SECTION 3

GLOBAL MIGRATION

This section deals with the journey of different citizens around the globe. As the wworld is becoming
more and more connected, migration continues to be a new trend among people, regardless of their
race, nationality, or ethnicity.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this section, you are expected to:

1. distinguish different global civilizations and categories;

2. analyze the political, economic, cultural, and social factors underlying the global movements of
people; and

3. reflect on the experiences of OFWs.

DIAGNOSTICS

Instructions: Write agree if you think the statement is correct; otherwise, write disagree.

Agree1. The Cold War era is an era of bipolar conflict of power.

Agree2. People migrate because of economic deprivation.

Disagree3. Our world today is a multipolar world.

Agree4. There is really a big gap between developed and developing countries.

Agree5. The United States is the sole superpower in the world.

>141<

Module 5 > Global Population and Mobility

During the Cold War, leaders all over the globe agreed to classify the world into three (3) categories:
First World refers to states which have high-income and are capital-rich; Second World refers to the
former communist-socialist, industrial states; and Third World refers to nations not aligned with either
the First World or Second World which are also called “developing” countries.

The aftermath of the Cold War ended the bipolarity of the world’s hegemonic powers which were
held by the Western Bloc (United States, its NATO allies, and others) and the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet
Union and its satellite states). This left the United States as the sole remaining super power of the world.
By 1989, US had military alliances with 50 countries therefore bringing to life the American era. As a
superpower, US relied on its strong democracy and capitalist market to promote free market capitalism
and further emphasize its global power. However, its success in promoting such market led to the
dispersal of power to several other countries.

After a decade, Fareed Zakaria (2008) refers to this as the post American world which is illustrated by
the diffusion of power from states to other actors. This diffusion of power signals the “rise of the rest”
which gives other states the power to play roles in the world’s economic and political arena. In
connection with this, Huntington (1996) claims that Asian nations are expanding their economic,
political, and military strength as a way to show the power they can be capable to hold in the world.
Thus, the American era which includes the post-American world refers to a period power imbalance.

The classification of countries into three was changed into two: developed and developing. Developed
countries are countries that have progressive economies and advanced technological infrastructures
while developing countries are low-income countries with less developed industrial bases. These two
types of countries emerged to highlight the economic inequalities of states. Such inequalities pushes
people living in developing countries to seek better opportunities in developed countries or sometimes,
motivates them to just move from one country to another to attain the ways of living they are aspiring
for. This ongoing movement of people from one country to another is called migration.

As physical and human geographies develop, the world is becoming connected. Connectedness of
nations, ethnicities, and states is the new trend in the international arena. Civilizations become global
civilizations.

>142<

Section 3 Global Migration

Through the rising global civilizations, the world has turned into a multipolar power. In the words of
Samuel Huntington, he argues:

The rivalry of the superpowers is replaced by the clash of civilizations. In this new world, the most
pervasive, important, and dangerous conflicts will not be between social classes, rich and poor, or
other economically defined groups, but between peoples belonging to different cultural entities.

According to Huntington, global civilizations are divided into the following categories: Western, Latin
American; Islamic; Sinic; Hindu; Buddhist; Orthodox; Japanese; and African. At present, people from
these global civilizations constantly move from one place to another just to achieve economic stability,
democratic freedom, and holistically good life that their home countries might not be able to offer.
 According to Heywood (2011), cosmopolitanism literally means the adherence or belief in the world
state. It is the ideology that all human beings belong to a single community. As a concept that can be
linked to globalization, it began its journey when the world moved towards a single moral community
from simply believing that the world could be governed by one state. In the analysis of Pogge (2008), he
identifies three (3) elements of this concept-individualism, universality, and generality.

In individualism, cosmopolitanism believes that a human being is the ultimate unit of moral concern;
second, the element of universality wherein he asserts that all human beings are of equal moral worth;
and lastly, the concept acknowledges the element of generality which implies that human beings have
necessary concern for each other (Pogge, 2008). Thus, understanding the concept of cosmopolitanism
requires an in-depth understanding of the role of moral integrity among people. Through this concept,
the global city in globalization has come into existence. However, some critics say that it is impossible to
transcend moral and cultural aspects of societies on an international level. Migration can be linked to
cosmopolitanism in the way that it enables people to agree on a common moral standard which is
influenced by how different cultures come in contact with one another as people move from one place
to another,

There are two types of migration—internal and international migration. Internal migration is any
movement from one place to another in the same country. On the other hand, international migration is
a movement from one country to another.

