
$479 billion, with the toys, hobby and DIY vertical seeing the largest growth. And it’s no passing trend,
either. It’s also interesting to note that looking ahead, ecommerce expert Gary Hoover’s data projects
that ecommerce retail sales will eventually even out with that of brick and mortar. This means that even
though the online sales trend will continue to grow, there’s plenty of business to go around.But that’s
not all. Soon, most ecommerce interactions will be an omni‐channel experience for shoppers. This
means they’ll expect to be able to research, browse, shop, and purchase seamlessly between different
devices and on different platforms (like a standalone web store, an Amazon presence, etc.). Other
trends to watch for in the future of ecommerce include: • Robust customer journeys and
personalization. • Artificial intelligence‐enabled shopping. • Digital currencies. Overall, we have to
remember that ecommerce is still fairly new in the big picture of retail. The future holds endless
opportunity, but its success and continuation will depend largely on buyers’ preferences in the future.
Conclusion We’ve looked at all corners of ecommerce, including its different types, the history, how it’s
grown over the years, and its impact on consumers and how business is conducted. There are certainly
advantages and disadvantages to ecommerce, but the future has many opportunities for even greater
expansion.
20 1.11: LITRETURE REVIEW: As we all know, internet and e-commerce are entirely committed towards
every developed country. But we think it can be accomplished and can make a remarkable benefit to
developing countries also if an ideal business purpose can be made. The following were the major
efforts at research in the subject, which have been referred for the research purpose. (A) Ohidujja man
et.al clearly discussed that E-commerce is a revolution & turning point in online business practices and
can make a huge contribution to the economy. (B) Hasan et.al also indicated that currently, e-
commerce organizations have increasingly become a fundamental component of business strategy and a
strong catalyst for economic development. (C) Mehrdad Salehi et.al found out distinguish between
online marketing & traditional marketing. Though most of the people of Bangladesh especially the rural
people are not enough capable of operating internet to run the online business. For that reason, they
need to be dependent on traditional marketing. (D) OTHERS: A huge amount of research works has
been done on e-Commerce which is basically on online shopping. A large group of researchers has found
out and also pointed out the necessity and possibilities of Online Shopping. On the other hand,
limitation of ecommerce is found and at the same time, they provided essential suggestion and came to
a prediction to make Online Shopping more useful for the consumers. But the contribution of traditional
marketing is also inescapable but compare to online shopping it is less effective we think.

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Preview text

PROJECT REPORT

(Submitted for the Degree of B. Honours in

Accounting & Finance under the University of

Calcutta)

TITLE OF THE PROJECT:

“E-COMMERCE”
SUBMITTED BY

Name of the Candidate : RAVI KANT BHALOTIA

Registration Number: 988 -303-

Name of the College: THE BHAWANIPUIR EDUCATION

SOCIETY COLLEGE

College Roll Number: 123

CU exam Roll Number: 8820 -69-

SUPERVISED BY

Name of the Supervisor: DR. ALKA BHALOTIA

Name of the College: THE BHAWANIPUIR EDUCATION

SOCIETY COLLEGE

MONTH & YEAR OF SUBMISSION:

Date: June, 2021

Annexure-I A

SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that MR. RAVI KANT BHALOTIA a student of B. Honours in Accounting & Finance of THE
BHAWANIPUR EDUCATION SOCIETY COLLEGE, under the University of Calcutta has worked under my
supervision and guidance for his/her Project Work and prepared a Project Report with the title “E-
COMMERCE” which he/she is submitting, is his/her genuine and original work to the best of my
knowledge.

Place: Kolkata Signature: Date: Name: DR. ALKA BHALOTIA

Designation: PROFESSOR Name of the College: The bhawanipur education society college

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all thanks to God, for giving me and my friends the strength and will to complete this task just in
time. Even though we faced a lot of difficulties while trying to complete this task, the group still
managed to complete it and we are glad about it.
A special thanks to Mr Abhishek Pandey, for being such a good guidance to us while we were doing this
task. He had given us an appropriate example and knowledge in order to make us understand more
about this topic. He spends his time to explain the execution of this idea in all the way.

I also appreciate CA Shruti Chamaria, for her support to me to do this project in all the way and made it
possible. We also want to thank other groups who were willing to share their information about this
topic. They gave us a lot of new ideas about the task.

