Encyclopedia of sand and gravel

specifications, different project requirements

are different, friends in the sand and gravel
industry can get it

1. Stones divided according to particle size

and particle size

　　In the mining industry, the particle size of the stones is usually

between 5mm-31.5mm, among which:

(1) 5-1 stones represent 5-10mm crushed stones;

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(2) 1-2 stones represent 10-20mm gravel;

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(3) 1-3 stones represent gravel of 16-31.5mm;

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(4) 2-4 stones represent two or four points, the international standard is

1/4-1/2 inches, which means 10-15mm gravel;

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 (5) 4-6 stones represent four or six points. The international standard is

1/2-3/4 inch, which means 15-20mm gravel.

　　Because the size of the crushed stone is not uniform, it is necessary

to use a vibrating screen for screening and grading. The 1-2, 1-3, 2-4

refer to this range, and the unit is cm, that is, centimeters, such as 1. -2

means that the smaller one is 1 cm in diameter and the larger one is 2

cm in diameter. Of course, this range refers to the vast majority, not all

of them.

2. Sand according to particle size and particle

size

Refer to my country's standards for construction sand: sand refers to

rock fragments formed and accumulated in natural conditions such as

lakes, seas, rivers, and mountains with a particle size of less than 5mm.

It can also be processed by mining machinery with a particle size of less

than 4.75 mm of construction particles. The thickness of sand is divided

into 4 levels according to the modulus of fineness:

Coarse sand: The fineness modulus is 3.7-3.1, and the average particle

size is 0.5mm or more.

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Medium sand: The fineness modulus is 3.0-2.3, and the average particle

size is 0.5-0.35mm.

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Fine sand: The fineness modulus is 2.2-1.6, and the average particle size

is 0.35-0.25mm.

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Extra-fine sand: The fineness modulus is 1.5-0.7, and the average

particle size is less than 0.25mm.

Production line process

 3. Other specifications of sand and gravel

1. Needles and flake particles

Stone particles whose length is greater than 2.4 times the average

particle size of the particle size to which the particle belongs are

needle-shaped particles; those whose thickness is less than 0.4 times

the average particle size are flaky particles (the average particle size

refers to the average of the upper and lower limits of the particle size) ).

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2. Mud content

The content of particles with a particle size of less than 75um in the

stone.

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3. Mud content

The original particle size in the crushed stone is greater than 4.75mm,

and the particle content is less than 2.36mm after being immersed in

water and hand-kneaded.

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4. Stone powder content

Stone powder refers to rock particles with a particle size of less than

0.075mm (75 microns).

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5. Robustness

The ability of sand and gravel, especially stones, to resist cracking under

the original action of nature.

In addition to particle size and particle size specifications, various

industries also have corresponding requirements for the needle-like

particles, mud content, mud content, stone powder content and

firmness of sand and gravel materials. In particular, national projects

such as high-speed rail and high-speed airports have strict

requirements. Make clear requirements in advance when configuring

the production line, so as not to affect the sales of finished

materials. You can find Wuhan Jester, which has been rooted in the

professional sand making industry for decades, and design a high-

quality sand and gravel line that meets your requirements according to

your needs!
 Don't understand the mechanism of sand? All
you want to know is here!

1. What is machine-made sand?

Answer: After soil removal treatment, the rock, mine tailings and

industrial waste residue particles with a particle size of less than

4.75mm are made by mechanical crushing and screening. But does not

include soft rock, weathered rock particles. Commonly known as

artificial sand. Mixed sand refers to sand made by mixing machine-

made sand and natural sand.

2. What is the fineness modulus?

Answer: A technical indicator reflecting the thickness of machine-made

sand particles. The larger the fineness modulus, the thicker the

sand. According to the fineness modulus (Mx), the specifications of

machine-made sand are divided into four types: coarse, medium, fine,

and extra-fine, among which:

1) The fineness modulus of coarse sand is: 3.7-3.1, and the average

particle size is above 0.5mm;

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2) The fineness modulus of medium sand is: 3.0-2.3, and the average

particle size is 0.5mm-0.35mm;

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3) The fineness modulus of fine sand is: 2.2-1.6, and the average particle

size is 0.35mm-0.25mm;

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4) The fineness modulus of ultra-fine sand is 1.5-0.7, and the average

particle size is less than 0.25mm.

3. What harmful substances are in the machine-made

sand?

Answer: Common harmful substances in machine-made sand are mica,

light substances (such as leaves, wood, coal), organic matter, sulfide and

sulfate, etc. These substances have an impact on the performance of

concrete, and their content must be strictly controlled.

4. What is machine-made sand and stone powder, and

what are the requirements for the content of stone

powder?
Answer: Stone powder refers to the particles of machine-made sand

with a particle size of less than 75μm and the same composition as the

processed mother rock. Generally, the content of stone powder is less

than 10% for ordinary concrete, and less than 5% for high-strength

concrete.