>143<

Module 5 Global Population and Mobility

From the rise of the very first civilizations, many scholars believe that social inequality, economic
depression, and freedom deprivation are the factors why people move from one place to another. These
factors are the reasons why cosmopolitan ideas exist. They occur at present and since the concept of
cosmopolitanism adheres to the equality and moral integrity among men, it plays a role in why people
migrate. It is clear that migration is and will always be a trend. Some experts say that migration also has
its own catalysts for it fuels the population growth of a region or a country. Internal migration is also
known as local migration and has always been driven by economic sustainability.

In the midst of globalization, nations around the world engage in trade to promote and strengthen
relationships among them. There is no global government that could govern all nations. According to
Henry Nau (2009), transnational relations exist in the present world because countries trade with one
another, and populations move across state boundaries.

Due to transnational relations and the growing demand for economic wealth, migration exists. It is
defined as the form of social behavior that both shapes and is shaped by broader social and economic
structures and processes of transformation (International Migration Institute, 2011). In the definition of
Boswell (2002), however, migration is not only rooted in economic aspirations but also in political
motivations. This is because some people are being oppressed by their governments and want to be free
from tyrannical politicians. For centuries, this trend has been existent because of the necessity to
explore and gain natural resources. At present, global migration is a unique concept.
>144 <

Section 3 Global Migration

To better understand the concept of global migration, three (3) categories of this trend were created:
voluntary economic migration, forced displacement, and refugee crisis. Voluntary economic migration is
rooted is the pursuit of economic stability. It is usually seen in the condition of people in the global
south such as in the regions of Asia and Africa. People from these regions move to other countries which
have steadily growing labor markets and can provide them high salaries. This kind of migration in
illustrated by Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW). The second and third categories, on the other hand,
refer to how people are forced to migrate. According to Boswell (2002), forced displacement and the
refugee crisis could be traced to the factors of state tyranny or corruption or the fear of violence such as
civil war.

There are several effects of migration in a particular country. There are different scenarios and
different factors why people migrate. Migration plays a vital role in the social, economic, and political
aspects of the Philippines. With the country reliant on labor export, OFWs are seen to be major
economic drivers of the country. They affect the economic sustainability of the country through their
remittances. In addition, this is also the reason why the country’s foreign policy focuses on labor export.
Another effect of migration in the Philippines is the brain drain. In 2009, the Philippine Institute of
Development Studies found out that fifty percent of employed Filipino emigrants have tertiary
education and only 14.5 percent of them are managers and professionals, 26.6 percent of them are
working as technicians and clerks, and the rest are operators known as service workers (Zosa & Obeta,
2009).

>145<

Section 3 Global Migration

Exercise 1: The Global Migration

Name:________________________ Date:___________

Section:______________________ Score:___________

Instructions: Draw an editorial cartoon/artistic illustration depicting the political, economic, cultural, and
social factors affecting the global movement of people. Explain your sketch afterwards.
My sketch portrays a man sitting on a chair which totally looks exhausted and you can see sweats all
over his face. The reason why the man looks tired and sweaty is because the rising heat of the sun which
rays are embedded with political, economic, cultural and social factors which affects the global
movement of man or the people. The sun may represent hope but I think viewing it into another
perspective may portray my idea of how these factors affect global movement. As we all know the sea is
wide and deep and that portrays the struggles of global movement- that it is wide and deeply affecting
everyone not just on the positive side but also the other side of it. One thing that portray positivity in my
sketch is the presence of a chair that at least amidst all of these adversities and in challenging times we
still have something to lean on.

