HEAT TRANSFER

There are three fundamental types of heat transfer

1. Conduction: It is the transfer of
heat from one body to another in
physical contact with it without
displacement of particles of the body.
2. Convection: It is the transfer of heat
by mixing one portion of fluid with
another.
Natural convection: Motion of fluid is
entirely the result of differences in
density resulting from the
temperature difference.
Forced convection: The motion is produced by mechanical means.
3. Radiation: The transfer of heat from one body to another not in
contact with it, by means of wave motion through space.

Ref: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Atnjo7dD_bA
 Heat Exchangers: HEs are the equipment in which heat is
transferred from a hot fluid to cold fluid either by direct
contact of the fluid or through the wall separating them.
TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS:
 Depending on the nature of heat exchange- Direct Contact
heat exchangers (Cooling towers) and Indirect HEs
 Mechanical construction : Double pipe H.E, Shell and Tube
H.E, Plate H.E, Spiral H.E, Finned tube H.E
 Flow Paths: Co current, Counter current, Cross flow
 Material of Construction: Metallic, non-metallic, graphite etc.,
 Function: Process function such as re boiler, condenser,
cooler, heat recovery, steam generators
 Depending on the number of pass: Single and Multi pass HEs
 Double pipe & Shell and Tube heat exchangers are commonly
used.
DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER:
 These Exchangers are used when the flow rates are low and
when the temperature range is relatively high.
 In this type one fluid flows inside a pipe, while second fluid
flows either co current or counter currently in the annulus
between a larger pipe.
 To get substantial Heat transfer area from double pipe H.E, it
must be long. The result is
i. High pressure drop
ii. Increased pumping cost
iii. Large amounts of metal and Occupied more space.
It is only suitable for heat transfer area , 20m2
APPROACH:
The terminal point temperature difference are called
approach (ΔT1 & ΔT2).
RANGE:
The change in temperature of the fluid Tcb-Tca (or) Tha-Thb
are called temperature range or range.
LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE(LMTD):
ΔTLN = (ΔT1 - ΔT2)/ ln(ΔT1/ΔT2)
If (ΔT1/ΔT2) < 2, Then ΔTM = (ΔT1+ΔT2)/ 2

 DOUBLE PIPE H.E LMTD is used

 SHELL and TUBE H.E  LMTD adjusted by means of
correction Factor is used
• Energy Balance in Exchangers:
In H.exs PE and KE are small in comparison with other terms in the energy.
Thus for one stream through the exchangers
q= m (Hb-Ha)
Where,
m= mass flow rate of stream
q= rate of H.T
Ha and Hb enthlpies/unit mass of stream at entrance and exit
For the hot fluid qh= mh (Hhb-Hha)
For the cold fluid qc= mc (Hcb-Hca)
The sign of qh is ‘–ve’ and qc‘+ve’. Because hot fluid losses rather than gaining
heat. qc = - qh
mc (Hcb-Hca) = mh (Hha-Hhb)
If only sensible heat is transferred, constant sp. Heats are assumed, then
overall energy balance becomes
mc Cpc(Tcb-Tca) = mh Cph(Tha-Thb)
Cph, CpC Sp. Heats of hot and cold fluid respectively.