NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE:: GUDUR

(Accredited by NAAC with “A+” Grade)

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
IV B.TECH (ECE/EIE) I SEM (2019-20)
SUB: EMBEDDED SYSTEMS (R15) Staff:Ms.Sumalatha.S
2 marks answer & questions
UNIT I
1. Define an Embedded system?
Ans: Embedded system or embedded microcomputer system is an electronic/ electro-
mechanical system designed to perform a specific function and it is a combination of both
software and hardware.
2. What are the real time examples of ES?
Ans: Cellular phones, Telephone system, Theft deterrent devices, Surveillance,
Temperature control, Cardiac monitors, Gas leakage detection & control system, Car
cruise control, ATM, Air traffic control etc.
3. Explain the applications of ES?
Ans: Consumer Electronics, Home appliance, Communications, Automotive, Military,
Industrial, Business, Shipping, Medical, Computer components.
4. Write short notes on Host and Target concept?
Ans: A host system is used during development process before locating and burning the
codes onto a target board. Target system interfaces with the computer as well as works as
standalone system.
5. Explain the features of an embedded system?
Ans: Windows IoT (formerly Windows Embedded), Windows Embedded CE 6.0,
Windows Embedded Industry, Windows Embedded Compact7, Embedded database,
Operating System Embedded, Aerial Reconfigurable Embedded System and Open BSD
security features
6. What are the components of an embedded system?
Ans:  Microcontroller, microprocessor, DSC, DSP, busses, system clock, Read only
Memory(ROM), RAM, Real time clock these are the components of embedded system.
7. What are the different types of Timers in an embedded system?
Ans: Watchdog timer, Programmable interval timer, Command Loss Timer Reset,
Sprinkler system timer, Timer A and Timer B.
8. Write down the different types of an embedded processors based on functionality?
Ans: There are four types of embedded processors 1.general purpose processor (GPP), 2.
Application Specific purpose processor (AISP) 3.digital signal processor (signal
processor) and 4.single purpose processor.
9. Write down the different types of an embedded system based on design process?
Ans: There are three types embedded systems
1. small scale embedded system
2. medium scale embedded system and
3. large scale embedded system or sophisticated embedded system.
10. What are the Advantages of an embedded system?
 Ans: Advantages of embedded systems are Small in size, low power consumption,
Safety, Accuracy, Precision, Resolution, Response time(speed of operation is high),
Bandwidth, Maintainability, Testability, Compatibility, reliability of the device and
Nonrecurring engineering cost (NRE cost).
11.  Why we use embedded systems? Or what is the need of embedded systems?
Ans: Embedded systems avoid lots of electronic components and they have rich built in
functionality. They reduce the cost and maintenance cost and the probability of failure of
embedded system is less so embedded system is in very much use now a days.
12. What are programming languages used in embedded systems?
Ans: Assembly language and C programs are basically used for embedded system. Java
and ADA are also preferred program is also called as embedded c.
13. What is the significance of watchdog timer in ES?
Ans: It is a timing device which is set to predefined time interval and some task is to be
performed at that time. It is used to reset original state when an inappropriate event takes
place. It is usually operated by counter device.
14. How does combination of functions reduce memory requirement in embedded
system?
Ans: By using functions the amount of code that has to be dealt with is reduced thus
redundancy is eliminated for everything common in function.
15. Wire short notes on RAM?
Ans: The Random Access memory is a temporary and volatile memory, RAM is a key
element in an embedded system or a large mainframe. The RAM is used to store
temporary data within the embedded system. Programmer variables and other temporary
data are generally stored within the RAM. RAM is more expensive than ROM.
16. Write short notes on ROM?
Ans: Non-volatile memories are permanent storage types of memory chips which can
get back stored information even when the power is switched off. An example of
non-       volatile memory device is Read Only Memory (ROM).The ROM stands for Read
Only        Memory. ROM can only be used to read from, but cannot be written upon. These
memory devices are non-volatile.
17. Write the Memory types of an embedded systems
Ans: Various forms of memories are used in a embedded system, those are 1.Internal
RAM 2.Internal ROM/PROM/EPROM 3.External RAM for temporary data storage and
stack 4.Internal Caches (pipelined and superscalar microprocessors) 5.Internal EEPROM
or Flash memory 6.Memory Stick (Card): video, images, songs 7.External ROM or
PROM for embedding software 8.RAM memory buffers at the ports.
18. List the Design tools for an embedded system
Ans: There are seven design tools used for embedded system design. Those are Editor,
Complier, Assembler, Debugger, Linker, Libraries and Simulator.
19. List the steps involved in Design process for embedded systems?
Ans: Embedded system design process consists of the following steps 1.Abstraction
2.Hardware and Software architecture 3.Extra functional properties 3.System related
family of designs 5.Modular design 6.Mapping 7. User interface design and Refinements.
20. List the Programming languages for embedded system?
Ans: There are some programming languages for embedded systems; those are
1.Embedded C, 2.C++, 3.Java, 5.Python, 6 Rust 7.Vhdl and Veri Log.
21. What is the need of separate data and address bus.
Data bus is bidirectional whereas, address bus is unidirectional. Data bus has m bits then
the data lines are D0-Dm-1 . Address bus has n bits then the address lines are A0-An-1

