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Ali Reza Derakhshan1, Mahdi Yousefi1, Sohrab Dehghan2, Arman Zargaran3, Mahmood
Khodadoost4
1
Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad
University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 2Department of Traditional Medicine, School of
Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 3Department
of History of Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran. 4School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran.
*Corresponding to: Mahmood Khodadoost, School of Traditional Medicine, No.8, Shams Alley,
Vali-e-Asr Street, Tehran, Iran. Email: mkhodadoost@sbmu.ac.ir.
Highlights
This manuscript reviews digestion process and the problem of indigestion from the
perspective of Avicenna and aims to establish a link between the perspective of Avicenna
and the evidence of modern medicine.
Traditionality
Avicenna (born 980, died 1037, Hamadan, Iran) is regarded as the most distinguished
Persian medical scholar. His masterwork Canon of Medicine became the mainstream
medical system in the west until 17th century. Avicenna paid a lot of attention to
gastrointestinal disorders and his view was based on the humoral theory.
Abbreviations:
CAM, Complementary and alternative medicine; GI, Gastrointestinal; PM, Persian
medicine.
Competing interests:
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this
paper.
Citation:
Ali Reza Derakhshan, Mahdi Yousefi, Sohrab Dehghan, et al. Digestion process and causes
of indigestion based on Avicenna's view and modern medicine. Traditional Medicine
Research, Online.
Executive Editor: Cui-Hong Zhu,
Table 1 Four stages of digestion from the perspective of Avicenna and the evidence of modern medicine
Avicenna's view Modern medicine's view
Gastric digestion Digestion begins in the oral cavity Mechanical and chemical digestion begins in the oral
with crucial role of chewing and cavity with the effect of chewing and salivary amylase
saliva. and lipase.
Food is transformed into a semifluid Digestion (specially proteins) continues at this stage
substance called Chylus. with a key role of gastric juice and pancreatic enzymes.
In addition to stomach, the liver, the Role of liver in this stage can be explained by the
spleen and the diaphragm have a role release of bile from gallbladder.
at this stage. Dysfuction of spleen can lead to dysfunction of other
The role of the pancreas is not digestive organs by dysregulation of immune system as
expressed explicitly by Avicenna, well as gut associated lymphatic tissue dysfunction.
although he may have considered the The diaphragm can play a role in digestion process in
pancreas as part of the spleen. some cases by increasing intra-abdominal pressure.
Hepatic digestion The blood passes through Masariqa The superior mesenteric vein collects blood from small
(mesenteric) and Baab (portal) veins intestine and forms the portal vein in combination with
and distributes in the liver. splenic vein. Portal vein carries blood from
The hepatic digestion leads to gastrointestinal tract to the liver.
metabolization of food and formation Liver process the blood, break down, and metabolize
of four humors. the nutrients. The blood that enters the liver is drawn
These humors enter a vessel that into the sinusoids and after metabolization enters into
emerges from the convex part of the the inferior vena cava via hepatic vein.
liver and join the body circulation.
Intravascular Occurs in the blood vessels. Enzymatic reactions inside vessels such as endothelial
digestion Prepares humors for consumption in lipase and protease activities can be considered as
tissues. evidence of intravascular metabolism and digestion.
Intra-organ Digested food reaches the tissue and Intracellular enzymatic reactions and degradation and
digestion digestion completed in each tissue catabolism of food molecules can match this opinion.
specifically. The result is tissue
growth and regeneration
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