BS.

Ref Calculations Result

0.4 m
0.2 m
0.1 m

0.2 m 0.8 m H= 1.4 m

0.1 m

0.2 m

0.8 m
Figure 01

SECTION PROPERTIES
Second moment of area 'I' [m 4 ] 0.085
Depth of bottom fibre 'YB' [m ] 0.565
2
Area 'A' [m ] 0.46

CONCRETE STRENGTHS
'fcu' [N/mm 2 ]- after 28 days 35
2
'fci' [N/mm ]- after 7 days 28

PROPERTIES OF TENDONS
Diameter 'd' [mm ] 20
2
'fpu' [N/mm ] 1600
'Area of a tendon' [mm 2 ] 314.1593

SPAN AND END CONDITION

Span 'L'[m ] 15
Simply supported beam

LOADINGS
Unit weight of concrete [kN/m3] 24
2
S.Dead load 'gk' [kN/m ] 12
2
Live load 'qk' [kN/m ] 10

PRESTRESS LOSSES Cover [m ] 0.035

At trasfer 'α' 0.9 Ømain [m ] 0.02
At service 'β' 0.8 Ølink [m ] 0.01

Sign convention
Compression positive
Tension negative

Page 1
BS.Ref Calculations Result

01) EVALUATING THE SECTION PROPERTIES

Area 'A' +
A=0.4x 0.2 + (0.8 x 0.2) + (0.80 x 0.2) +0.1 x (0.4+0.2)/2 A= 0.46 m2
2
+0.1 x (0.4+0.2)/2 = 0.46 m
Area is OK

Section modulus 'Z'

Zb= I 0.085 Zb= 0.1504
= = 0.1504 m3
Yb 0.565 m3

Zt= I 0.085 Zt= 0.1018

= = 0.1018 m3
Yt 1.4 - 0.57 m3

02) EVALUATING THE LOAD ON THE BEAM

Transfer stage :
Self weight (Wi)= 24 x 0.46 = 11.04 kN/m Wi= 11.04
Moment at transfer Mi kN/m
Mi= 11.04 x 15.0^2 = 310.50 kNm Mi= 310.5
kNm
Service stage :
Self weight (Wi)= 24 x 0.46 = 11.04 kN/m Wi= 11.04
S.Dead load = 12.00 kN/m SD= 12.00
Total dead load (gk) = 23.04 kN/m gk= 23.04
kN/m
Imposed load (qk) = 10.00 kN/m qk= 10.00

Total design load (Wd) = 23.04 + 10.0 = 33.04 kN/m Wd= 33.04

Moment at Service Ms
Ms= 33.04 x 15.0^2 = 929.25 kNm Ms= 929.25
kNm

Page 2
BS.Ref Calculations Result

03) CHECK THE ADEQUACY OF THE SECTION AT

TRANSFER AND SERVICE

Inequalities :
αMS - βMi
Zt ≥ … (Eq 01)
αf max - βf 'min

αMS - βMi
Zb ≥ … (Eq 02)
βf 'max - αf min

2
Maximum allowable compressive stresses (N/mm )
At transfer, f 'max = 0.5fci = 0.5 x 28 = 14.0 f 'max =
At service, f max = 0.33fcu = 0.33 x 35 = 11.55 14.0
f max=
2
Minimum allowable stresses (N/mm ) 11.55
At transfer, f 'min = (-)0.36√fci = -0.36 x (28)^0.5 f 'min=
At service, f min = (-)0.36√fcu = -0.36 x (35)^0.5 -1.90
f min=
Note : If f min is negative would represent an allowable tesile stresses -2.13

αMS - βMi 0.9 x 929.25 - 0.80 x 310.50 x10-3 0.049 m3

=
αf max - βf 'min 0.9 x 11.55 - 0.80 x (-1.90) OK
3
= 0.049 m
Zt, 0.1018 m3 > 0.0493 m3

αMS - βMi 0.9 x 929.25 - 0.80 x 310.50 x10-3 0.0448 m3

=
βf 'max - αf min 0.8 x 14.00 - 0.90 x (-2.13) OK
= 0.045 m3
Zb, 0.1504 m3 > 0.0448 m3