UNIT- 2
1. Write short notes on RISC?
Ans: RISC stands for reduced instruction set computing. As the name implies, all risc
processors/microcontrollers having less number of instructions with range of 30 to 40.
Risc processors are comfortable since he/she needs to learn only a few instructions.
Atmel AVR microcontroller is an example for a Risc processor and its instruction set
contains only 32 instructions.
2. Write short notes on CISC?
Ans: CISC stands for complex instruction set computing. From the definition, the
instruction set is complex and instructions are high in number. For a Cisc processor
she/he needs to learn more number of instruction and should understand the of usage
of each instruction. The original version of 8051 microcontroller is a Cisc controller
and its instruction set contains 255 instructions.
3. Write the differences between CISC and RISC
Ans:
CISC (Complex Instruction Set RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing)
Computing)
Many instructions Few instructions
Instructions have varying lengths Instructions have fixed lengths
Instructions execute in varying times Instructions execute in 1 or 2 bus cycles
Many different types of addressing modes Limited number of addressing modes. E.g., Thumb
has register, immediate, and indexed.
Atmel AVR microcontroller is an example The original version of 8051 microcontroller is
for a RISC processor and its instruction set a CISC controller
contains only 32 instructions.

4. Differentiate Von-Neumann and Harvard architectures.

Harvard
 Two memories with two Buses allow
parallel access to data access and
instructions.
 Control unit for two buses is more
complicated and more expensive.
 Program cant write itself.
 Both memories can use different sizes.
 Development of a complicated Control
Unit needs more time.
Von-Neumann
 Content of the memory if organised and all
installed memory can be used.
 One bus is simpler for the control unit design
 Computer with one bus is cheaper.
 Error in a program can rewrite instruction and
crash program execution.
 Development of the Control Unit is cheaper
and faster.

5. Draw the architecture of Von-Neumann.

Ans: The Von Neumann Architecture is characterized by a memory and CPU containing
arithmetical-logical unit (ALU), control unit along with input and output devices which are
controlled by a CPU with a single shared bus. The architecture is shown below
 6. Draw the architecture of Harvard or
Why do we need to have user space and kernel space separate?
Ans: The Harvard architecture is a computer architecture with physically separate storage
and signal pathways for instructions and data as shown below

7. What are the basic features of RISC architecture?

 Lesser no.of addressing modes
 Lesser no.of instructions
 Large Register file
 Supports serial pipelining only
 Single cycle execution time
8. List the basic features of CISC architecture?
 The instruction set is complex and instructions are high in number.
 The original version of 8051 microcontroller is a Cisc controller and its
instruction set contains 255 instructions.
 Supports both serial and parallel pipelining.
 Multiple instructions can be executed at a time.

9. Write a shortnotes on ARM and Cortex M-series.

Ans: ARM is Advanced RISC Machine founded in 1990 as RISC is the main CPU design
strategy implemented in its processors.
Cortex M series is a 32 bit microcontroller which is having ARM processor
10. Write the ARM Nomenclature.
Ans: ARM processor implementation is described by the product nomenclature as given below
ARM [x][y][z][T][D][M][I][E][J][F][-S]
x - Family ,y - Memory management/memory protection unit. z - Ache size ,T- Thumb state
D - JTAG debug option ,M - Fast multiplier ,I - Embedded ICE macrocell ,E - Enhanced
instructions ,J - Jazzel state ,F - Vector floating point unit ,S - Synthesizable version

11. Write the TM4C123GH6PM microcontroller Nomenclature.

Ans: The figure below defines the full set of orderable part numbers for the TM4C123x
Series.
12. Draw the block diagram of TM4C123GH6PM microcontroller?
The microcontroller block diagram shown in Fig have six functional units. The cortex
M4F core, on-chip memory, analog block, serial interface, motion control and system
integration.

