PART Il: Std.

X - SECTION -
KARAKORAM

. INDIA
(Hills&Mountains)

HIMALAYAAS

ARAVALIS

akuno
G-Garo
K-Khasi
J Jaintia
VINDHYASS

SATPUDAS
EASTERN GHATS

WESTERN GHAT
HILLS&
MOUNTAINS

NILGIRIS

(Hills& Mountains)

Hills and Mountains

Mountains: Himalayas, Karakoram, Aravali,
The Vindhyas, Satpura, Western Ghats&
Karakoram, or Karakorum,is a large mountain range spanning the borders Eastern Ghats, Nilgiris, Garo, Khasi, Jaintia
Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan), Ladakh (lndia), and Xinjjang region, between Pakistan, India and China, located in regions
concentration of peaks over 8000m in height to be (China). It is one of the Greater Ranges
found anywhere on of Asia. The Karakoram is
highest
range is about 500 km (311 mi) in length. earth, including K2, the second home to,251 t). I
highest peak of the world 8.611 mo
The Aravali Range (Aravali) literally meaning "line of peaks, is a
direction across Indian states of range of
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana and Delhi. mountains in western India running approximately 800 km in
1ortheastem
a

The Nilgiri often referred

to as the Nilgiri Hills, are a range of mountains with at least 24
Tamil Nadu state with area of 2,479 tof

square kilometres (957 sq mi). peaks above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), in the
The Vindhya Range is a range wesl
of older rounded
subcontinent into northern India (the Indo-Gangetic mountains and hills in the west-central Indian Indian
plain) and Southern India. subcontinent, which geographicaly sepaia

76
 INDIA
PASSES (GAPS)
1. Karakoram Pass
2. Nathu-La-Pass

st

Passes
highest pass
Range. Itis the
arakoram; Nathu-La pass India and
China in the
Karakoram

'Black
Gravel in Turkic.

he Karakoram Pass o r 15,397

ft. mountain pass
between

Basin.
'Karakoram' literally
means

Region. The pass,

at
d4,693 m
in the Tarim Autonomous
he Yarkand
Tibet
ancient Leh in
Ladakh and
Sikkim with
China's

Nathu La is a caravan route a between

c o n n e c t s the
Indian state of
ancient Silk Road.

310 mountain
m(14,140 ft) above
Sin the Himalayas.
It

level[citation
needed],
forms a part of a n
offshoot of
the

ove

mea
mean s e a
 INDIA
PLATEAU Regions

Malva
Chhota
Nagpur

PLATEAU
DECCAN

PLATEAU (Table Land)

Plateau

Plateaus
Plateaus: Deccan, Chhota Nagpur, Malva
The Deccan Plateau is a large plateau in India, making up most of the southern part of the country. It rises a hundred metres high In tne rth,
a n dmore

than a kilometre high in the south

nar
The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a plaleau in eastern India, which covers much of Jharkhand state as well as
andChhattisgarh.The total area is approx. 65,000 square kM (25,000 sq mi) adjacent parts of Odisha, ve
Malwa is a natural region in west-central northern India
occupying a plateau of volcanic origin.

78
 INDIA
Ganga-Brahmaputra PLAINS (Northern)
Coastal Plains

n o

Gujarat

NorthCircar
ern

ALLUVIAL
PLAIN

Plains
icplain, Coastal Plains - Konkan, Malabar, Coromandal.,Northerm Circar
india,the meain also known as The North Indian River Plain is a large and fertile plain encompassing most of northem and
t h e Gane populous parts of Pakistan, parts of southern Nepal and virtually all ofBangladesh. The region is named after the
llion n e s , the twin river systems that drain it. The plains support one of the most populous areas on Earth, being home to
estal Plains
ipre (or around 1/7 of the world's population)
he Eastern Coa
on 700,000 km* (270,000 mile).
Varns
f and avainsrefer to a wide stretch of landmass of India, lying between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. These
n Coastal Compared to the western coastal plains. It stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the north
hills,lernwhich
Coastal
sla PlainsS is a thin stripof coastal plain 50 kilometres (31 mi) in width between the west coast of India and the Western
ara in thenarthe south of river Tapi. They are sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. The plains
Une north and end
at Kerala in the south.
79
 INDUS
JHELUM
CHENAB INDIA
RAVI
BEAS RIVERS
SATLUJ GANGES SYSTEM
GOMATI KOSI
GANGA
YAMUNA
GANDAK
GHAGHARA
BRAHMAPUTRA
INDUS Go Ghaghara
Kosi

Brahmaput

equeyo Son
Ganga
Damodar
Narmda

R. Tapi.
Mahanad
R. Godavari

ARABIAN RKrishna
SEA Tungabhadra Bay of BENGAL

RIVERS OF THE DECCAN

NARMADA
TAPI
R.K MAHANADI
Kaveri GODAVARI
KRISHNA
TUNGBHADRA
KAVERI

CHAMBAL
BETUA
SON
DAMODAR

Rivers
Indus, Ravi, Beas, Chenab, Jhelum, Satluj, Kos,
Ganga, Yamuna, Ghaghra, Gomti, Ganadr
Chambal, Betwa, Son, Damodar, Brahmaputra, Krishna,