Also a great thanks to my family and friends who tried their best to give their support either by giving
me a lot of encouragement to keep up with this task or by supporting us financially and pay all the cost
required to complete this task.

CONTENTS

S. NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 1. COVER PAGE 1 2. SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE 2 3. STUDENT’S DECLARATION 3
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4 5. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO E-COMMERCE 1: Background 1:
Introduction 1: Difference between E-commerce & Traditional commcerce 1: Objectives/Needs 1:
Limitiation 1: Features 1: E- commerce & E-Business 1: Models/Types 1: Future of E-commerce 1:
Litreture Review 1: Research Methodology

07 – 08 09 – 09 10 – 10 11 – 11 12 – 12 13 – 13 14 – 14 15 – 18 19 – 19 20 – 20 21 – 22 6. CHAPTER 2:
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 2: Overview 2: National scenatio 2: International scenatio

24 – 24 25 – 28 39 – 30 7. CHAPTER 3: DATA FINDING & ANALYSIS 31 – 35

4. CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

36 – 38

5. CHAPTER 5: BIBLIOGRAPHY 39 – 40

####### 6. CHAPTER 6: QUESTIONNAIRE 41 – 44

1: BACKGROUND
HISTORY OF E-COMMERCE

E- commerce was introduced about 40 years ago in its earliest form. Since then, electronic commerce
has helped countless businesses grow with the help of new technologies, improvements in internet
connectivity, added security with payment gateways, and widespread consumer and business adoption.

With the wide adoption of the Internet and the introduction of the World Wide Web in 1991 and of the
first browser for accessing it in 1993, most e-commerce shifted to the Internet. More recently, with the
global spread of smartphones and the accessibility of fast broadband connections to the Internet, much
e-commerce moved to mobile devices, which also included tablets, laptops, and wearable products such
as watches.

Ecommerce has come a long way since the CompuServe launch in 1969. Changes in technology have
certainly driven ecommerce growth, along with global circumstances.

Ecommerce has evolved in many ways since its start, and it’s changing the way we live, shop and do
business. Let’s dive into the history and the future of ecommerce.

E-COMMERCE TIMELINE

1969: CompuServe is founded.

In the 1980s, CompuServe introduced some of the earliest forms of email and internet connectivity to
the public and dominated the ecommerce landscape through the mid- 1990s.

1979: Michael Aldrich invents electronic shopping.

This made it possible for closed information systems to be opened and shared by outside parties for
secure data transmission — and the technology became the foundation for modern ecommerce.

1994: Netscape Navigator launches as a web browser.

Marc Andreessen and Jim Clark co-created Netscape Navigator as a web browsing tool. During the
1990s, Netscape Navigator became the primary web browser on the Windows platform, before the rise
of modern giants like Google.
1995: Amazon launch.

Jeff Bezos introduced Amazon primarily as an ecommerce platform for books.

1999: Alibaba launches.

Alibaba Online launched as an online marketplace with more than $25 million in funding. By 2001, the
company was profitable. It went on to turn into a major B2B, C2C, and B2C platform that’s widely used
today.

2011: Google Wallet introduced as a digital payment method.

By linking the digital wallet to a debit card or bank account, users can pay for products or services via
these devices. Today, Google Wallet has joined with Android Pay for what is now known as Google Pay.

2017: Shoppable Instagram is introduced.

Instagram Shopping launched with ecommerce partner BigCommerce. Since then, the service has
expanded to additional ecommerce platforms and allows Instagram users to immediately click an item,
and go to that item’s product page for purchase.

2020: COVID-19 Drives Ecommerce Growth.

COVID-19 outbreaks around the globe pushed consumers online to unprecedented levels. By May of
2020, ecommerce transactions reached $82 billion — a 77% increase from 2019. It would have taken
four to six years to reach that number looking at traditional year-over-year increases.

Consumers have moved online to make purchases normally made in physical stores, such as food and
household items, apparel, and entertainment. Many consumers say they’ll continue to use online
storefronts until a COVID-19 vaccine is available.
1: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN E-COMMERCE

V/S TRADITIONAL COMMERCE

Basis E-commerce Traditional System

Reduce Data Error Doesn’t involve data at multi points. Data goes directly from one computer to
another Computer without involving human being.