13. List the applications of TM4C123X microcontroller.

Ans: Connectivity • Sensor aggregation • Security and access control • Home and building
automation • Industrial automation • Human machine interface • Lighting control • Energy • Data
acquisition • System management.

14. What are the features of TM4C123X microcontroller?

ARM Cortex-M4 core with floating point ,CPU speed up to 80 MHz,Up to 256-KB Flash
 Up to 32-KB single-cycle SRAM and 2-KB EEPROM ,Two high-speed 12-bit ADCs up to 1
MSPS ,Up to two CAN 2.0 A/B controllers ,Optional full-speed USB 2.0 OTG/ Host/Device
Up to 40 PWM outputs, Serial communication with up to: 8 UARTs, 6 I2Cs, 4 SPI/SSI
Intelligent low-power design power consumption as low as 1.6 µA

15. List the applications of TM4C129X microcontroller.

Ans: Solar inverters • Industrial sensors • Industrial automation • Security access systems •
Industrial motor control • Communications adapters/ concentrators • Networked industrial
meters/ controllers • Industrial HMI control panels/ displays • Networked residential/SoHo
systems • Vending machines.

16. What are the features of TM4C129X microcontroller?

ARM Cortex-M4 core with floating point,CPU speed up to 120 MHz,Up to 1-MB Flash
256-KB SRAM and 6-KB EEPROM, 10/100 Ethernet with embedded MAC and PHY
LCD controller, AES, DES, SHA/MD5 and CRC hardware acceleration, Four tamper
inputs ,Two 12-bit ADCs up to 2 MSPS ,Two CAN 2.0 A/B controllers
Full-speed USB 2.0 OTG/Host/ Device and high-speed USB ULPI interface
Serial communication with up to: 8 UARTs, 10 I2Cs, 4 QSPI/SSI, 1-Wire master interface
17. Explain the concept of address space for TM4C microcontroller.
Flash starts at address 0x0000.0000 of the device memory map.
The on-chip SRAM starts at address 0x2000.0000 of the device memory map.
The internal ROM of the TM4C123GH6PM device is located at address 0x0100.0000 of the
device memory map.All Peripheral devices, timers, and ADCs are mapped as MMIO in
address space 0x40000000 to 0x400FFFFF.

18. List the register sets of TM4C microcontroller.

The Cortex-M4 processors have 18 working registers. 13 of them are general
purpose 32-bit registers (R0-R12) 3 have special uses (R13-SP, R14-LR, R15-PC)
Special Registers are Program status registers (PSP), Exception Mask Registers,
Control Register.
19. What are the addressing modes available in TM4C microcontroller?
ARM Addressing modes:
The ARM core supports following addressing modes.
Register Addressing,Relative Addressing,Immediate Addressing,Register Indirect
Addressing,Register Offset Addressing,Register based with Offset Addressing
• Pre-Indexed Addressing ,Pre-Indexed with write back
 Post-Indexed

20. What are the on chip peripherals in TM4C123GH6PM?

The TM4C123GH6PM microcontroller provides a variety of standard system
functions integrated into the device, including:
• Direct Memory Access Controller (DMA)
• System control and clocks including on-chip precision 16-MHz oscillator
• Six 32-bit timers (up to twelve 16-bit)
• Six wide 64-bit timers (up to twelve 32-bit)
• Twelve 32/64-bit Capture Compare PWM (CCP) pins
• Lower-power battery-backed Hibernation module
• Real-Time Clock in Hibernation module

21. Define baud rate?

Baud rate is defined as the number of samples/symbols per second transmitted
through a communication channel.
Baud Rate = Bit Rate/no. of bits in one unit of sample
 UNIT III

1. Explain the overview of an microcontroller.

Ans: A microcontroller (MCU for microcontroller unit or UC for μ-controller) is a small
computer on a single integrated circuit. A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs
(processor cores) along with memory and programmable input/output peripherals.
2. Define an embedded system.
Embedded system or embedded microcomputer system is an electronic/ electro-
mechanical system designed to perform a specific function and it is a combination of both
software and hardware.
3. List the building blocks of embedded hardware?
Ans: the building blocks of hardware of an Embedded System are.
 Central Processing Unit, Input Devices
 Output Devices ,Communication Interfaces
 Memory (ROM and RAM)
 Application Specific Circuit

4. List the building blocks of embedded software?

Ans: Editor, compiler, assembler, linker, debugger, libraries and simulator.

