Miat Piston 1 Operation Principles

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
PISTON ENGINE
OPERATING PRINCIPLES
ENERGY TRANSFORMATION
 AN ENGINE IS A DEVICE THAT CONVERT
CHEMICAL ENERGY OF THE FUEL INTO HEAT
ENERGY
 ONCE CONVETED, THE HEAT CAUSES AN

INCREASE OF GAS PRESSURE IN THE CYLINDER
THAT CONVERT IT INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY
SEQUENCE AND EVENT
Intake Compression Ignition Power Exhaust

SEQUENCE AND EVENT

IGNITION
THE FOUR STROKES OF

OTTO CYCLE
TERMS
 TDC: HIGHEST POINT
PISTON CAN GO
OUTWARD TDC
CRANKSHAFT
MAIN BDC
 BDC: LOWEST POINT JOURNAL
PISTON CAN GO
INWARD
 STROKE: DISTANCE
BETWEEN BDC TO CRANK PIN CRANKSHAFT
TDC BIG END TURNS
180°
TERMS
ONE STROKE IS
EQUIVALENT TO THE
DISTANCE A PISTON
TRAVELS BETWEEN BDC
AND TDC
IN ALL PISTON ENGINE, ONE

COMPLETE STROKE
OCCURS WITH EACH 180º OF
CRANKSHAFT ROTATION
TERMS
INTAKE STROKE
• PISTON MOVES FRON

TDC TO BDC
• INTAKE VALVE OPEN
• PRESSURE INSIDE THE

CYLINDER REDUCES
INTAKE STROKE
AIR UNDER ATMOSPEREIC
PRESSURE FLOWS INTO THE
CYLINDER THROUGH
CARBURETOR & MIXED WITH
CORRECT AMOUNT OF FUEL
BY WEIGHT
AMOUNT OF FUEL/AIR
MIXTURE ENTERS CYLINDER
ISA DETERMINED BY
THROTTLE POSTION
COMPRESSION STROKE
o INTAKE VALVE
TYPICALLY CLOSES 50º
TO 70º PAST BDC AND
WITH MOMENTUM
ALLOWS MORE
FUEL/AIR MIXTURE TO
ENTER CYLINDER
o INTAKE VALVE CLOSE
o PISTON MOVES FROM

BDC TO TDC
COMPRESSION STROKE
o UPWARD MOVEMENT
COMPRESS FUEL/AIR
MIXTURE
o JUST BEFORE THE END

OF THIS STROKE,
TYPICALLY 20º TO 35º,
MIXTURE IS IGNITEDBY
SPARK PLUG TO
ENSURED THE MIXTURE
IS COMPLETELY PISTON MOVES
COMBUST AND BEGIN FROM

BDC TO TDC
THE POWER STROKE

POWER STROKE
 BOTH VALVES CLOSE
 EXPANDING GAS PUSHES

THE PISTON FROM TDC TO
BDC AT 3000ºF AND 15
TONS FORCE
 LINEAR MOTION OF
PISTON IS CONVERTED TO
ROTARY MOTION OF
CRANKSHAFT
POWER STROKE
 EXHAUST VALVE OPEN
WELL BEFORE THE BDC TO
AID IN SCAVENGING OF
EXHAUST GAS BY UTILISING
REMAINED GAS PRESSURE
 EARLY EXIT OF EXHAUST

HELP IN CYLINDER
COOLING AND NOT DILUTE
FRESH FUEL AIR MIXTURE
COMING IN DURING INTAKE PISTON MOVES
FROM
STROKE TDC TO BDC

EXHAUST STROKE
 EXHAUST VALVE OPEN
 PISTON MOVES FROM

BDC TO TDC TO
SCAVENGE THE
EXHAUST GAS OUT OF
THE CYLINDER
EXHAUST STROKE
 THE SPEED OF THE
EXHAUST GAS LEAVING THE
CYLINDER CAUSE A
PRESSURE DROP LEAVING
AN AREA OF LOW
PRESSURE, SPEEDS UP THE
INTAKE OF FUEL/AIR
MIXTURE
 INTAKE VALVE TYPICALLY

OPEN EARLY AT 8º TO 55º PISTON MOVES
FROM
BEFORE TDC ON EXHAUST BDC TO TDC
STROKE
VALVE TIMING
 TERM USED TO
DESCRIBES THE POINT AT
WHICH THE INTAKE AND
EXHAUST BEGIN TO OPEN
AND CLOSED DURING THE
FOUR STROKES CYCLE
 PROPER TIMING IS
CRUCIAL FOR EFFICIENT
ENGINE PERFORMANCE DIAGRAM FOR VALVE TIMING
VALVE LEAD
• THE NUMBER OF CRANKSHAFT DEGREE THAT

THE INTAKE VALVE OPEN BEFORE THE PISTON
REACH TOP DEAD CENTER ON THE EXHAUST
STROKE AND CLOSED FEW DEGREE AFTER
PISTON PAST TDC ON THE COMPRESSION
STROKE
• THIS ALLOWS GREATER QUANTITY OF FUEL/AIR

