J.J.

Thompson

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After this lesson, you should be able to:
 Describe the electronic structure of
atoms in terms of main energy levels,
sublevels and orbitals.

 Use quantum numbers to describe an

electron in an atom.
 Solid sphere model
6
Fingerprints of certain atoms
The degree
to which they
move from
level to level
determines
the
frequency of
light they
give off.

8
J.J. Thompson
 Matter also has properties associated with
waves

 Small, dense, positively charged nucleus

surrounded by electron clouds of
probability

 Does not define an exact path of electron

around the nucleus
 cloud of probability
QUANTUM MECHANICS
Orbital (―electron cloud‖)
– Region in space where there is 90% probability
of finding an e-

Orbital
90%
① Principal quantum number (n)
② Angular momentum quantum number (l)
③ Magnetic quantum number (m)
④ Electron spin quantum number (s)
 ①

 ―shells‖
 describes the average distance of
the orbital from the nucleus
 n = integers: n = 1,2,3...

Principal quantum number 1 2 3 4

Main shell designation K L M N
 ①

As n increases:
 orbital becomes larger
 electrons spends more
time farther away from
nucleus
 atom's energy level
increases
 ②

 describes the shape of orbital

 have positive integer values from 0 to n–1
 ②

 ―subshell‖ or ―sublevel‖
 n = 1, 1 sublevel (s)
 n = 2, 2 sublevels (s,p)
 n = 3, 3 sublevels (s,p,d)
 n = 4, 4 sublevels (s,p,d,f)
Value of l 0 1 2 3
Subshell notation s p d f
s-orbitals : spherical
p-orbitals : ―dumbell‖ shaped
z-axis
p-orbitals : ―dumbell‖ shaped
x-axis
p-orbitals : ―dumbell‖ shaped
y-axis
p-orbitals together x, y, & z axes
d-orbitals : clover leaf -shaped
f-orbitals : irregularly shaped
 ③

 ―orbitals in each sublevel‖

 values allowed are integers from –l
to 0 to +l
 determines the orientation in
space of the electron cloud
 ③

1
3
5
7
 ④

 direction the electron is spinning

in a magnetic field — either
clockwise or counterclockwise

 Only two values are allowed: +1/2

or –1/2
 ④

counterclockwise clockwise
 QUANTUM
NUMBERS

n ---> shell 1, 2, 3, 4, ...

l ---> subshell 0, 1, 2, ... n - 1
m ---> orbital -l ... 0 ... +l
s ---> electron spin +1/2 and -1/2
 SHELLS AND ORBITALS AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE
f
d
s p

•Shells of an
atom contain
a number of
stacked
orbitals
4

1
 ATOMIC ORBITALS
Energy Subshell Letter of # of orbitals # of Total
sublevels per sublevel electrons in electrons in
Level, n l each orbital energy level

1 0

0
2
1
0
3 1
2
0
4 1
2
3
J.J. Thompson
 describes how electrons are
distributed among the various
orbitals in the principal shells and
subshells of the atom or ion
① Aufbau principle
② Pauli exclusion principle
③ Hund's rule
 ①

 each electron
occupies the
lowest energy
orbital
 ②

 maximum of two
electrons may occupy
a single orbital and
they must have
opposite spins

 ↑ - clockwise spin
Box = orbital ↓ - counterclockwise
Arrow = electron
 ③
Ex. Nitrogen:
•1s2 2s2 2p3
1s2 2s2 2p3

1s2 2s2 2p3

 single electrons with the same spin must

occupy each equal-energy orbital before
additional electrons with opposite spins
can occupy the same orbitals
 Determine how many
electrons are in the atom.

 Arrange the energy

sublevels according to
increasing energy.

 Filleach sublevel with

electrons until you have
used all the electrons in the
atom.
 Electronic configurations can be written in
three ways. For example, carbon which has an
atomic number of 6:
– 1s2 2s2 2p2 – the condensed spdf notation
– 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 – the expanded spdf notation
APPLICATION:
ELECTRON
C O N F I G U R AT I O N