5. List the parameters to be considered to select an embedded processor?

Ans: following considerations need to be factored during processor selection for an
embedded system.
 Performance Considerations ,Processor instruction cycle in µsec
 Internal bus width in bits ,On chip RAM
 Program memory, Power considerations
 Peripheral Set ,Operating Voltage
6. What are the types of memories?
Ans: Various types of memories are used in a embedded system, those are
1.Internal RAM ,2.Internal ROM/PROM/EPROM
3.External RAM for temporary data storage and stack
4.Internal Caches (pipelined and superscalar microprocessors)
5.Internal EEPROM or Flash memory ,6.Memory Stick (Card): video, images,
songs ,7.External ROM or PROM for embedding software
8.RAM memory buffers at the ports.
7. List the I/O devices for an embedded system.
Ans: input devices: Keypad, key board, mouse, microphone and sensor. Output device:
monitor, LCD display, led indicators, speakers and ports.
8. Explain the concept of I/O interfacing.
Ans: interfacing is implementing communication with buses. Communication is the
transfer of data among processor, memory and input/output peripherals.
9. Define a timer?
Ans: Timer is a device which counts the input at regular interval of the clock pulses. The
counts are stored and incremented on each pulse. The timer gives an output the bits for
the present counts.
10. What are the different types of timers?
Ans: Software timer, watchdog timer, real time clock and timer cum counting device.
11. Write a short notes on counter?
Ans: Counter is a device which counts the input due the events at regular or irregular
intervals. The counts give the number of input events or pulses since it was last read.
12. Write a short note on serial communication.
Ans: Serial communication means an embedded processor send and receive the data in
serial manner to other available devices.
There are four serial communication devices 1.I2C 2.USB 3.CAN and 4.fire wire
(ieee1394).
13. Write a short note on advanced I/O.
Ans: Advanced input and output is support to high data rate for internal and external
devices of microcontroller and support advanced bus architecture for interconnections
among hardware units in microcontroller.
14. How buses will establish a connection between the networked multiple devices.
Ans:Bus is a set of parallel lines which carry signals from one unit to another unit.bus
lines interconnect several units but only two of them communicate.bus enables
interconnections among many units in simple way.
15. List the steps involved in embedded system design?
Ans: Abstraction, extra functional properties, hardware and software architecture, system
related family of designs, modular design, mapping, user interface design and
refinements.
16. What are the co-design issues in system development process?
Ans:There are four issues occurs during the development process of Embedded systems
design and co-design 1).choosing the right platform,2).memory and processor sensitive
software 3).allocation of address to memory, program segments and device 4).porting
issues of os in an Embedded system platform.
17. What is the advantage of target system or emulator?
Ans: An emulator is hardware or software that enables one computer system to behave
like another computer system. An emulator typically enables the host system to run
software tools use peripheral devices and other components designed for the guest
system.
18. What is the purpose of in-circuit emulator?
Ans: ICE is an emulator of MP of target circuit,such that a host system connects to the
ICE through a serial link for debugging purpose.ICE emulates various versions of MC
family during development phase using the reaming part of target circuit.
19. List the software tools for embedded system design?
Ans: There are seven software tools used for embedded system design. Those are Editor,
Complier, Assembler, Debugger, Linker, Libraries and Simulator.
20. What are the advantages of using a software tools in system design metrics?
Ans: Editor is workspace where we can develop the code or program. Complier is to
convert source code into object code. Assembler is to convert assembly language into
machine language.