The buyer and seller create purchase order on their system and send it to their trading partner. The
receiver/seller then re‐enter the same information on the computer, which will create data error.

Reduce cost Initial cost of E‐commerce is very high as compared to paper process but over a long period
of time, it is very effective.

Time is directly linked to saving the money. There is repetition of same work at every level and it
involves a lot of wastage of time and if the error is arisen that will lead to more wastage of money.

Reduce Paper work E‐commerce data in the electronic form make it easy to share it across the
organization.

It requires re‐entry of data at each level and requires lot of time. So the peak time is wasted in re‐
entering and printing of the Reports.

Reduce Processing cycle time

E‐commerce reduces the processing cycle time of complete cycles as the data is entered the system, it is
simultaneously Processed.

When the buyer order in a paper format, the data is re‐entered in to the Sellers’s computer and then
only processing can take place which is a time consuming process.

Reduce labour No need to maintain large number of employees, instead there arises the need to
manage them more efficiently.
Need to maintain a large number of employees because one‐third of labour force is employed to fulfill
orders from customers.

1: OBJECTIVES/MERITS/ADVANTAGES OF

E COMMERCE

(a) Enhances convenience: Customers can make orders for goods at their own convenience and
from the comfort of their homes without having to travel to the business premise. Orders are
also delivered to them at their most ideal locations. It’s the best shopping option for people who
are always busy.

(b) Allows for product and price comparison: Again, when making purchases, customers want to get
the best deals. This business model allows for product and price comparison by consumers so
that the best products are bought at the fairest prices. They can also enjoy extra benefits like
discounts, coupons, items on sale and also get the best deals.

(c) Easy fund-raising for start-ups ventures: So many people have the desire to venture into
business but lack sufficient funds to set up shop. Leasing a physical store can be quite expensive.
E- commerce makes it easier for start-ups to do business and grow.

(d) Efficient: E- commerce has the advantage of being efficient. Resources are used efficiently since
most of the business services are automated. Business owners sometimes spend a lot of
resources meeting business needs and this eats into profits. E-commerce thrives on efficiency.

(e) Customer reach: It’s easier to reach many customers on the internet. Using social media links
and good search engine optimization strategies, an online business can increase brand
awareness and grow its customer base. It also has the advantage of being able to connect
buyers and sellers from all corners of the globe.

(f) Prompt payments: Payments are fast since online stores use electronic or mobile transactions
payment methods. The mobile wallet system for merchant accounts drive up sales and increase
revenue generation.
 (g) Ability to sell different products: The flexibility of conducting business over the internet makes it
possible for entrepreneurs to display and sell several products and also cater to a wider
demographic.

1: CHARACTERISTICS/FEATURES OF E –

COMMERCE:-

E-Commerce provides the following features – (a) Non-Cash Payment – E-Commerce enables the use of
credit cards, debit cards, smart cards, electronic fund transfer via bank’s website, and other modes of
electronics payment.

(b) 24x7 Service availability – E-commerce automates the business of enterprises and the way they
provide services to their customers. It is available anytime, anywhere.

(c) Advertising / Marketing – E-commerce increases the reach of advertising of products and services of
businesses. It helps in better marketing management of products/services.

(d) Improved Sales – Using e-commerce, orders for the products can be generated anytime, anywhere
without any human intervention. It gives a big boost to existing sales volumes.

(e) Support – E-commerce provides various ways to provide pre-sales and post-sales assistance to
provide better services to customers.

(f) Inventory Management – E-commerce automates inventory management. Reports get generated
instantly when required. Product inventory management becomes very efficient and easy to maintain.

(h) Communication improvement – E-commerce provides ways for faster, efficient, reliable
communication with customers and partners.