Page 3
BS.Ref Calculations Result
04) FOUR STRESS CONDITIONS APPLIED IN THE
BEAM AT MID SPAN

At transfer top,
i) αPi αPie Mi
- + ≥ f 'min
Ac Zt Zt
Pi ≥ (Zt f 'min - Mi) / α(Zt/Ac - e)
Where,
e ≤ (Mi - Zt f 'min) / αPi + Zt/Ac

At transfer bottom,
ii) αPi αPie Mi
+ - ≤ f 'max
Ac Zb Zb
Pi ≤ (Zb f 'max + Mi) / α(Zb/Ac + e)
Where,
e ≤ (Mi + Zbf 'max) / αPi - Zb/Ac

Fig: 01 Stress diagram at transfer

At service top,
iii) βPi βPie Ms
- + ≤ f max
Ac Zt Zt
Pi ≤ (Zt f max - Ms) / β(Zt/Ac - e)
Where,
e ≤ (Ms - Zt f max) / βPi + Zt/Ac

At service bottom,
iv) βPi βPie Ms
+ - ≥ f min
Ac Zb Zb
Pi ≥ (Zb f min + Ms) / β(Zb/Ac + e)
Where,
e ≥ (Ms+ Zb f min) / βPi - Zb/Ac

Fig: 02 Stress diagram at service

Page 4
BS.Ref Calculations Result

05) a) TOTAL PRESTRESSED FORCE AND

ECCENTRICITY BY ANALYTICAL METHOD

Eccentricity (e)

e < Yb - cover - Ømain/2 - Ølink

e <0.57 - 0.04 - 0.02 /2 - 0.01 = 0.51 m e< 0.510 m

At transfer top,
i) Pi ≥ (Zt f 'min - Mi) / α(Zt/Ac - e)
0.10 x (-1.90) x 1000 - 310.50 Pi ≥ 1941.308 kN
Pi ≥
0.90 x ( (0.10/0.46) - 0.51)
Pi ≥ 1941.308 kN
Since denomenator is negative, sign should be change
Pi ≤ 1941.308 kN Pi ≤ 1941.308 kN

At transfer bottom,
ii) Pi ≤ (Zb f 'max + Mi) / α(Zb/Ac + e)

0.15 x (14.00) x 1000 + 310.50 Pi ≤ 3207.956 kN

Pi ≤
0.90 x ( (0.15/0.46) + 0.51)
Pi ≤ 3207.956 kN

At service top,
Pi ≤ (Zt f max - Ms) / β(Zt/Ac - e)
0.102 x (11.55) x 1000 - 929.25 Pi ≤ -1067.27 kN
Pi ≤
0.80 x ( (0.102/0.46) - 0.51)
Pi ≤ -1067.27 kN
Since denomenator is negative, sign should be change
Pi ≥ -1067.27 kN Pi ≥ -1067.27 kN

At service bottom,
Pi ≥ (Zb f min + Ms) / β(Zb/Ac + e)
0.15 x (-2.13) x 1000 + 929.25 Pi ≥ 909.2051 kN
Pi ≥
0.80 x ( (0.15/0.46) + 0.51)
Pi ≥ 909.2051 kN

Page 5
BS.Ref Calculations Result

Range of Pi = -1067.27 - 3207.956

Select Pi = 1600.0 kN
Calculating the eccentricity
At tranfer top
e ≤ [(Mi - Zt f 'min) / αPi] + Zt/Ac
310.50 - 0.102 x (-1.90 x 1000) 0.1018 e≤ 0.5716
e≤ +
0.90 x 1,600.00 0.46 m
e ≤ 0.5716 m

At tranfer bottom
e ≤ [(Mi + Zbf 'max) / αPi] - Zb/Ac
310.50 + 0.15 x (14.00 x 1000) - 0.1504 e≤ 1.3512
e≤
0.90 x 1,600.00 0.46 m
e ≤ 1.3512 m