UNIT IV
1. Explain the fundamentals of microcontroller.
Ans: A microcontroller (MCU for microcontroller unit or UC for μ-controller) is a small
computer on a single integrated circuit. A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs
(processor cores) along with memory and programmable input/output peripherals.
2. Write a short note on basic programming for microcontroller.
Ans: Microcontrollers are typically programmed in higher-level languages such as C++
or Java. One of the essential tools needed to program a microcontroller is an integrated
development environment (IDE).
3. List the pull up/down registers for microcontroller.
     Ans: Pull-up and Pull-down resistors are used to maintain proper logic levels at the input
pins of microcontroller under all conditions. In TM4C123GH6PM Microcontroller two           
registers are there.
GPIO Pull-up resistor (GPIOPUR)  to select pull-up resistors
GPIO Pull-down resistor (GPIOPDR)  to select pull-down resistors
4. Define I/O pin multiplexing.
Ans: When working with a microcontroller processor, the number of input and output
lines is often a very limiting factor when designing hardware and software for the
microcontroller. Many elaborate systems and schemes have been devised to reduce the
number of I/O pins required, and one of the simplest and most elegant is a multiplexing
system.
5. What is the basic function of GPIO control?
Ans: GPIO stand for General Purpose Input/Outputs, meaning that it is a module capable
of receiving and transmitting signals. The 'normal' function would refer to GPIO, General
Purpose Input/ Output. In this case, we can use these pins directly by writing to and
reading from the relevant registers.

6. What are the memory mapped peripherals of a microcontroller?

Ans: The memory mapped peripherals of TM4C microcontroller are
Peripheral Start Address End Address
GPIO PORTA 0x4005.8000 0x4005.8FFF
GPIO PORTB 0x4005.9000 0x4005.9FFF
GPIO PORTC 0x4005.A000 0x4005.AFFF
GPIO PORTD 0x4005.B000 0x4005.BFFF
GPIO PORTE 0x4005.C000 0x4005.CFFF
GPIO PORTF 0x4005.D000 0x4005.DFFF
Watchdog Timer 0 0x4000.0000 0x4000.0FFF
Watchdog Timer 1 0x4000.1000 0x4000.1FFF

7. List the programming system registers.

Ans: For power-savings purposes, the peripheral-specific RCGCx, SCGCx, and DCGCx
registers control the clock gating logic for that peripheral or block in the system while the
microcontroller is in Run, Sleep, and Deep-Sleep mode, respectively.
RCGCx : Run mode Clock Gating Control
SCGCx : Sleep mode Clock Gating Control
DCGCx : Deep sleep mode Clock Gating Control

8. Define Timer and list its types.

Ans:Timer is a device which counts the input at regular interval of the clock pulses. The
counts are stored and incremented on each pulse. The timer gives an output the bits for
the present counts. Software timer, watchdog timer, real time clock and timer cum
counting device.
9. What is the significance of watch dog timer in embedded system?
Ans: The watchdog timer is used to regain control when a system has failed due to a
software error or due to the failure of an external device to respond in the expected way.
A watchdog timer can generate a non-maskable interrupt (NMI), a regular interrupt or a
reset when a time-out value is reached.The TM4C123GH6PM microcontroller has two
Watchdog Timer Modules, one module is clocked by the system clock (Watchdog Timer
0) and the other (Watchdog Timer 1)

10. What is the need of low power for embedded system?

 Ans: Portable & mobile devices are getting popular, which have limited power sources.
Most embedded systems and devices run on battery. Power demands are increasing
rapidly, but battery capacity cannot keep up with its pace
1. Power generates heat,
2. Energy conservation for our planet
3 . a microcontroller which inherently consumes very less power is always
encouraging.
11. Explain working principle of system clock.
Ans: System control determines the control of clocks.All microcontrollers contain a clock
module to drive the CPU and peripherals.The basic clock module supports low system
cost and ultralow power consumption. Using multiple no. of internal clock signals, the
user can select the best balance of performance and low power consumption. The
different clock signals generated are - System clock, USB clock, PWM clock, UART
baud clock, ADC clock.clock sources: Precision Internal Oscillator (PIOSC), Main
Oscillator (MOSC), Low-Frequency Internal Oscillator (LFIOSC), Hibernation Module
Clock Source.
12. Explain about the Hibernation module in TM4C.
Ans: The Hibernation Module manages removal and restoration of power to provide a
means for reducing system power consumption. When the processor and peripherals
are idle, power can be completely removed with only the Hibernation module
remaining powered. Power can be restored based on an external signal or at a certain
time using the built-in Real-Time Clock (RTC).