Machine-made sand becomes popular in the

sand and gravel market, and reasonable
equipment selection is the key to high-yield
and high-quality
　　At present, the mining of river sand is prohibited, the demand for

machine-made sand has doubled, and large-scale and large-scale sand

and gravel production lines have become a new investment

hotspot. However, the general production line often has the

shortcomings of unreasonable equipment selection and backward

production technology, which will inevitably cause the quality of the

manufactured sand to be greatly compromised. Therefore, an excellent

production process of machine-made sand and a reasonable selection

of equipment are problems to be solved urgently in the machine-made

sand industry.waived  fee  Consult  Inquirewaived  fee  Consult  Inquire 

1. Machine-made sand production process

　　The production process of machine-made sand can generally be

divided into the following stages: block stone-coarse crushing-medium

crushing-fine crushing-screening-dust removal-machine-made sand.

　　Namely: The process of making sand is to crush the massive rock

several times to produce machine-made sand with particles smaller

than a certain size.

　　The machine-made sand is obtained by crushing crushed rocks.

Therefore, the chemical composition and mineral composition of the

mother rock determine whether the machine-made sand contains

harmful substances and whether there is alkali aggregate reaction

activity; the strength of the mother rock determines the mechanical

properties of the machine-made sand. Fragmented value. Therefore, the

production of machine-made sand has higher requirements for the

strength of the parent rock. Generally, igneous rocks should not be less

than 100MPa, metamorphic rocks should not be less than 80MPa, and

sedimentary rocks should not be less than 60MPa.

2. Equipment requirements for machine-made

sand production
1. Technical requirements of vibrating feeder in the
production of machine-made sand
 The vibrating feeder is located between the feed bin and the jaw

crusher, which can uniformly, regularly and continuously feed block and

granular materials from the storage bin to the receiving device, and

coarsely screen the materials .

According to equipment performance requirements, when configuring

and designing:

1) Minimize the pressure of the material on the tank. Generally, the

effective discharge of the warehouse material should not be greater

than 1/4 of the tank width, and the flow rate of the material should be

controlled at 6~18m/min.

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2) For materials with a large amount of feed, a block board with a

sufficient height should be set at the bottom of the silo, but the block

board must not be fixed on the tank.

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3) In order to make the silo discharge smoothly, the inclination angle of

the rear wall of the silo can be designed to be 55°~65°.

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2. The principle of crusher selection in machine-made
sand production
In the production process of machine-made sand, a three-stage

crushing process is generally used, namely coarse crushing, medium

crushing, and sand making machine crushing. The crushers used in

different crushing stages are not the same. The most commonly used in

coarse crushing is the jaw crusher. In the medium crushing, the impact

crusher or the cone crusher is generally used. The sand making

machinery generally uses impact crushing.

Generally speaking, the machine-made sand produced by the rod mill

has a good gradation, the machine-made sand produced by the impact

crusher has a good gradation but poor grain shape, and the machine-

made sand produced by an impact crusher has a bad grain gradation

but good grain shape.

In the past, rod mills were often used, because the rod mills were

selective in grinding stones during the production process, and

gradually pulverized, with little over-grinding. However, the rod mill has

defects such as low output, high operating cost, and high labor

intensity, so it is not recommended to be used in production.

In actual production, it is recommended to use impact crusher and

impact crusher to make sand to obtain machine-made sand with good

grain shape, good gradation and high output.

 3. The impact of vibrating screen on the production of
machine-made sand

The most important factor influencing the gradation of machine-made

sand products is the screening process. Among them, the shape and

size of the vibrating screen and the inclination angle of the screen

surface are the key parameters that affect the quality of machine-made

sand.

1) There is a large content of stone powder particles in the production

of machine-made sand, and the gradation requirements are high.

Rectangular and round sieve holes are not suitable, and square square-

hole sieve is generally used.

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2) The selection of sieve hole size directly affects the quality and

production volume of machine-made sand. Studies have shown that the

larger the screen size, the greater the fineness modulus of the

manufactured sand, and the lower the stone powder content; the

smaller the screen size, the smaller the fineness modulus of the

manufactured sand, and the greater the stone powder

content. According to the research of related scholars, the

recommended mesh size in the general sand making process is 3.5-

4.5mm.
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3) In order to achieve better screening efficiency and processing

capacity of materials, the inclination angle of the screen surface is

generally about 20° according to the experience of the vibrating screen

manufacturer.

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4. Selection of machine-made sand powder removal
equipment

There will be 10%~20% stone powder (75μm particles) in the

production process of machine-made sand. A proper amount of stone

powder can improve the defects of poor workability of machine-made

sand concrete and increase the compressive and flexural strength of

concrete. However, if the content of stone powder is too high, Affect

the performance of machine-made sand concrete, so the machine-

made sand should be de-dusted.

The powder removal process of machine-made sand is the key to the

control of machine-made sand powder content. The powder content in

machine-made sand must meet the requirements of different grades of

concrete and has little effect on the gradation. It is recommended to

use dry sand classifiers or wheel sand washing The machine removes

powder. In areas with cold weather, aridity and lack of water resources
in the north, dry artificial sand and gravel production techniques should

be adopted.

Excellent production process of machine-made sand and reasonable

equipment selection are the guarantee of the quality of produced

machine-made sand and determine the performance of machine-made

sand concrete. Through the analysis of this article, in order to prepare

well-graded machine-made sand, a qualified mother rock should be

selected, and the size of the vibrating feed screen should be adjusted

according to the mother rock. The jaw crusher should be used for

coarse crushing, and the impact crusher should be used for medium

crushing. The sand making machine should be a vertical impact crusher,

and the powder should be removed by a dry classifier. If the wet

powder is removed, a wheel sand washer is recommended.