Link :

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/pamantasan-ng-lungsod-ng-san-pablo/methods-of-research/
group-3-final-thesis-coconut-shell-into-charcoal-briquettes/75747250

Original text :

Coconut is one of the agricultural products that can be found in tropical

countries. The world economy benefits greatly from the coconut industry and
according to Shahbandeh (2023), Philippines was the second-largest producer
of coconuts with around 14.7 million metric tons of the world's production.
Despite the existence of the coconut industry, Nunes et al. (2020) claims that
increased consumption of coconut water and green coconut fruit pulp has led
to an increase in the production of coconut shells. However, after consumption
of the delectable coconut juice or meat, the collected coconut shell is either
wasted or thrown away. Yet what are these coconut shells capable of?
According to Mckeon, J. (2023), “Burning of coconut shells is not only a
waste of natural resources, it also contributes significantly to CO2 & methane
emissions.” In addition, Borel et al. (2021) stated that the logically reason is
that coconut shell biomass are predominantly made up of lignin, cellulose and
hemicelluloses. Due to its unique qualities, which include being a carbon-rich
and environmentally favorable solid fuel compared to other biomass and coal
materials, coconut shell biomass can be used to create alternative forms of
energy Ahdman, R.K. (January, 2021). Therefore, it is perfectly fit to be
activated or carbonized. Activated carbon is often referred to as activated
charcoal. Both words describe charcoal that has been heated again and
oxidized ("activated") to increase porosity. In order to convert a coconut shell
into activated carbon, it must first be converted into charcoal.
According to Rajah Filter Technics (2017), charring or pyrolysis are
other terms for the conversion of coconut shell to charcoal process. In order
for the coconut shells to decompose into charcoal, they must essentially be
heated to extremely high temperatures (between 300 and 500 degrees
Celsius) for a long period of time. The container in which this process takes
place may vary. Byjus (2023), specified that the calorific value of charcoal is
more than wood. Charcoal is more convenient to handle than wood. Charcoal
produces lesser smoke compared to wood. As stated by Charcoal House
(2023) coconut shell-derived activated charcoal is renowned for having a
micropore structure that is ideal for tiny air and gas molecules while coconut
shell coal-based charcoal has larger macro-pores that can hold the larger color
and protein molecules, wood-based charcoal has a more mid-range pore
structure. Instead of using wood, natural materials like coconut shell that are
typically discarded are also possible. This not only aids in waste management
but also lessens the chance of deforestation.
Charcoal are being utilized as a fuel in restaurants and bakeries, grills
may also be found in small businesses and are popular for picnics and trips.
It was said that the Philippines is the second-largest contributors to coconut for about 14.7 metric tons
of the worlds production because the Philippines is a tropical country which only experiences wet and
dry season which are suitable for the growing of coconut. Coconuts are known for its one-of-a-kind
features. Though the ascending of coconut water and green coconut pulp has led to the ascending of
coconut shells too. After harvesting coconut juice or milk, the coconut shell are either wasted or thrown
away without even knowing its capabilities and other uses of coconut shells. Coconut shells are mostly
made out of lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. Due to its much unknown features like environmentally
solid fuel, its biomass are known to be very useful in being an alternative form of energy. Thus, it would
be greater to activate or carbonize it, means that charcoals that has been heated increasing its porosity,
though we have to change coconut shells to charcoal through the process of pyrolysis which causes
coconut shells to be heated in extremely high temperatures, around 300 degrees which makes it a
charcoal. Charcoal are more convenient than wood because charcoal produces lesser smoke compared
to wood. Coconut shell-deprived activated charcoal have micropore structure thus it is suitable for tiny
air and gas molecule while the coconut shell based has larger macro-pores thus it can hold the larger
color and protein molecule, wood-based charcoal has a more mid-range pore structure. “Natural
materials like coconut shell has a potential in being an alternative for charcoal” means that it is possible
to use other natural materials to transform into charcoal other than wood, it gives lots of benefits like
decreasing the smoke produced which makes it environmentally friendly. This alternative does not only
help the coconut shell wastes but also reduces the possibility of deforestation. Charcoal are used as fuel
in bakeries and restaurants. This study promotes the production of coconut shell-based charcoals, by
using these types of charcoals, it gives us benefits like the decreasing of coconut shell waste and the
possibility of deforestation as traditional charcoals are mostly wood-based and is impactful towards our
environment.
Link
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
366049058_The_Use_of_Saba_Banana_Musa_acuminata_M_balbisiana_Peel_as_a_Charcoal_S
ubstitute/link/63bc00dfa03100368a6632c9/download?
_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY
2F0aW9uIn19