At service top,
e ≥ [(Ms - Zt f max) / βPi] + Zt/Ac
929.25 - 0.102 x (11.55 x 1000) + 0.1018 e≥ 0.0287
e≥
0.80 x 1,600.00 0.46 m
e≥ 0.029 m

At service bottom,
e ≥ (Ms+ Zb f min) / βPi - Zb/Ac

929.25 + 0.15 x (-2.13 x 1000) - 0.1504 e≥ 0.1486

e≥
0.80 x 1,600.00 0.46 m
e≥ 0.149 m

Range of e values
0.0287 ≤ e ≤ 1.3512
selected e = 0.510 m
Hense selected e is OK

Page 6
BS.Ref Calculations Result

05) b) TOTAL PRESTRESSED FORCE AND

ECCENTRICITY BY MAGNEL METHOD

At transfer top,
i) 1 α(Zt/Ac - e)
≤
Pi (Zt f'min - Mi)
1 αZt/Ac α
≤ - e
Pi Zt f'min - Mi Zt f'min - Mi

αZt/Ac 0.90 x 0.102/0.46 =

= -0.00039
Zt f'min - Mi 0.102x(-1.90)x1000 - 310.50
α = 0.90 =
-0.00178
Zt f'min - Mi 0.10x(-1.90)x1000 - 310.50
1
≤ -0.00039 - -0.00178 e
Pi

When e = 0 1
= -0.0003948
Pi
When e = 0.51 1
= 0.0005151
Pi

At transfer bottom,
1 αZb/Ac α
≥ + e
Pi (Zb f'max + Mi) (Zb f'max + Mi)

αZb/Ac 0.90 x 0.15/0.46

= = 0.000122
(Zb f'max + Mi) 0.15 x 14.0x 1000 + 310.50
α 0.90
= = 0.000372
(Zb f'max + Mi) 0.15 x 14.0x 1000 + 310.50

1
≤ 0.00012 - 0.000372 e
Pi

When e = 0 1
= 0.0001218
Pi
When e = 0.51 1
= -0.0000681
Pi

At service top,
1 βZt/Ac β
≥ - e
Pi Zt f max - Ms Zt f max - Ms

βZt/Ac 0.80 x 0.102/0.46

= = 0.000718
Zt f max - Ms 0.102 x 11.55x 1000 -929.25

Page 7
BS.Ref Calculations Result
β 0.80
= = 0.003245
Zt f max - Ms 0.102 x 11.55x 1000 -929.25

1
≤ 0.00072 - 0.003245 e
Pi

When e = 0 1
= 0.0007182
Pi
When e = 0.51 1
= -0.0009370
Pi

At service bottom,
1 βZb/Ac + β
≤ e
Pi Zb fmin + Ms Zb fmin + Ms

βZb/Ac 0.80 x 0.15/0.46

= = 0.00043
Zb fmin + Ms 0.15x (-2.13) x1000 + 929.25
β = 0.80
= 0.001314
Zb fmin + Ms 0.15x (-2.13) x1000 + 929.25

1
≤ 0.00043 - 0.001314 e
Pi

When e = 0 1
= 0.0004297
Pi
When e = 0.51 1
= -0.0002404
Pi

Tabulation

e 1/Pi
0 -0.00039485
1 Transfer top
0.510 0.00051512
0 0.00012180
2 Transfer bottom
0.510 -0.00006813
0 0.00071821
3 Service top
0.510 -0.00093697
0 0.00042973
4 service bottom
0.510 -0.00024039

Page 8
BS.Ref Calculations Result

Fig: Magnel diagram method

e = 0.3
pi = 1000 kN

Page 9
 BS.Ref Calculations Result

06) SELECT SUITABLE TENDON ARRANGEMENT

FOR BEAM

For super stand tendons

Cl: 4.7.1 Initial stress in tendon (fpi) = 0.7 fpu
2
fpu= 1600 N/mm
fpi=0.70 x 314.16 fpi= 1120.0
2
N/mm
Area of a tendon = 0.000314 m2
Area of a tendon = 314.1593 mm2
Force in a one tendon F = fpi x A
= 1,120.00 x 314.16 / 1000
F=
F= 351.8584 kN
No of tendons = Minimum Pi
Pi in a single tendon
N = -1067.265096 N= -3.03322
351.858
N = 4 N= 4