1: E- BUSINESS VS. E-COMMERCE

While some use e‐commerce and e‐business interchangeably, they are distinct concepts. Basically,
electronic commerce (EC) is the process of buying, transferring, or exchanging products, services, and/or
information via computer networks, including the internet. EC can also be benefited from many
perspective including business process, service, learning, collaborative, community. EC is often confused
with e‐business. In e‐commerce, i nformation and communications technology (ICT) is used in inter‐
business or inter‐organizational transactions (transactions between and among firms/organizations) and
in business‐to‐consumer transactions (transactions between firms/organizations and individuals). In e‐
business, on the other hand, ICT is used to enhance one’s business. It includes any process that a
business organization (either a for‐profit, governmental or non‐profit entity) conducts over a computer‐
mediated network. The main distinctions between E‐commerce and E‐Business are E- commerce E-
Business Open system [statistics] Closed System Not secured Secured Deals more with technology Deals
with processes needed to facilitate e‐commerce Does not involve the use of EDI Used EDI Always
operate on Internet Always operates on intranet Involves all types of commerce transaction Involves
explicitly business transactions Used for small and bulky transaction Used for bulky transaction Focused
on Business to consumer activities Focused more on business to business activities e‐commerce is an
extension of a traditional business model

E‐business is an online business only

C2C Business Models:

A website following the C2C business model helps consumers to sell their assets like residential
property, cars, motorcycles, etc., or rent a room by publishing their information on the website. Website
may or may not charge the consumer for its services. Another consumer may opt to buy the product of
the first customer by viewing the post/advertisement on the website. Examples: Olx.

Consumer-to-Business E-commerce (C2B)

In this model, a consumer approaches a website showing multiple business organizations for a particular
service. The consumer places an estimate of amount he/she wants to spend for a particular service. For
example, the comparison of interest rates of personal loan/car loan provided by various banks via
websites. A business organization who fulfills the consumer’s requirement within the specified budget,
approaches the customer and provides its services.

Business – to – Government

B2G model is a variant of B2B model. Such websites are used by governments to trade and exchange
information with various business organizations. Such websites are accredited by the government and
provide a medium to businesses to submit application forms to the government.
1: The Future of Ecommerce

By 2022, ecommerce revenue in the U. Alone is expected to reach $479 billion, with the toys, hobby and
DIY vertical seeing the largest growth. And it’s no passing trend, either.

It’s also interesting to note that looking ahead, ecommerce expert Gary Hoover’s data projects that
ecommerce retail sales will eventually even out with that of brick and mortar.

This means that even though the online sales trend will continue to grow, there’s plenty of business to
go around that’s not all.

Soon, most ecommerce interactions will be an omni‐channel experience for shoppers.

This means they’ll expect to be able to research, browse, shop, and purchase seamlessly between
different devices and on different platforms (like a standalone web store, an Amazon presence, etc.).

Other trends to watch for in the future of ecommerce include:

Robust customer journeys and personalization.

Artificial intelligence‐enabled shopping.

Digital currencies.

Overall, we have to remember that ecommerce is still fairly new in the big picture of retail.

The future holds endless opportunity, but its success and continuation will depend largely on buyers’
preferences in the future.

Conclusion

We’ve looked at all corners of ecommerce, including its different types, the history, how it’s grown over
the years, and its impact on consumers and how business is conducted.

There are certainly advantages and disadvantages to ecommerce, but the future has many opportunities
for even greater expansion.
1: LITRETURE REVIEW:

As we all know, internet and e-commerce are entirely committed towards every developed country. But
we think it can be accomplished and can make a remarkable benefit to developing countries also if an
ideal business purpose can be made.

The following were the major efforts at research in the subject, which have been referred for the
research purpose.

(A) Ohidujja man et clearly discussed that E-commerce is a revolution & turning point in online
business practices and can make a huge contribution to the economy.

(B) Hasan et also indicated that currently, e-commerce organizations have increasingly become a
fundamental component of business strategy and a strong catalyst for economic development.

(C) Mehrdad Salehi et found out distinguish between online marketing & traditional marketing.
Though most of the people of Bangladesh especially the rural people are not enough capable of
operating internet to run the online business. For that reason, they need to be dependent on
traditional marketing.

(D) OTHERS: A huge amount of research works has been done on e-Commerce which is basically on
online shopping. A large group of researchers has found out and also pointed out the necessity
and possibilities of Online Shopping. On the other hand, limitation of ecommerce is found and at
the same time, they provided essential suggestion and came to a prediction to make Online
Shopping more useful for the consumers. But the contribution of traditional marketing is also
inescapable but compare to online shopping it is less effective we think.

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