>147<

Section 3 Global Migration

Exercise 2: The Global Migration

Group No:_________ Date:______________

Section:_______________________ Score:_____________

Group Members:

1. Jamie Benogsudan
2. Maria Monica Amores
3. Nicole Ugay

Instructions:

1. Form groups with four members each.

2. Gather information about the life of an OFW from an OFW you personally know.

3. Make a short video presentation highlighting the challenges and successes of an OFW in terms of
physical, mental, and emotional aspects

[ Google drive link : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hpMu8AjBhnWt8E-g2_bRLfLJ4keYT27P/view?

usp=drivesdk ]

>149<

MODULE 6

TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE WORLD

This module discusses the essence and reality of a sustainable world. Section 1. Sustainable
Development focuses on the importance of highlighting environmental considerations in terms of
development and how countries must be conscious of the role of the environment in development.
Section 2. Food Security talks about the world issues on hunger and poverty. Food security is viewed as
an integral component in achieving domestic and regional stability.

>153<
SECTION 1 Sustainable Development

This section introduces learners to the concept of sustainable development that most countries of the
world are integrating in their societies.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this section, you are expected to:

1. determine the significance of sustainable development in a globalized world;

2. differentiate the concept of stability from sustainability, and

3. evaluate the concept of sustainable development in a shrinking world.

DIAGNOSTICS

Instructions: Write agree if you think the statement is correct; otherwise, write disagree.

Disagree1. Sustainable development is just an ideal pattern or trend.

Disagree2. Sustainable development can only be achieved by developed countries.

Disagree3. Environment plays a minor role in achieving sustainable development

Disagree4. Sustainability is a vague concept in international relations.

Agree5. There is a difference between stability and sustainability.

 154 <
  Section Sustainable Development

The term sustainable development has acquired much popularity among scholars, politicians, public
servants, and the civil population alike after the Brundtland Report by the World Commission on the
Environment and Development (WCED) was presented in 1987. As defined by the Brundtland Report,
sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Despite being considered
unclear by some in terms of definition, sustainable development should be situated in a rigid social and
political setting.

WCED outlined critical objectives for environment and development policies following its concept of
sustainable development. These are reviving growth: 2) changing the quality of growth: 3) meeting
essential needs for jobs. Food, energy, water, and sanitation: 4) ensuring a sustainable level of
population: 5) conserving and enhancing the resource bases 6) reorienting technology and managing
risks; and 7) merging environment and economics in decision-making.

Governments and scholars have been on their toes in an attempt to attain sustainable development.
In this era of unrelenting challenges in politics, society, and particularly the environment (eg, climate
change. Waste disposal, biodiversity, forestry and the like), such stability is undoubtedly sought after by
nearly every single nation-state Governments have been challenged to come up with ways to develop
their communities without exploiting the natural resources, and to craft policies that help achieve this
goal. The welfare of the people must also be in constant consideration in terms of development

>155<

Module 6 Towards a Sustainable World

The United Nations (UN) often cites Agenda 21 of 1992, its Sustainable Development Knowledge
Platform, where the topic of sustainable development is put forth in discussions. Agenda 21 advocates
education to disseminate information regarding sustainable development (Jickling, 1994). Since then,
countries all over the world have integrated this action plan of the UN in their respective governments,
such as in the case of Canada when its National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy
(NRTEE) instituted the Sustainable Development Education Program (SDEP) in the same year that
Agenda 21 was established (Jickling, 1994).

The United Kingdom’s UK Strategy for Sustainable Development crafted in 1994 aimed to raise the
awareness of the people through the integration of environmental policies into all aspects of
government, a shared responsibility between government, local authorities, businesses, and non-
governmental organizations, (Munton & Collins, 1998) among other provisions in the Strategy.

Sustainability may be likened to stability; however, there are a few key and subtle differences
between the two. A sustainable environment is resilient enough to withstand man-made and natural
challenges, and can also recover from such if needs arise. Sustainability leads to stability; however,
stability alone may not necessarily lead to sustainability. Stable environments are simply resistant to
change but somehow lack the element of resiliency that sustainable environments possess because it is
far easier for stable environments to become unstable in comparison to the possibility of sustainable
environments becoming “unsustainable.”