original text :
The Philippines has historically relied heavily on charcoal to meet its residential and commercial
energy needs. Lump charcoal is expected to produce the most demand in the Philippines’
charcoal market in 2019. However, due to this, the cutting of trees has been a substantial
contributor to climate change. Because of the production and manufacturing of charcoal, a large
number of trees have been cut down, resulting in deforestation and environmental
degradation. Not only is deforestation and environmental degradation a problem, but so are
diseases caused by the smoke used to make charcoal. The green gas houses are another
problem aside from the health and ecological problems, since the smoke emissions from the
production of charcoal are affecting our ozone layer. This is also one of the many negative
effects of the commercial charcoal that we always use. The primary reason for the rise of the
Philippines charcoal industry is because, throughout history, the product has been cheaper than
kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas making an efficient supply for fuel. It has been cheap since
there is abundant availability of low-cost feedstock, such as coconut shells and wood. The use of
charcoal has become a traditional part of the life of the Filipino people. However, there is always
a widespread belief that the manufacturing of charcoal is completely unsustainable, damaging
the environment and the lives of the people. Despite the fact that charcoal production has a
significant financial impact on families’ annual total pay, it has a significant impact on the
climate, such as air pollution, despite refined respiratory medical conditions. As a result,
conscientious organizations and organizers should have focused on the complex impact of
traditional charcoal production on ecological issues and modern medical conditions.
In the Philippines, we are used to using traditional charcoal, which is wood-based briquettes, for many
uses in our daily life activities. Our traditional way of cooking is by using charcoal; however, producing
wood-based charcoal is known to be very unsustainable and has become a pivotal role in environmental
issues like deforestation and climate change, which creates a negative impact on both the environment
and the organisms that surround it. Deforestation and the increase of climate change are not the only
problems that are produced by using charcoal, but so are the diseases caused by the smoke used to
make charcoal. In addition, the increase in greenhouse gases promotes global warming. The main reason
why charcoals are mostly used by Filipinos is because charcoals are much cheaper than kerosene and
liquefied petroleum gas as a supply of fuel. Banana is said to be one of the most needed agricultural
products in the Philippines, although the banana peels became waste and were discarded. Many natural
wastes have become sources of biomass and are mostly discarded. Although charcoal production helps
the family’s income, it is impactful in terms of environmental problems, specifically on the climate, like
air pollution, which could cause respiratory medical conditions. Thus, the organizations and organizers
should have focused on traditional charcoal’s negative impact on environmental matters and general
medical problems. “Thus, banana peelings has a potential as an alternative for charcoal, as ------ stated
that we can use banana peels to transform and use as a charcoal to lessen the use of wood that could
possibly cause deforestation and climate change.” This study aims to compare traditional charcoal and
banana peel-based charcoal to see which is sustainable, beneficial, and secure for humans and the
environment. Other than that, the two charcoals are differentiated by the following variables: their
longevity of burning, cooking food, and ash production. By transforming waste materials, specifically
banana peelings, into charcoal, we can decrease the possibility of deforestation. The banana peel-based
charcoal also differ from the percentage of banana peels, sawdust and wet paper. And after all the
experimentation, the researchers has come to the conclusion: foods cook faster with 50% banana peels,
25% of wet paper and 25% of sawdust than the charcoal with 25%banana peels, 50% paper and 25%
sawdust, but all the charcoal are usable. In terms of ash production, all types of charcoal produce the
same color of ash, but, the commercial or traditional charcoal produces more ash. Thus, the charcoal
with 50% sawdust produces lesser amount of ash. Overall, the charcoal with 50% is the best as it is
nearly the same as traditional charcoal.