Animal Manure Mold:

Creation of Single Stove Burner

Christine Mae F. Dawaten

STEM 2-A

CAPSTONE RESEARCH PROJECT 1

Ma’am Florence Ivy Pamintuan

Introduction:

In this pandemic situation, the Philippines and other countries struggling so much

that even poverty spread out where companies producing essential products decreases

its workers to save up. Thus, the effect of this also implies to the manufacturing process

of natural gas commonly use in cooking such as the pricing of it increases and its

demand. A lot of people nowadays are now having a hard time thinking on how they will

improvise Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) to their household since its price is

uncontrollably and constantly getting high. Due to the outbreak of the pandemic, the

importation and exportation of LPG are temporarily prohibited across various industries,

resulting in a decreased rate of demand for LPG. (Allied Market Research, 2021). In

addition, Due to price increases, many households in the Philippines begin to shift their

way of life from LPG to firewood/charcoal, which contributes to the cause of

deforestation. (Yao, C. & Bae, K., 2008).

Fuelwood and chips are gradually being replaced by Liquefied Petroleum Gas

(LPG), and many LPG-adopter households continue to use fuelwood. During 2011–12,

the results confirmed that agroforestry systems provided the most fuelwood for cooking,

followed by forests, and common property resources. The annual total calorific energy

generated by agroforestry through fuelwood has been estimated to be worth

211,862,469,000 billion pesos. To generate the same amount of energy, dry dung

cakes must be burnt to generate the same energy (Babanna, S. et al, 2021).

Throughout developing countries, the energy required for cooking frequently

accounts to the biggest share in the total national energy demand and is which is

typically met primarily by biomass. Biomass-fired stoves are commonly classified into
two types in developing countries: traditional and improved. In reality, it may be difficult

to find a purely traditional design, and several modified versions of some traditional

stoves may exist. Again, distinguishing between modified traditional stoves and so-

called improved stoves is difficult. The Philippine traditional stove is commercially

available in the northern regions of the Philippines. Wood, charcoal or coal can be burnt

on the grate. All fuels can be ignited easily with kindling or kerosene. (Bhattacharya, S.,

Albina, D.O, Abdul Salam, P. 2002).

In this study, Researchers want to pursue the progress of a stove made of animal

manure. According to Jimenez, M. (2018) stating that the “Automated Cow Manure Tiles

Maker” said that bricks are widely regarded as one of the most durable and strong

building materials. She stated that cow manures had given a decent amount of attention

in the recent times due to the various applications that may be utilized for the society.

Making a stove out of animal manure is prevalent these days, as many people switch to

firewood and charcoals for cooking. Residents of Cristo Rey, Capas, and Tarlac will be

the first to benefit from this. The animal manure will come from one of Tarlac's poultry

farms.

Statement of the Problem:

1. How long will the animal manure stove last?

2. How much will be the cost of the stove if it will be sold?

3. What other materials are needed and how much will it cost?

4. How will this animal manure stove affect people?

Hypothesis

 There are no significant factors for the people to use stove made with animal

manure.

 There is a significant factor for people in using stoves made from animal

manure.

Scope of delimitation

This study is mainly focused on the efficiency of people using stoves that are

made from animal manure. The participants in this research study will be people who

live in households where cooking is done by using stove. The respondents will be only

limited to 5 to 10 household that are around Brgy. Cristo Rey,Capas,Tarlac. The

Manure will then be collected in Mangarita Organic Farm in Capas, Tarlac.

The participants will then be questioned if they are using Liquified Petroleum Gas

or LPG for cooking and are not using any type of wood or charcoals. At this time of

procedure, participants will then be allowed to use charcoals and firewood to ignite the

fire.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Local Studies
Multiple-Household Fuel Use – a balanced choice between firewood, charcoal and

LPG

According to Steve Sepp (2014), Petroleum products such as kerosene and LPG

as well as electricity are considered to be modern fuels at the top of the energy ladder

whereas traditional fuels such as wood fuels and agricultural waste end up at the

bottom. Charcoal is frequently regarded as a transition fuel is one that is a marketable

commodity that provides greater convenience than traditional fuels. However, upon

closer examination of the energy carriers firewood, charcoal, and LPG, becomes clear

that it is not the fuel itself but rather the processing method and related technology that

make a fuel modern in terms of energy efficiency, convenience, health benefits, and

environmental friendliness impacts. In addition, various fuels are often used for certain

cooking purposes within a household.

Firewood Plantation as an Alternative Source of Energy in the Philippines

The rising cost of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has forced many households in

the Philippines to switch to firewood/charcoal, putting enormous strain on the country's

dwindling forest. This transition is more visible in rural areas, where the price of

firewood is nearly half that of cities. Both the high demand for firewood and the pressure

on our forests can be alleviated in part by investing in firewood plantation. After all, the

country has vast tracts of undeveloped land, both private and public, just waiting to be

developed. What the government can do is: a) aggressively promote firewood

plantation; b) simplify the old technology for establishing firewood plantation in order to
encourage more farmers; c) improve charcoal processing; and d) promote the use of

efficient stoves. This article addresses the need for firewood plantation, areas available

for planting, where to plant in farms, what species to plant in a specific soil type/location

for optimum growth, planting methods, harvesting, marketing, and the environmental

benefits derived from plantation aside from wood (Yao, Calixto E., 2008).