 156<

Section 1 Sustainable Development

All in all, policies and strategies of governments must be intertwined with environmental concerns in
order for sustainable development to be achieved. The environment must continuously be at the center
of government actions. It is only logical and practical, in a sense, to constantly put into consideration the
environment in the decision-making and policy-making processes of a nation-state since it is where
people build livelihoods on, and which suffers when they turn a blind eye in terms of developing. By
using ecological sustainability as an underpinning principle of sustainable development, governments
can simultaneously advocate the protection, restoration, and preservation of the integrity of the Earth’s
ecological systems (Ross, 2009). This makes the environment more resilient to challenges and threats
and in turn, making civilizations resilient in the same light.

In the long run, humankind itself will be the one to benefit when environmental and ecological
considerations are given serious and substantial consideration. As such, humankind must take the
necessary actions to strive better to attain sustainable development. Developing and enacting policies
that situate environmental concerns at the forefront and practicing decision-making processes that
similarly give importance to the environment are all necessary steps that must be undertaken to achieve
a sustainable environment. Educating individuals about the importance and benefits of having secure,
balanced, and enduring ecosystems will make the implementation of environment-focused policies and
plans much easier, and in the long term, will create a flourishing and stable environment for all.

>157<
Section 1 > Sustainable Development

Exercise 1: Sustainable Development

Name:________________________ Date:___________

Section:______________________ Score:___________

Instructions: Write a short essay on the following topics: (1) UN’s Agenda 21 and its contributing effect
on sustainable development; (2) the importance of making the environment resilient to human
advances; and (3) the reasons why the governments of the world must always integrate sustainability in
state affairs.

1. UN’s Agenda 21 and its contributing effect on sustainable development.

Agenda 21 is one of the significant reports that emerged from United Nations’ Rio Summit on
Environment and Development in 1992. It is a thorough strategy, prescribed by UN culmination
to be taken internationally, broadly, and locally by associations of the United Nations System,
governments, and significant gatherings in each region in which human effects on the climate.
Agenda 21 recognizes wide CP as one of the essentials for reasonable turn of events. Section 23
of Agenda 21 is tied in with “Reinforcing the job of significant gatherings.” The usage of Agenda
21 was planned to include activity at global, public, provincial and nearby levels. The full usage
of Agenda 21, the Program for Further Implementation of Agenda 21 and the Commitments to
the Rio standards, were emphatically reaffirmed at the World Summit on Sustainable
Development (WSSD) held in Johannesburg, South Africa from 26 August to 4 September 2002.
Plan 21 isn’t just about making enhancements in “nature”. It additionally incorporates strategies
with respect to neediness, hunger, medical affliction, ignorance, just as the proceeding with
crumbling of the biological systems. Plan 21 focuses on the dire issues of today and furthermore
tries to set up the world for the difficulties of the following century. It mirrors a worldwide
arrangement and political responsibility at the most elevated level on turn of events and climate
cooperation. Its fruitful fulfillment is above all else the obligation of Governments.
2. The importance of making the environment resilient to human advances.

The environment gives us incalculable advantages that we can’t reimburse as long as we can
remember. As they are associated with the woods, trees, creatures, water, and air. The
timberland and trees channel the air and assimilate unsafe gases. Plants filter water, decrease
the odds of flood, keep up normal equilibrium and numerous others. In addition, the climate
keeps a nearby beware of the climate and its working. It controls the indispensable frameworks
that are fundamental for the environment. Furthermore, it keeps up the way of life and personal
satisfaction on earth. The climate has a total cycle to keep up the appropriate equilibrium on the
earth. A solid climate upholds in developing and supporting the living and non-living things on
the earth. The presence of our solid life relies upon the climate which keeps up nature’s
equilibrium. Along these lines, it is fundamental for keep our current circumstance clean to carry
on with a sound and serene life. It is imperative to save our current circumstance and keep up
 nature's equilibrium for the presence of life. The versatility or power of biological frameworks
has been a significant idea in biology and characteristic history since the hour of British
naturalist Charles Darwin, who depicted the interdependencies between species as an "snared
bank" in his persuasive work On the Origin of Species. From that point forward, the idea has
come to hold extraordinary significance in the zones of natural preservation and the board. Its
importance to the prosperity of people and human social orders has likewise been perceived.
The deficiency of a biological system's capacity to recuperate from an aggravation—regardless
of whether because of characteristic occasions, for example, tropical storms or volcanic
ejections or because of human impacts, for example, overfishing and contamination—
jeopardizes the advantages that people get from that environment.