MIXTURE INTO THE CYLINDER
VALVE LAG
• THE NUMBER OF DEGREE THE EXHAUST VALVE

OPEN PAST TDC BEFORE PISTON REACHES BDC
ON THE POWER STROKE
• CLOSED FEW DEGREE AFTER THE PISTON PAST

TDC ON THE INTAKE STROKE
VALVE OVERLAP
• THE NUMBER OF DEGREE BOTH VALVE REMAIN

OPEN
• THIS IS THE COMBINATION OF VALVE LEAD AND

VALVE LAG
POWER ‘ W ’
• POWER “W” TDC
BDC
INTAKE VALVE
EXHAUST VALVE
SPARK PLUG IGNITES

PISTON MOVEMENT
• WHEN PISTON IS AT OR NEAR TOP CENTER IT
MOVE MORE PER DEGREE OF CRANKSHAFT
ROTATION THAN THE PISTON AT BOTTOM
CENTER
• PISTON VELOCITY IS HIGHEST AT 90 DEGREE

POINT AND LOWEST AT TOP AND BOTTOM
CENTER POSITION
• FOR THIS REASON VALVE LEAD AND LAG IS

GREATER NEAR BDC THAN AT TDC
PISTON MOVEMENT
NOTE THAT PISTON

MOVES MORE PER
DEGREE OF TRAVEL
WHEN THE PISTON IS
NEAR THE TOP CENTER
THAN WHEN IT IS NEAR
BOTTOM CENTER
FIRING ORDER
 DEFINE AS THE
SEQUENCE IN WHICH
IGNITION OCCURS IN
DIFFERENT CYLINDER
 EACH ENGINE IS
DESIGN WITH A
SPECIFIC FIRING
ORDER TO MAINTAIN
BALANCE AND REDUCE
VIBRATION
FIRING ORDER
EXAMPLE:
CONTINENTAL 0-200A=
1,3,2,4
LYCOMING O-320-E3D =
SAME ORDER BUT
CYLINDER ARE NUMBERED
DIFFERNTLY FOR THIS
REASON EXERCISE
CAUTION AND REFER TO TYPICAL FIRING ORDER OF
ENGINE MM OPPOSED ENGINES
FIRING ORDER ON RADIAL ENGINE

• THE ODD CYLINDER FIRE
FIRST FOLLOWED BY THE
EVEN NO. CYLINDER
• EXAMPLE 1:
• 14 CYLINDER = +9 -5, MEANS

IF NO. 1 IS FIRING THE NEXT
CYLINDER TO FIRE IS 1 + 9 =
NO. 10 CYLINDER, THE NEXT
CLINDER TO FIRE IS 10 – 5 = 5
AND SO ON RADIAL ENGINE 14
cylinders
EXAMPLE 2:
18 CYLINDER = +11 – 7, IF
NO. 1 CYLINDER IS FIRING
THE NEXT CYLINDER TO
FIRE IS 1 + 11= 12 NEXT WILL
BE 12 – 7 = 5
Radial Engine 18 Cylinders


1
5 4
7
2
3
6
FIRING ORDER
CYLINDER NUMBER

Miat Piston 1 Operation Principles

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Miat Piston 1 Operation Principles

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

 ONCE CONVETED, THE HEAT CAUSES AN

SEQUENCE AND EVENT

Intake Compression Ignition Power Exhaust

SEQUENCE AND EVENT

THE FOUR STROKES OF

IN ALL PISTON ENGINE, ONE

• PISTON MOVES FRON

• INTAKE VALVE OPEN

• PRESSURE INSIDE THE

o INTAKE VALVE CLOSE

o PISTON MOVES FROM

o JUST BEFORE THE END

COMBUST AND BEGIN FROM

THE POWER STROKE

 EXPANDING GAS PUSHES

 EARLY EXIT OF EXHAUST

STROKE TDC TO BDC

 EXHAUST VALVE OPEN

 PISTON MOVES FROM

 INTAKE VALVE TYPICALLY

BEFORE TDC ON EXHAUST BDC TO TDC

• THE NUMBER OF CRANKSHAFT DEGREE THAT

• THIS ALLOWS GREATER QUANTITY OF FUEL/AIR

• THE NUMBER OF DEGREE THE EXHAUST VALVE

• CLOSED FEW DEGREE AFTER THE PISTON PAST

• THE NUMBER OF DEGREE BOTH VALVE REMAIN

• THIS IS THE COMBINATION OF VALVE LEAD AND

• POWER “W” TDC

SPARK PLUG IGNITES

• PISTON VELOCITY IS HIGHEST AT 90 DEGREE

• FOR THIS REASON VALVE LEAD AND LAG IS

NOTE THAT PISTON

FIRING ORDER ON RADIAL ENGINE

• 14 CYLINDER = +9 -5, MEANS

FIRING ORDER ON RADIAL ENGINE

Radial Engine 18 Cylinders

FIRING ORDER ON RADIAL ENGINE

You might also like