13. Differentiate active and standby current consumption.

Ans: There are six power modes in which TM4C123 operates. The current consumption
of microcontroller when it is operated in run mode is called active current consumption.
The current consumption of microcontroller when it is operated in sleep mode, deep sleep
mode and hibernation mode is called standby current consumption.

14. Define interrupt.

Ans: an interrupt is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating
an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-
priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is
executing. The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state,
and executing a function called an interrupt handler (or an interrupt service routine, ISR)
to deal with the event

15. List the types of interrupt.

Ans: There are two types of interrupts namely software driven interrupts (SWI) and
hardware driven interrupts (HWI).SWIs are generated from within a currently executing
program. They are triggered by theinterrupt opcode. Microprocessors have two types of
hardware interrupts namely, non-maskable interrupt (NMI) and interrupt request (INTR).

16. Draw the interrupt vector table for TM4C.

Ans: The address locations of all ISRs are listed in a lookup table called Interrupt vector
table. In ARM microcontroller, there exist 256 interrupts. Out of these, some are
hardware or peripheral generated IRQs and some are software generated IRQs.
17. What is the basic function of Real time clock?
Ans: A real-time clock (RTC) is an IC that keeps an updated track of the current time.
This information can be read by a processor, usually over a serial interface to facilitate
the software performing functions that are time dependent. RTCs are designed for ultra-
low power consumption as they usually continue running when the main system is
powered down.

18. Write a short note on PWM module.

Ans: Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a powerful technique for digitally encoding
analog signal levels. High-resolution counters are used to generate a square wave, and the
duty cycle of the square wave is modulated to encode an analog signal. Typical
applications include switching power supplies and motor control. The TM4C123GH6PM
microcontroller contains two PWM modules, each with four PWM generator blocks and
a control block, for a total of 16 PWM outputs.

19. Define Interrupt controller.

Interrupt controller manages all the interrupt occurs by the hardware units of an
embedded system.

20. What is the significance of quadrature encoder interface?

Ans: A quadrature encoder, also known as a 2-channel incremental encoder, converts
linear displacement into a pulse signal. By monitoring both the number of pulses and the
relative phase of the two signals, you can track the position, direction of rotation, and
speed. In addition, a third channel, or index signal, can be used to reset the position
counter. The TM4C123GH6PM microcontroller includes two quadrature encoder
interface (QEI) modules.
UNIT V
1) Define IOT.
IoT(Internet of Things) is simply the network of interconnected things/devices
which are embedded with sensors, software, network connectivity and necessary
electronics that enables them to collect and exchange data making them responsive.

2) What are the basic components of IOT?

The fundamental components that make internet of things a reality are:
 Hardware-Making physical objects responsive and giving them capability to retrieve
data and respond to instructions
 Software-Enabling the data collection, storage, processing, manipulating and
instructing
 Communication Infrastructure-Most important of all is the communication
infrastructure which consists of protocols and technologies which enable two physical
objects to exchange data

3) Define API.
API means Application programming interface. It is an interface into the main
network management system (NMS) providing the tools and services necessary to allow
various third party applications to interact with the main NMS.
The API acts as an interface between various applications and allows developers
to share data and services without actually getting into or understanding the underlying
code or software of the applications.

4) What is the need of API?

An API available through the NMS creates an environment for application
developers and IT to work together to share data and services through the API. The end
result is a single management framework where the business data, public/private cloud
applications, infrastructure, security, access, analytics and users are managed through a
single management console verses individual, desperate applications.

5) Write about humidity sensor.

A humidity sensor (or hygrometer) senses, measures and reports the relative humidity in
the air. It therefore measures both moisture and air temperature. Relative humidity is the
ratio of actual moisture in the air to the highest amount of moisture that can be held at
that air temperature. 

6) What is Device API?

A device API is an application programming interface (API) that allows developers to
create Web applications that interact with device hardware. A device API basically
allows end users to use their hardware to interact with the Web in ways beyond what is
allowed by standard Web browsers. Manages hardware-related functionality such as start,
stop, set, and get device configurations.

7) What is WLAN API?

 WLAN API manages WLAN, 802.11 protocol-related functionality such as device mode
(station, AP, or P2P), setting provisioning method, adding connection profiles, and
setting connection policy.