Narmada, Tapti, Mahanadi, Godavar

Cauveri, Tungabhadra
Major water divide is shown for your knowledge.
Some Important Rivers of India:
800 miles
The Brahmaputra also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra, is a
(2,900 km) long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for trans-boundary river and one of the major rivers
o
The Narmada also called the Rewa, is a river in
irrigation and transportation. third longex
central India and the fifth ntinent. It is the d Soutn

river that flows entirely within India, after the Godavari and longest river in the Indian
subconu orth India d0 kM
the Krishna. It forms the traditional
India and flows westwards over a length of 1,312 km (815.2 mi) before draining boundary bewthe Arabian
through the Gulf of Khambhat int
(18.6 mi) west of Bharuch city of Gujarat. Kodagu
m

The Kaveri, also spelled Cauvery in English, is a large Indian river. The origin of the river is traditionally placeu o
dat
T a l a k a v e r i ,

the Western Ghats in Karnataka, flows generally south and east.

BO
 INDIA
WATER BODIES

C
Gulf
Of
Kutch

Gulf of
Khambat

Chilka
Lake

Arabian
Sea Bay of Bengal

Andaman
Sea
Palk Strait

*****-**--

Gulf
Of Mannar

INDIAN OCEAN

Water Bodies
he
dailx of Kutch is an inlet of the Arabian Sea along the west coast of India, in the state of Gujarat, and renowned for extreme
T h e . IIS about 99 miles in length, and divides Kutch and the Kathiawar peninsula regions of Gujarat.
e GulfOT
of Khambhat (formerly known as the Gulf of Cambay) is an inlet of the Arabian Sea along the west coast of India, in the
of
e Gujarat. It is about 80 miles in lengn
lipofindo Mannar is a large shallow bay forming part of the Laccadive Sea in thelndian Ocean. It lies between the southeastern
OT india and
Palk Strait the west coast of Sri Lanka
SriLan a strait between the Tamil Nadu state of India and the Mannar district of the Northern Province of the island nation of

he a.Ihe strait is 33 to 50 miles (53 to 80 km) wide.

An
Thalandanan Sea or Burma Sea is a body of water to the southeast of the Bay of Bengal, south of Burma (Myanmar), west of
the Andaman lslands, India, it is part of the Indian Ocean.
Chilkala astof
ast coastChilika Lake) is a brackish water lagoon, spread over the Puri, Khurda and Ganjam districts of Odisha state on the
aT9estcoacndia, at the mouth of the Daya River, flowing into the Bay of Bengal, covering an area of over 1,100 km. It is the
1agoon in India and the second largest lagoon in
the World.

81
 INDIA
South West Monsoon
Winds
..

Gujara
Coast
Konkan
past

Bay Of Bengal
Branch of
Sw Monsoon
Winds
Arabian
Sea Braneh pf
Sw Monsoon
Winds
Malbar
Coast

Direction of Monsoon Winds

and Bay of Bengal branches)
South West Monsoon (Arabian sea
several geographicaly
distributed observations
of global monsoon takina niae the
subcontinent is amnong
Amonsoon of the Indian
it is one of oldest weather o b s e r v a t o n s , an
economicallyimportant weather pattern the
Indian subcontinent. In the subcontinent, understood and
Yet it is ony partially notoriously difficult t o t.
unique weather phenomenon.
most anticipated weatherevent and
 WESTERN
INDIA
North East Monsoon
DISTURBANCES Winds

. S

NORTH EAST
MONSOON WINDS
Arabian Bay of Bengal
Sea

Direction of Monsoon Winds

North East Monsoon
in ue
several geographically distributed observations monsoon taking place
of global
Amonsoon of the Indian subcontinent is among
Indian subcontinent. In the subcontinent, it is one of oldest weather observations, an economically important weather pattern and u
ict
to predict
most anticipated weather event and unique weather phenomenon. Yet it is only partially understood and notoriously difficult
 INDIA
DISTRIBUTION
OF
MINERALS

Digbol
.

Ankaleswar Jharia
- -O
Sing bhum
O
Keonjha
Bombay
High

Bay of Bengal
Arabian
Sea

oil Fields

Iron Ore

Coal Fields

Distribution of Minerals
Iron Singhbhum, Coal -Jharia
High (offshore oil field), Digboi.
-

Oil-Mumbai
: fcoc (gg mil off the coast of Mumbai, India. The oil operations are run by India's Oil and
 INDIA
SOILS

Arabian
Bay of Bengal
Sea

Alluvial
Black
Red
Lateritic
Mountain soils

Soils
Alluvium (bluish black) (River and coastal alluvium)
Alluvium is loose, unconsolidated (not cemented together into a solid rock) soil
ed by
or sediments, which has been eroded, rei
water in some form, and redeposited in a non-marine setting.
Laterite (purple) + Mountain soils (green)
use ofiron
Laterites are soil types rich in iron and aluminium, formed in hot and wet tropical areas.
Nearly all laterites
oxides. They develop by intensive and long-lasting weathering of the underlying parent rock.
are rusty-red becau

Black (grey)
Black soil are well developedinthe Deccan lava region of Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh. These contain highperce
of clay and are moisture retentive.

Red soil (reddish brown) re deficientin

ur
Red soil are found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka plateau, Andhra plateau, Chota Nagpur plateau and the Aravallis. These are
and humus.
nitrogen, phosphorus