Hense Pi = 4.00 x 351.86 = 1,407.43 kN 1407.434 kN

Check for suitability of selected e for above pi

At transfer top
e ≤ [(Mi - Zt f 'min) / αPi] + Zt/Ac

310.50 - 0.102 x (-1.90 x 1000) 0.1018 e≤ 0.6195

e≤ +
0.90 x 1,407.43 0.46 m
e≤ 0.6195 m

At tranfer bottom
e ≤ [(Mi + Zbf 'max) / αPi] - Zb/Ac
310.50 + 0.15 x (14.00 x 1000) - 0.1504 e≤ 1.5808
e≤
0.90 x 1,407.43 0.46 m
e≤ 1.5808 m

At service top,
e ≥ [(Ms - Zt f max) / βPi] + Zt/Ac
929.25 - 0.102 x (11.55 x 1000) + 0.1018 e≥ 0.0024
e≥
0.80 x 1,407.43 0.46 m
e≥ 0.002 m

Page 10
BS.Ref Calculations Result

At service bottom,
e ≥ (Ms+ Zb f min) / βPi - Zb/Ac

929.25 + 0.15 x (-2.13 x 1000) - 0.1504 e≥ 0.2137

e≥
0.80 x 1,407.43 0.46 m
e≥ 0.214 m

Range of e values
0.0024 ≤ e ≤ 1.5808
selected e = 0.510 m
Hense selected e is OK

Page 11
BS.Ref Calculations Result

07) CHECK FOR SUITABILITY OF TENDON

ARRANGEMENTS
At the supports Mi and Ms are assumed to be zero
Mi and Ms = o kNm
At transfer top,
i) Pi ≥ (Zt f 'min - Mi) / α(Zt/Ac - e)

0.10 x (-1.90) x 1000 - 0.00 Pi ≥ 746.3103 kN

Pi ≥
0.90 x ( (0.10/0.46) - 0.51)
Pi ≥ 746.3103 kN
Since denomenator is negative, sign should be change
Pi ≤ 746.3103 kN Pi ≤ 746.3103 kN

At transfer bottom,
ii) Pi ≤ (Zb f 'max + Mi) / α(Zb/Ac + e)

0.15 x (14.00) x 1000 + 0.00 Pi ≤ 2795.794 kN

Pi ≤
0.90 x ( (0.15/0.46) + 0.51)
Pi ≤ 2795.794 kN

At service top,
Pi ≤ (Zt f max - Ms) / β(Zt/Ac - e)
0.102 x (11.55) x 1000 - 0.00 Pi ≤ -5090.64 kN
Pi ≤
0.80 x ( (0.102/0.46) - 0.51)
Pi ≤ -5090.64 kN
Since denomenator is negative, sign should be change
Pi ≥ -5090.64 kN Pi ≥ -5090.64 kN

At service bottom,
Pi ≥ (Zb f min + Ms) / β(Zb/Ac + e)
0.15 x (-2.13) x 1000 + 0.00 Pi ≥ -478.483 kN
Pi ≥
0.80 x ( (0.15/0.46) + 0.51)
Pi ≥ -478.483 kN

Range of pi
-5090.64 kN ≤ Pi ≤ 2795.794 kN

Page 12
BS.Ref Calculations Result

Available pre stress force of 1407.3 kN is bot within the

allowable range, hence Suggested sollution is to change the
eccentricity

08) LIST THE REASONS FOR PRESTRESSED LOSSES

Short term losses Long term losses

1. Elastc shortening 1. Concrete shrinkage
2. Anchorage draw-in 2. Concrete creep
3. Friction 3. Steel relaxation

1. Elastic shortening: When strain in the concrete must equal

to the change in strain of steel

2. Friction During post tensioning friction between

tendons during tensioning

3. Anchorage draw in: A post tensioning tendons may under

go small contraction during the process of transferring the
tensioning force from the jack anchorage

4. Concrete shrinkage : The excess water than required for

the hydration of the cement wil evaporate.