Cooking with Firewood

Rural households in developing countries, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa,

commonly use firewood as their primary source of cooking energy. In rural areas,

firewood is still widely used because it is frequently the only available, accessible, and

affordable fuel. The access to firewood is critical for households that use firewood for

cooking, especially in rural areas where alternative fuels such as LPG are frequently

unavailable. Households can collect firewood close to their homes at all times because

it is available year-round and is not subject to significant seasonal changes. Contrary to

popular belief, all fuels can achieve relatively clean combustion if proper technologies

and techniques are used, as a fuel's environmental and health benefits are primarily

dependent on its processing and usage techniques. However, because many people

still use traditional stoves, burning firewood has a negative impact on health due to high

emissions, such as respiratory and heart disease, lung cancer, and eye irritations

(Energypedia, 2021).

Automated Cow Manure Tiles Maker

Bricks are widely regarded as one of the most durable and strong building
materials. This material, also known as artificial stone, can be created in a variety of

ways, but it is primarily divided into two categories: air-dried and fired. Cow manure, on

the other hand, has received a lot of attention recently because of the various

applications that it can be used for in society, such as fuel and biogas, repellents and

disinfectants, fertilizer, and, in relation to the proposed project, as a building material.

Several materials that were once thought to be unconventional have recently shown

great promise as building materials when properly configured. Cow manure is one of

these materials, due to its structural similarity to mud or clay when properly dried.

Because cows primarily consume farm grass and plant-based feeds, bovine cow

excretions lose their unpleasant odor when dried. Bricks are well-known for being

structural materials, but they have recently been used as decorative items that are

commonly used on gardens and garages. These types of bricks are also subjected to

fragility tests, but they are not required to be as structurally stable under a given amount

of pressure as building bricks. Because of the aforementioned statements, the

researcher proposed a project in which cow manure would be used as the raw material

and transformed into commercially comparable garden bricks. Modern regular building

bricks are typically made of clay or mud that has been molded or dry-pressed and is

either heated in a kiln or chemically set by a calcium-silicate or concrete composition.

Using cow manure instead of traditional materials will provide a solution to these

potential issues: cow livestock producers will not suffer financially to dispose of the

animals' wastes; Cow manure, as a building material, only needs to be sun-dried before

harvesting; and because cow manure is far less dense than mud or clay, it will yield a

lighter but equally structurally capable end product (Monaliza S. Jimenez, 2019).
Carabao Manure Ash as an Alternative Cement: A Feasibility Study

A Research done by Chires Jhoye M. Robles, 2019, focuses on the potential of

carabao manure ash as an alternative cement. In this research, it was found out that

Carabao manure is a nitrogen-rich material containing sodium, sulfur, potassium, and

phosphorous, and is chemically similar to the components of cement used in

construction, which include calcium, sodium, sulfur trioxide, potassium oxide, and

calcium oxide. With the help of the findings of Jerry Coleby-Williams (2014), carabao

manure is thought to provide significant components for a ground-breaking innovation in

alternative yet environmentally friendly cement.

Foreign Studies

Assessment of Cohesive Soil - Cow Dung Mortar Properties as Replacement of

Cement Mortar for Simple Plastering Works

According to L Mbereyaho (2020), The growth of the local construction industry

has resulted in a high demand for cement, which is used for both structural and non-

structural applications, such as finishing. As a result, cement has been prohibitively

expensive for the vast majority of the population. Particularly in rural areas where

financial resources are still scarce. In terms of finishing, those individuals have relied

solely on soil mortar or have been reinforced with grasses without the use of any other

materials. The goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of cohesive soil

mortar mixed with cow dung and to determine the recommended mix content for

plastering projects. Twelve samples of soil mortar containing 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%
cow dung were prepared and dried for 28 days before being tested for water absorption,

shrinkage, weathering resistance, specific gravity, and Atterberg limit tests. The tests

yielded positive results for checked properties containing 20% cow dung, suggesting

that it could be used as a low-cost alternative plastering material to cement mortar for

some structural members under normal weather conditions.

Experimental studies on effect of cow dung ash and coconut fiber on strength

properties of concrete.

Concrete is one of the best building materials and has many advantages.

Strength, thermal resistance, and cost effectiveness make it superior to other materials.

Cement is a material required for the production of concrete as a very good binder

However, its production requires more energy and contributes to pollution. The World

Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the cement industry accounts for about 5%

of total CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Aside from being an environmental

polluter, the amount of heat energy required for cement production is approximately

1500 °C, which necessitates more energy. Many naturally occurring materials, such as

coconut fiber, cow dung ash, straw, rice husk ash, and so on, are used as binders in

concrete, partially replacing cement. Cow dung ash is produced by drying and burning

dried cowdung pats, and it contains a high concentration of nitrogen, potassium,

calcium, carbon, and phosphorus. It possesses a low thermal conductivity and

necessitates a maximum heat energy of 400°C. This method is also useful for reusing

coconut fiber, which is an agricultural and food waste. The incorporation of coconut fiber

and cow dung ash in varying amounts into concrete improves its strength. However,
increasing the amount of coconut fiber or cow dung ash above a certain level may

reduce the strength of concrete (C Venkatasubramanian, D Muthu, G Aswini, et al,

2017)

Animal Attributes Exploited by Humans (Nonfood Uses of Animals)

In the USA in the 19th century, dry buffalo and later cattle manure was used

extensively for cooking and heat by the Plains Native Americans, people on trails to the

West, trappers, and settlers (Welsch Dannebrog, 2007). Even today, dried cow feces is

still used for cooking and heat by millions of farmers particularly in Africa and Asia with it

being estimated that 300 million metric tons of dung is being used as fuel in India alone.

Cow feces are also used as plaster for buildings (Colin G. Scanes, 2018).

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https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/

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