3. The reasons why the governments of the world must always integrate sustainability in state
affairs.
Government is a complex but central force influencing the broad spectrum of development
issues. Government includes political strategies, management, and leadership. Given that the
baseline purpose of government is to protect and promote the best interests of the people
governed it makes sense that it is necessary that government invest in strategies that in every
possible way promote sustainable development. As we negotiate the various economic, social,
and environmental influences and demands of our times we constantly find investing
philosophically and institutionally in sustainability is fundamental, critical, and highly
consequential action. Development is a primary principle around which much of contemporary
human civilization is based. One of the great questions and dilemmas of our time is finding a
way to create “sustainable development”. Sustainable development must be about enabling
countries to accelerate and sustain that progress. It must be about establishing a trajectory of
human development which allows all people to exercise their choices and meet their
aspirations, both in this generation and those to come. It must also be about enabling the
benefits of development to spread to those left behind in the progress made to date. Good
governance which drives the achievement of development results must also now rise to the
challenge of achieving the equitable and sustainable development which will secure our
common future. A sustainable development response to the complex and interlinked challenges
countries face today demands policymaking which views economic growth, poverty reduction,
social development, equity, and sustainability not as competing goals to be traded off against
each other, but as interconnected objectives which are most effectively pursued together. The
important realization is that in pursuing one objective, we can either advance, slow, or stall
progress in another. Reducing environmental degradation, for example, can create jobs, and
help alleviate poverty. The converse also applies: a degraded environment can undermine the
long term economic and social health of a country. To get the wide range of policies moving in
the same direction, governments must be able to understand and harness the connections
between them. Policy makers and their advisors need to be able to weigh the evidence and
identify the ‘triple-win’ solutions which can bring economic, environmental, and social benefits.
Policy and regulatory frameworks must also be designed to attract and use finance and new
technologies in ways which generate sustainability and meet the needs of citizens, including the
poorest and most vulnerable.
 Exercise 2: The Global Demography
Group No.:
Date:
Section:
Score:

Group Members:
1. Jaimie Benogsudan
2. Maria Monica Amores
3. Nicole Ugay

Instructions: In groups of four members each, create a plan of sustainable development for the
Philippines featuring the country’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Keep in
mind the following aspects that must be considered in creating the plan:

1. Economic Status of the Philippines

2. Environmental Issues and Challenges

3. Political Stability

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF THE

PHILIPPINES

1. Economic Status of the Philippines:

 Strengths:

 The Philippines' economy is considered as quite possibly the most

unique economies in East Asia and the Pacific. In 2020, nonetheless,
GDP shrunk by an expected 8.3%, because of the flare-up of COVID-
19. In any case, as per the IMF's October 2020 gauge, GDP
development is required to get to 7.4% in 2021, subject to the post-
pandemic worldwide monetary recuperation. Key monetary drivers
incorporate strong essentials, a serious labor force, a steady
occupation market, consistent settlements, and interest in the
development area (World Bank). In its latest January 2021 update of
the World Economic Outlook, the IMF has overhauled its GDP
development projections for the Philippines to 6.6% in 2021 and
6.5% in 2022 (addressing a distinction from October 2020 WEO
projections of - 0.8% and +0.1%, individually).
 Quality Man Power and Resources
 Strategic Business Location
  Liberalized and Business-Friendly Economy
 Developing Infrastructure for Global Growth
 Hospitable Lifestyle
 Unlimited Business Opportunities
 Weaknesses:
 Inadequate levels of infrastructure, poor fiscal revenues
 Deficiencies in governance and strong perceptions of corruption
 High levels of disparity in revenue
 Attacks in the country’s South
 Strict bank secrecy and casinos enabling the laundering of money
 Opportunities:
 Agriculture
 Shipbuilding and Repair
 Automotive
 Aerospace
 Electronics
 Mining Extraction
 Off shoring and Outsourcing
 Tourism
 Threats:
 Covid-19 Pandemic

 PLAN: The Philippines economic have face a great threat to its country which is
the COVID-19 Pandemic that making the Filipinos strength crumbles and
additionally add up to the weaknesses of the Philippines economy. It is right and
that online class should be continued to still provide quality education and that
more Home-based job would be offer so that it will slowly continue to
strengthen and build the Philippines economic once again.

