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 GYMNOSPERMS

1.ARCHEGONIATES- contains archegonia

2. SPERMATOPHYTES- bears seed (AKA: PHENAROGAMS)
3. HETEROSPOROUS
4. DIPLONTIC LIFE CYCLE
5. Show XEROPHYTIC adaptation: a) Thick cuticle on leaves b) Sunken stomata c) Well-developed
root
6. Possess vascular system- XYLEM: tracheid, PHLOEM: sieve cells and albuminous cells
GYMNOSPERMS
 Cycas Ephedra Pinus

Gingko biloba Sequoia Gnetum

CHARACTER Cycas Pinus

1. Plant body Dioecious , short Monoecious , tall

2. Root Coralloid roots Tap roots with mycorrhiza
3. Stem Unbranched Branched
4. Leaves Pinnately compound, persistent leaf base, 2 types of leaves – scale leaves and
young leaves circinate, transfusion tissue well needle leaves, transfusion tissue less
developed developed
5. Wood Manoxylic, no annual rings Pycnioxylic, annual rings present
6. Vegetative Buds and bulbs Absent
propagation
7. Cones Male cone-large Male cone-small
Female cone-loosely arranged Female cone- compact
8. Numerous sporangia on abaxial surface 2 sporangia on abaxial surface
Microsporophyll
CHARACTER Cycas Pinus

8. Numerous sporangia on abaxial surface 2 sporangia on abaxial surface

Microsporophyll
9. Male Not winged Winged (inflate exine)
gametophyte
10. Antherozoid Multiciliated (motile) Non-motile
large Small
11. Loosely arranged , no true cone, many ovules Elongated central axis, has ovuliferous
Megasporophyll per megasporophyll scale, 2 ovules per megasporophyll
12. Female Endosperm (bears2-3 archegonia) Endosperm (bears 2-8 archegonia)
gametophyte
13. Types of Orthotopous (with 1-2 integuments) Anatropous (with one integument)
ovules
14. Pollination Wind (anemophilous) Wind (anemophilous)

15. Seed 2 cotyledons, perispermic Many cotyledons, not perispermic

 Angiosperms

1. NON-ARCHEGONIATES: NO ARCHEGONIA
2. SPERMATOPHYTES- bears seed (AKA: PHENAROGAMS)
3. xylem contains: tracheid and vessels
4. phloem contains: sieve tube cells and companion cells
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