5.Concrete creep:The gradual loss of moisture in the concrete

will course contraction of the structure of the cement paste
and will undergo creep

Page 13
 BS.Ref Calculations Result

09) CHECK THE SUITABILITY OF THE SECTION

RESPECT TO ULTIMATE MOMENT CAPACITY

2
Ultimate moment = Wl /8
Where W = 1.4gk + 1.6qk

The resistance moment of a beam Mu, containing bonded or

unbonded tendons , all of which are located in the tension
zone can be obtained from

Cl: 4.3.7.3 Mu = fpb Aps (d-dn)………..(01)

fpb - tensile stress in the tendon during failure

Aps - Area of tendons in tension zone
D - Effective depth to centroid for Aps
x - Depth of neutral axis

Cl: 4.3.7.3
Eq 52 fpb = fpe + 700 (1 - 1.7 fpuAps/fcubd) < 0.7 fpu
l/d

fpe = 0.8 Pi
NxA
= 0.80 x 1000 x 1,407.43 / 4.00 x 314.16 fpe= 896.0
2
= 896.0 N/mm N/mm2

Effective depth (d) = yt + e b1= 800 mm

b1=1.40 - 0.57 + 0.51 d= 1345.00 mm
Span to depth ratio (l/d) =
l/d=15.00/1,345.00 l/d= 11.152
fpu= 1600
fcu= 30 N/mm2
b= 400 mm
Aps = 4.0 x 314.16 = 1256.637 mm2 Aps = 1256.637 mm2

Page 14
 BS.Ref Calculations Result

fpb = fpe + 700 (1 - 1.7 fpuAps/fcubd) …………(02) 949

l/d
fpb= 896.0 + 700.0 x (1.00 - 1.70 x 1,600.0 x 1,256.6) fpb= 945.4742
2
11.152 30.0 x 400.0 x 1,345.00 N/mm

0.7 fpu = 0.70 x 1,600.00 0.7 fpu = 1120

2
N/mm
Hence fpb < 0.7fpu

Calculate x
Cl: 4.3.7.3
Eqn 53 x = 2.47 ( (fpuAps/fcubd)(fpb/fpu)d) ………. (03)

(fpuAps/fcubd) = 1,600.0 x 1,256.64/30.0x400x1,345.0

(fpuAps/fcubd) = 0.1246

(fpb/fpu)d = ( 945.47 / 1,600.00) x 1,345.00

(fpb/fpu)d = 794.7893 mm

x = 2.47 x 0.12 x 794.79 mm

x = 244.5543 mm

0.9x = 220.0989 mm

Cl 4.3.7.3 dn = 0.45 x
dn= 0.45 x 244.55
dn= 354.6037 mm

From equation (01)

Mu = fpb Aps (d-dn)………..(01)
Mu = 945.47 x 1,256.64 (1,345.00 - 354.60) /106
Mu = 1176.708 kN Mu = 1176.708 kN

Service stage :
Self weight (Wi)= 24 x 0.46 = 11.04 kN/m Wi= 11.04
S.Dead load = 12.00 kN/m SD= 12.00
Total dead load (gk) = 23.04 kN/m gk= 23.04
kN/m
Imposed load (qk) = 10.00 kN/m qk= 10.00
Total design load (Wd) = 1.4gk + 1.6qk
1.40 x 23.04 + 1.6 x 10.0 = 48.26 kN/m Wd= 48.26

Moment at Service Ms
Ms= 48.26 x 15.0^2 = 1,357.20 kNm Ms= 1357.2

Page 15
 BS.Ref Calculations Result

Ms > Mu Ms > Mu
Hence not satisfy, provide additional reinforcement

Madd = Ms - Mu Madd = 180.4924

Madd = 1,357.20 -1,176.71 = 180.4924 kNm kNm

Cl: 3.4.4.4 K = M/(bd2fcu)

K= 180.49x1,000,000.00 /800.00 x 1,345.00 ^2 x 35.00
K= 0.0036 < K' K= 0.003563
K' = 0.156

