IB Biology Topic 6 – Human Physiology Revision Sheet

Digestion: Hydrolytic enzymes amylase, lipase and an endopeptidase digest these macromolecules
 peristalsis - the movement
Contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles causes ____________________________ Amylase _____________________
starch (amylose) into maltose Lipase ___________________
into fatty acids and glycerol mouth
esophagus
of the intestine contents along the intestines.
_________________________________________________________________________ Endopeptidase _____________________________________
breaks the inner peptide bonds of a polypetide
gall bladder liver
 digestive enzymes in the intestines, and insulin glucagon into blood
The pancreas secretes ______________________________________________________ stomach
The four layers of tissue in the digestive system are: pancreas
 Villi increase surface area of _________________________
the ileum and their function is ______
to
Epithelium Mucosa
absorb nutrient molecules from the intestines into the blood, or the lymphatic system.
_____________________________ _____________________________
________________________________________________________________________ large
small
_____________________________
Sub-mucosa _____________________________
Circular muscle intestines
 transfer nutrients into epithelial cells.
Membrane transport is required to ___________________________________________ Longitudinal muscle intestines

Homologous structures provide evidence that

Can you draw a heart diagram? William Harvey Compare the structure and function of arteries and veins Increasing and decreasing heart rate Explain the role of the SA node
___________________________________________________________________
 Epinephrine _____________
Pulmonary artery Aorta  Challenged Galen's ideas about heart
___________________________ Arteries__________ Veins SA node produces a regular depolarization in the
_____________________________________
Proved through experiments that the hormone released by adrenal gland atria of the heart, which is transmitted in cardiac muscle.
Vena cava Pulmonary vein blood circulates, that it returns to the thick elastic walls, thinner walls
_______________________ _____________________________________
Right atrium  ___________________________ increases pulse rate
Left Atrium heart in veins. Selective Breeding is evidence that _____________________________________
Epinephrine can increase the rate of these depolarizations
Semi-lunar valve smaller lumen larger lumen
Tricuspid valve Bicuspid Causes & consequences of occlusion  Nerves from the medulla ___
___________________________________________________________ Nerves from the medulla also affect the rage of
_____________________________________
valve of coronary arteries the heart pacemaker (SA node)
no valves valves The heart rate can be increased
Right ventricle  Too
___________________________
much saturated fats, smoking _____________________________________
Left ventricle a) Steps are: VARIATION, OVERPOPULATION, STRUGGLE for SURVIVAL,
or decreased through NATURAL
impulses
________________________
Not enough exercise high pressure blood in pulses blood at lower pressure, no pulses
in two nerves from the Medulla ____________________________________
Heart is myogenic because of the function of the
 Arteries become blocked, leading to
___________________________ SELECTION SA node.
heart disease / heart attack of the brain.

annotated Hormones and their function

platelets detect damage prothrombin --> thrombin promotes fibrinogen --> fibrin which traps RBC in a net, forms clot
Steps in the formation of a blood clot: _________________, _________________, _________________, _________________,
platelets prothrombin --> thrombin Hormone Functrion
The role of the skin is _____________________________________________________________________________________:
As a physical barrier to bacteria / pathogens. It also contains glands which produce the mucus for mucous membranes. Insulin target organ liver, absorbs glucose
Fibrinogen
from the blood, lowering glucose level
bind to antigens on pathogens Glucagon target liver to release glucose
lymphocytes
Production of antibodies is by _______________, Their function is to disable pathogens
_______________, _______________, from storage glycogen
Thyroxin regulates metabolic rate &
in their tests on penicillin on bacterial
Florey and Chain’s experiments found ______________________ infections in mice
_______________________ _______________________ partly controls body temperature
that penicillin was not toxic to mice, and that it had antibacterial properties in mice infected with steptococci baceria Leptin secreted by adipose cells, it acts on the
hypothalamus of the brain to inhibit
appetite

Neurones & nerve impulses annotated

Parts of the lungs which help ventilation and gas exchange The roles of FSH, LH, estrogen and
Type I pneumocytes ________________________________________________
thin cells form the wall of alveoli progesterone in the menstrual cycle are.
_________________________________
FSH follicle stimlating hormone - promotes the
Type II pneumocytes ________________________________________________
capable of cell division, more rounded shape, replace damaged type I
allow saltatory conduction maturation of a follicle in the ovary.
tubes with cilia and cartilage rings - carry air to alveoli
Trachea & Bronchi _________________________________________________ local ion currents _________________________________
Capillaries ______________________________________________________
thin blood vessels - carry oxygen away from alveoli and CO2 to alveole
electrical _________________________________
LH promotes ovulation and the formation of
move the rib cage up (internal) and down (external) to help ventilation the corpus luteum in the ovary
Intercostal muscles ________________________________________________
resting potential
_________________________________
Diaphragm & abdominal muscles diaphragm
______________________________________
contracts, moves down and increases thorax volume changes to action potential neurotransmitter
abdominal muscles contract and push diaphragm upwards reducing thorax volume for exhalation. on depolarization released at synapse

© David Faure, InThinking http://www.thinkib.net/biology