CB1a - Microscopes CB1c - Specialised Cells in Digestion and Reproduction CB1d - Inside Bacteria

Microscopes create an ________ of a real object that is _______ than the size
of the actual object.
Light microscopes work by passing _______ light waves up through an
_______ and then though _________ ________ (x__, x__ or x__) to magnify
the image. The light then passes through the final ______ lens (x__) and into
our ____.
Total Magnification = _______________ x ________________
The magnification of an image is the number of times _______ the
___________ appears compared to the ______ of the actual ________.
A microscope has a resolution (resolving power) of 0.2µm. What does this
mean for the images it will produce?
Draw a simple diagram of a ciliated cell. Explain why bacteria cells are categorised as “prokaryotic”.
Bacterial DNA floats freely in the cell in 2 forms, chromosomal DNA and
The function of the small intestine in the _________ system is to plasmid DNA. Explain the difference between these 2 DNA structures.
_________ the broken-down ______ molecules, taking them from the
_________ tract and into the _______-_______.
To increase the small intestine’s _______ ______ to absorb all of the
small __________ its inner surface is folded like corrugated card; these
folds are called _______. The cells found on the surface of the villi are
_______ cells. The purpose of the cilia in this case is to create a massive Bacteria are much _______ than plant and animals cells, and almost
_______ ______ to absorb micro molecules. colourless, making them very difficult to see, even with a _________.
________ are added to bacteria samples to make them more visible.
Ciliated cells are also found in the reproductive system of females. They
are the cells that line the inside of the ________, tubes that connect the Which structure is found in plant cells and bacteria cells, but is made of
______ to the _______. different material in the 2 cell types?

What is the function of ciliated cells in oviducts?

What are the advantages of using an electron microscope to view a
specimen, compared to a light microscope?
CB1e - Enzymes and Nutrition
Draw and label a simple diagram of an egg cell.
Enzymes act like scissors, cutting large food _________ into _________
food molecules that can be absorbed through the walls of the
__________ ___________.

A heart muscle cell is 20µm wide. When viewed under a microscope. It Write the name of the enzyme type, and the smaller molecule formed
appears 1cm wide. What is the magnification of the image? Show your when these 3 large food molecules are broken down by the digestive
working. Draw and label a simple diagram of a sperm cell. system:

Large carbohydrate molecule → → → → → __________ molecules

Large protein molecule → → → → → _______ _______ molecules

CB1b - Plant and Animal Cells
Explain how the features of an egg cell make it good at its function.
Describe the function of each of these organelles. Large lipid molecule → → _______ ______ and ________ molecules
1. The nucleus
Enzymes can also build large molecules by adding smaller ones
together. What is this process called? It is the opposite of digestion!
2. The cytoplasm

3. The cell membrane Explain how the features of a sperm cell make it good at its function. Large molecules such as __________ and _______ can be called
polymers because they are made of many ___________ joined
4. The mitochondria together.

In the case of lipase digesting enzymes, name the

5. The ribosomes a. Substrate =
b. Products =
6. The cell walls
Why are enzymes known as “biological catalysts”?
7. The vacuole

8. The chloroplasts

Highlight the organelles only found in plant cells.

CB1f - Enzyme Action
Draw a simple diagram to show how digestive enzymes work. Include the
following labels:
Enzyme, Substrate, Active site, Enzyme-Substrate Complex, Products.
Every enzyme will only act on a very specific type of ________ molecule; an
enzyme will ____ digest or ________ molecules that it doesn’t match to. This
is known as ________-substrate specificity.
What is the “active site” of an enzyme?
What is it about an enzyme makes it so specific to its matching substrate?
Explain why a protein-digesting enzyme such as trypsin will not digest starch
down into glucose.
Enzymes can lose their shape and become ___________if they are exposed
to very __________ conditions. These extreme conditions include very high
__________ (__) and pH that is too _____ or too ______ for the enzyme to
keep its shape. These extreme conditions cause denaturing because they
can break ________ inside the enzyme molecule. This causes the enzyme to
lose its very specific _________, and the _________ will no longer fit in the
_______-_________.
CB1h - Transporting substances: Active Transport
Active transport moves particles from areas of ____ concentration into areas
of _______ concentration.
What 2 things does active transport require?
1. .
2. .
Why can this process be described as “going against the concentration
gradient”?
CB1g - Enzyme Activity - Temperature ( C) o
CB1g - Enzyme Activity - pH
If an enzyme is ________ it loses its ______ and the enzyme’s __________ Draw a sketch graph to show how the rate of an enzyme-controlled
will no longer fit into the active _______. The process of denaturing cannot reaction changes as the pH of the reaction vessel increases from 1 to
be _________, so the enzyme will never work again once it has been 14 Assume that the optimum pH for this enzyme is 9.
____________.
10g of starch was broken down by the carbohydrase enzyme amylase in 5
minutes. Calculate the rate of this reaction in g/min. Show your working.
Draw a sketch graph to show how the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction The rate of the reaction _________ as the pH increases from 1-9.
changes as the temperature of the reaction vessel increases from 0 C to
0 The rate of reaction is highest at pH __.
80 C. Assume that the optimum temperature for this enzyme is 37 C.
o o The rate of reaction ________ as the pH increases from 9-14.
Every enzyme has an optimum pH that it is meant to work at. If the
surrounding conditions move away from this (becoming more ______
or more _______), the enzyme will become _________.
CB1g - Enzyme Activity - Substrate concentration
The rate of the reaction _________ as the temperature increases from 0 C o
to ___ C. This is because the ________ energy of the enzymes and
o
Draw 2 beakers below, filled with the same volume of solution. Draw
__________ molecules increases as the reaction vessel is ___________. one with a high substrate molecule concentration. Draw the other
The means that the _______ and substrate molecules will _________ with with a low substrate molecule concentration.
each other more frequently to form more enzyme-substrate ________ per
minute. This results in more _________ molecules being formed each
________, so the reaction speed _________ up to 37__.
The rate of reaction _________ down to 0g/min as the temperature goes
beyond 37 C because the enzyme has been _________. The shape of the
o
______ _______ has changed so that the _________ no longer fits, so the
enzyme cannot break it into __________ molecules. No reactions can Draw a sketch graph to show how the rate of an enzyme-controlled
reaction changes as the available substrate concentration in the
happen.
reaction vessel increases from 0g/ml to 50g/ml. The enzymes will
become saturated at 30g/ml
CB1h - Transporting substances: Diffusion and Osmosis
Diffusion and osmosis both involve the __________ of __________ from
areas of ______ concentration into areas of lower _________, and the
movement continues until ________ is reaches and all areas have the
________ concentration of particles.
Diffusion is the movement of _______ particles, whereas ______ is the
What happens to the rate of reaction as the substrate concentration
movement of _______ particles across a ______ _______ _________ until
starts to increase?
_________ is reached.
A single plant cell is dropped into a beaker that contains pure water.
a. Which contains the higher solute concentration, the cell or the
surrounding water? Why does the rate of reaction stop increasing after 30g.ml, even
though the substrate concentration keeps increasing?
b. Which contains the higher water concentration, the cell or the
surrounding water?
c. Will water move into the cell, or into the surrounding water by
osmosis?
d. Explain your answer to ©