Therefore compression steel is not required

Lever arm(Z)
z=d[0.5+(0.25-K'/0.9)1/2] < 0.95d z= 1339.654 mm

0.95d= 1277.75 0.95d= 1277.75 mm

Choose minimum Z = 1277.75 mm

Required reinforcement area

A = M/0.95fyz
A = 180.49 x 1,000,000.00 / 0.95x460.00x 1,277.75
A = 323.2448 mm2 A = 323.2448 mm2

Provide 3T12
Hence provided steel area = 339 mm2

Page 16
 BS.Ref Calculations Result

10) CHECK THE SUITABILITY OF THE SECTION

RESPECT TO ULTIMATE SHEAR STRENGTH

Ultimate load, Wd = 48.26 kN/m Wd= 48.26

kN/m
Design shear force, V = Wdl/2
V = 48.26 x 15.00 / 2 = 361.92 kN V= 361.92 kN

Maximum design shear stress, v

Cl: 4.3.8.2 v = V / bd
v = 361.92x 1,000.00 / 400.00 x 1,345.00 v= 0.673
v= 0.673 N/mm2 < 5 N/mm2 or 0.8√fcu

0.8√fcu = 0.8 x √35

= 4.732864 N/mm2

Shear is satisfy

Cl 4.3.8.3 To find the member cracked or uncracked

Condition is M < Mo

Mo = Moment necessasry to provide zero stress at concrete

at extreme tensile fibre

For bottom fibre stress at midspan under service load

0.8Pi + 0.8Pie - Mo = 0
Ac Zb Zb

0.80 x 1,407.43 0.80 x 1,407.43x 0.51 - Mo

+
0.46 0.1504 0.1504

M0= 942.4725 kNm M0= 942.4725

kNm
Also M = 1357.2 kNm At ultimate limit state

Mo < M

Section is cracked section is

cracked

Page 17
 BS.Ref Calculations Result

Cl: 4.3.8.2 (b) At cracked section Vco and Vcr should be evaluate as follows
Cl 4.3.8.4
2
Eq : 54 Vco = 0.67bvh √(ft + 0.8fcpft) ………(04)

Cl 4.3.8.5
Eq : 55 Vcr= (1-0.55fpe/fpu)v cb v d + MoV/M ……….(05)

from equation 05

calculating v c
100As/bvd = bv= 200
where As = Aps+As
Area of tendons Aps = 1256.637 mm2
Area of reinforcement As= 339
As= 1,256.64 + 339.00 As= 1595.637 mm2
As= 1595.637061

100As/bvd = 100.00 x 1,595.64/200.00x1,345.00

100As/bvd = 0.593174
d= 1345.00 mm

Table 3.8 By liner interpolation between 100As/bd and d = 0.526

(fcu/25)1/3 = 1.1

v c= 1.12 x 0.53 = 0.58843 N/mm2

Vcr=
(1-0.55fpe/fpu)v cb v d = (1-0.55x896/1600)0.589 x 200 x 1345
= 109535.1 N
MoV/M = 942.47 x 361.92 / 1,357.20
= 251.326 N

Vcr= 109535.1 + 251.326

Vcr= 109.7865 kN Vcr= 109.7865

Vco = 0.67bvh √(ft2 + 0.8fcpft)

Cl: 4.3.8.4 ft= 0.24 √fcu = 1.420 N/mm2

fcp= Pi/Ac = 1407.434 3.060 N/mm2
=
0.46

Vco = 0.67 x 200 x1400 x √(1.422 + 0.8 x 3.06 x 1.42)

Vco = 1030.187 kN Vco = 1030.187 kN

Page 18
 BS.Ref Calculations Result

Cl: 4.3.8.6 Requirements of shear reinforcement

Cl: 4.3.8.6 (a) Where V is less than 0.5Vc

V= 361.92 kN Vc= 109.7865 kN

0.5Vc= 54.89323 kN

Vc + 0.4bvd = 109.79 + 0.40 x 0.20X1.35

= 109.898 kN < 361.92 kN

Asv = v-vc = (361.92-109.79)x 1000

sv 0.95fyv 0.95 x 460.00 x 1,345.00
Asv
= 0.429
sv

Provide T8@ 225 mm c/c

Page 19