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• The solution of the Schrodinger equation for hydrogen atom gave three quantum numbers
- n, I and m describe the position and energy of the electron.
• quantum number 's’ - spin of the electron.
The Zeeman Effect is the splitting of a spectral line into several components in the
presence of a static magnetic field.
• In magnetic field orbital angular momentum vector aligns with the field in specific directions
The number of possible orientations is 2l +1
• These different orientations have different energies.
• Number of possible transitions increases, in presence of a magnetic field.
SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER(S)
• Aufbau principle,
Electrons are filled in various orbitals in the increasing value of energy, starting with the orbital of
lowest energy.
No two electrons in an atom can have the same value for all the four quantum numbers.
• For a given orbital, the values of n, l and m will be the same. But the electrons will have to
differ in the case of spin quantum number.
• If one is having spin quantum number +1/2 other will have -1/2.
• Maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in an orbital is two.
1s -2 electrons
(n = 1, l=0, m = 0, s= +1/2) and (n = 1, /l= 0, m =0, s= -1/2).
For n=2
Pairing of electron is not allowed in degenerate levels, until they are singly occupied
not possible until all the available orbitals of a sub-shell contain one electron each.
✓ The spin unpaired electrons in a sub-shell will be parallel or in the same direction.
✓ When electron comes closer, they repel each other –energy increases