8) What is NetApp API?

NetApp API Enables different networking services including the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) server service, DHCP server service, and MDNS client\server service

9) What is File System API?

The FileSystem API is for Web applications that have client-side storage needs not
readily addressed by database APIs. The FileSystem API is a virtual file system, and thus
user agents are responsible for allocating space for the creation of a sandboxed file
system and for imposing storage quotas on that virtual file system.
10) List the various user APIs for wireless and networking applications.
The various APIs used for wireless and networking applications are divided into six
groups as follows,
 Device
 NetConfig
 WLAN
 Socket
 NetApp
 File System

11) List the major components of wireless sensor networks.

The components that make up the WSN monitoring network include:
a) WSN hardware - Typically a node (WSN core hardware) contains sensor interfaces,
processing units, transceiver units and power supply. Almost always, they comprise of
multiple A/D converters for sensor interfacing and more modern sensor nodes have the
ability to communicate using one frequency band.
b) WSN communication stack - The nodes are expected to be deployed in an ad-hoc
manner for most applications. Designing an appropriate topology, routing is critical for
scalability and longevity of the deployed network.
c) Secure Data aggregation - An efficient and secure data aggregation method is
required for extending the lifetime of the network as well as ensuring reliable data
collected from sensors.

12) Write a short note on Bluetooth.

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short
distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to
2.485 GHz) from fixed and mobile devices, and building personal area
networks (PANs). Bluetooth is a packet-based protocol with a master-slave structure.
One master may communicate with up to seven slaves in a piconet.
13) Draw the block diagram of CC3100 Wi-Fi booster pack.
14) Write about low power operating modes of CC3100.
Low-Power Deep Sleep
The low-power deep-sleep (LPDS) mode is an energy-efficient and transparent
sleep mode that is entered automatically during periods of inactivity based on internal
power optimization algorithms. The device can wake up in less than 3 ms from the
internal timer or from any incoming host command. Typical battery drain in this mode is
115 μA. During LPDS mode, the device retains the software state and certain
configuration information.
Hibernate
The hibernate mode is the lowest power mode in which all of the digital logic is
power-gated. Only a small section of the logic powered directly by the main input supply
is retained. The real-time clock (RTC) is kept running and the device wakes up once the
nHIB line is asserted by the host driver. The wake-up time is longer than LPDS mode at
about 50 ms.

15) Write the features of WLAN module of CC3100.

 802.11b/g/n integrated radio, modem, and MAC supporting WLAN communication
as a BSS station with CCK and OFDM rates in the 2.4-GHz ISM band
 SmartConfig technology: A 1-step, 1-time process to connect a CC3100-enabled
device to the home wireless network, removing dependency on the I/O capabilities of
the host MCU; thus, it is usable by deeply embedded applications.
 802.11 transceiver mode: Allows transmitting and receiving of proprietary data
through a socket without adding MAC or PHY headers. This mode provides the
option to select the working channel, rate, and transmitted power.

16) Draw the architecture of IOT.

17) Write the features of Zigbee.
ZigBee is a standard for wireless sensor and control networks. It has the following
characteristics:
 Low battery consumption. A ZigBee end device should operate for months or
even years without needing its battery replaced.
 Low cost. Low data rate. The maximum data rate for a ZigBee device is 250Kbps.
 Easy to implement. Supports up to 65,000 nodes connected in a network.
 ZigBee can automatically establish its network.ZigBee uses small packets
compared with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.

18) Write the features of CC3100 wi-fi booster pack.

 CC3100 Simple Link Wi-Fi Consists of Wi-Fi Network Processor and Power-
Management Subsystems
 Wi-Fi Network Processor Subsystem
 TCP/IP Stack
 Powerful Crypto Engine for Fast, Secure Wi-Fi and Internet Connections with
256-Bit AES  Encryption.
 Host Interface
19) Write a short note on wireless sensor networks.
A Wireless sensor network consists of a large number of intelligent sensors,
enabling the collection, processing, analysis and dissemination of valuable information,
gathered in a variety of environments.
The WSN is built of "nodes" – from a few to several hundreds or even thousands,
where each node is connected to one (or sometimes several) sensors.

20) Define encryption.

Encryption is the conversion of electronic data into another form, called cipher text,
which cannot be easily understood by anyone except authorized parties.