2. Environmental Issues and Challenges

Strengths:

 Availability of funds
 use if ecological knowledge and approaches
 integration of economic and social approach
 convergence of government agencies and, private and public sectors

Weaknesses:

 Inadequate integration of soil information

 lack of comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system
 Disequilibrium between economic and ecological approaches
 Inappropriate indicators of success
 Inefficient administration and legislative support
Opportunities:

 Increased international and local awareness of forest management

 Technological advancement for monitoring
 Availability of support from other funding institutions

 PLAN: Citizens should be more disciplined in terms of Waste Management, less

use of appliances and mode of transportations that can cause pollution, plant
more trees and no to dynamite fishing.

3.Political Stability

 In 2016, reflecting recent events in other nations, the Philippines elected a leader who showed a
style of strongman and personalist leadership and progressively decreased liberal-democratic
characteristics. His government has shown authoritarian features since President Rodrigo
Duterte took power in 2016, while retaining a formal democratic shell.

Duterte managed to expand his influence by oppressing the opposition and sidelining checks
and balances by portraying himself as based on a law-and-order governance model, with drug
users scapegoated for all social ills. Cases in point are the legally dubious arrests of Senators de
Lima and Trillanes, as well as the contested expulsion of Sereno, the chief justice.

Human rights and civil liberties have significantly deteriorated under Duterte. The political
control of the military and the police has, at the same time, increased. Sometimes carried out by
unidentified paramilitary groups, the persistent and violent fight against narcotics has
contributed to the loss of the state’s monopoly of power. When opposition forces face growing
pressure, freedom of expression and assembly is under attack.

By adopting a federal structure, President Duterte is trying to draft a new constitution and
change the constitutional system of the Philippines. A new draft federal constitution proposed
by an expert advisory committee was proposed in 2018, but subsequent amendments made by
the House of Representatives dashed expectations of major constitutional reforms.

Less problematic is the economic condition. No major economic policy reforms have been
overseen by the Duterte government and the Philippines has continued its remarkable
economic success of the last decade, with annual GDP growth rates of about 6 percent. Unlike in
previous decades, investment bankers and rating agencies regard the country as a promising
and stable emerging market.

However, the benefits of economic development have not reached every person in the
Philippines: nearly one-third of its population lives below the $1.25 per day poverty line. Mass
emigration is understandably extremely common without an efficient welfare state program.
The first signs of an economic crisis emerged in the second half of 2018, when commodity prices
rose and inflation reached more than 6 percent, especially affecting the poorer segments of
society. Other economic indicators are also eroding confidence, such as a relatively serious
devaluation of the peso, an increasingly negative trade balance, growing government debt and
declining financial reserves.

The democratic and economic transition of the Philippines is seriously impeded by both the
political and economic system’s oligarchic structures. In both domains, the long-lasting and
rooted domination of different family clans prevents the changes required for the further
deepening of democracy and the transition to a fairer market economy. President Duterte did
not question these systems of influence and instead used them for his form of authoritarian
governance. However, major political and economic change will only occur in the long term if
political decision-makers dare to question the family’s political and economic supremacy.

 PLAN:
Here is the problem: Politics is People

You need people who feel comfortable and who have a certain degree of
cooperation with the groups with which they come into contact to have a
secure country. You can’t politic your way out of that if you have two ethnic
groups that want to fight, sorry. If there are enough extremists in either party, it
is difficult to create a base.

To unite, you will need a common cause. A beneficial term is also the social
contract. If people don’t want to connect and pool resources with too much
opposition, and if someone tries to push it, too bad. Without deciding in
developing nations, individuals are already signed up for the deal, which is a
simple system to keep going.

The best case scenario, you already have a secure structure. A secure structure
that doesn’t affect vested interests is difficult to develop. Slow change is better
if you don’t have one, but revolution is always possible (again, it’s about
people).

Finally, to meet the needs of the people, you need leaders who invest
resources. Point one, people want to be protected and they need to have
protection for leaders. Point two, people need a cause. Vision can be provided
by leaders.

Politics is and will always be the product of many people, but by attending to
individual needs, we must approach peace.