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S OCIAL SCIENCE A NTHROPOLOGY

● Study of various aspects of human
society
● Human societies, cultural, social
relationship and individual human
behavior and action
S OCIAL SCIENCE THEORY
● Systematic way of quantifying and
understanding social phenomena
● The things that happen to society
S UBSTANCE USE
● Socio-cultural
● Environmental
● Gender and Genetics
D ISCIPLINES OF SOCIAL
SCIENCES
● The disciplines are interconnected
with each other
P OLITICAL SCIENCE
● Studies the state and its basic element
such as people, territory, government,
and sovereignty
● Politics, focuses on decision- making
and governance
E CONOMICS
● Analyzes how individuals interact
with society to address major issues
about the use of economic resources
and the exchange of goods and
services
● Foreign trade
● Government revenues and
expenditures
D EMOGRAPHY
● Study of the population changes
● Trends
● Migration, urbanization and human
ecology and its relationship to
development
G EOGRAPHY
● Studies the world, its people, location
and its communities
● Human activities, environmental
change
● Studies the origins, and the cultural
and the physical characteristics of
human beings
L INGUISTICS
● The scientific study of language
● It studies the structure and the
functions of words, sentences, and
other sounds and utterances
(phonetics, semantics, syntax and etc)
L AW
● Studies the rule formulated and
implemented by governments to
uphold order and equitability in
society
● Constitution
● Criminal justice
H ISTORY
● Studies the past to better understand
contemporary society and anticipate
changes and developments in the
future
P SYCHOLOGY
● Studies the human mind and human
behavior
● Examines how people think, act, and
feel
● Creates intervention programs that
would help improve human behavior
S OCIOLOGY
● Systematic study of society and social
relations
● It seeks to understand how individuals
relate with one another and how they
function in society
C OMMUNICATION
● Deals with the process of human
communication and discusses how
messages are interpreted based on
political, cultural, economic, and
social context
A PPLIED SOCIAL
SCIENCE C OUNSELING
● Draws heavily from the theories of
Psychology and other behavioral
sciences
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● Seeks to improve the client’s mental
health and well being by discussing
his/her emotional problems to help
him/her cope with them
S OCIAL WORK
● practice -based profession that seeks
to improve the welfare of
communities, individuals, families,
and other groups in society
● It draws heavily from the social and
behavioral sciences for its theoretical
and knowledge base
C OMMUNICATION
● Involves the sharing of symbols to
create meaning
T HE DISCIPLINE OF COUNSELING
● Is a relationship characterized by the
application of one or more
psychological theories
● Requires recognized set of
communication skills appropriate to a
client’s intimate concerns, problems or
aspirations
● It is an interactive process
characterized by a unique relationship
between the counselor and client
which leads to the client experiencing
changes
C OUNSELING AS A PROCESS
● A learning process in which
individuals learn about themselves and
in their interpersonal relationships,
and enact behaviors that advance their
personal development
C OUNSELING AS A RELATIONSHIP
● A professional relationship between a
trained counselor and a client
C OUNSELING AS AN ART
● A flexible and creative process
whereby the counselor adjusts the
approach to the unique and emerging
needs of the client
C OUNSELING AS SCIENCE
● Counselor are required to have the
skills to formulate objective
observations and inferences,test
hypotheses,
● Build theories and use psychological
tests
● Uses research methods
C OUNSELING AS AN
EMERGING P ROFESSION
● Counseling guidance
● psychotherapy
P RINCIPLES OF
COUNSELING A DVICE
● Counseling may involve advice-giving
as one of the several functions that
counselors perform
● When it is done, the requirement is
that a counselor makes judgements
about a counselee’s problems and lays
out options for a course of action
R EASSURANCE
● Giving the client courage and
confidence that he/she is capable of
facing the problem
R ELEASE OF EMOTIONAL TENSION
● Removes mental blocks
E MPATHY AND POSITIVE REGARD
● Empathy requires the counselor to
listen and understand the feelings and
perspective of the client
● Positive regard is an aspect of respect
C LARIFIED THINKING
● Engaging in more coherent rational
and mature thought
R EORIENTATION
● Transformation in the client’s goals,
and values and mental models
C
LARIFICATION/CONFRONTATION/ I
NTERPRETATION
● Clarification is an attempt by the
counselor to restate what the client is
either saying or feeling
● Confrontation and interpretation are
other more advanced principle used by
counselors in their interventions
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C ORE VALUES OF COUNSELING
● Respect for human dignity
● Partnership
● Responsible caring
● Autonomy
● Personal integrity
● Social justice
P ROFESSIONALS AND
P RACTITIONERS IN
COUNSELING S CHOOL
COUNSELORS
● Help students deal with hindrances in
their studies
● Navigate the stresses that students
experience and prevent these from
interfering with their academic
performance
C HILD ABUSE COUNSELORS
● Help victims to rebuild their psyche,
trust others, and gain happiness
● May involve playing or encouraging
children to speak their minds, or even
working with the family to ensure the
child is provided a safe and
comfortable environment to continue
their development
C AREER COUNSELORS
● Help clients prepare for the start of
their professional lives, adjust to
changes and succeed in their careers
● Provide consulting, coaching, and
counselling for clients to explore their
potentials in their careers
C HILD COUNSELORS
● Provide counseling for children,
adolescents, and their families
● Provide counseling for children with
behavioral, social or emotional issues
G ERIATIC COUNSELOR
● Provide counselling services to senior
citizens and their families
● Help senior citizens live a more
fulfilling and comfortable life
D EPRESSION COUNSELORS
● Help people deal with metal,
emotional, and physical issues arising
out of depression
● They also prescribe appropriate
medical treatment
C OMMUNITY MENTAL
HEALTH C OUNSELORS
● Provide counselling and coaching
services to help minimize mental
health issues
● Promote mental health in communities
● Providing debriefing sessions for
victims of disasters and natural
calamities
L EGAL COUNSELORS
● Lawyers or paralegal teams who
rehabilitate inmates and help them
adjust to their incarceration
● Also, provide counselling to inmates
about to be freed to help them become
better citizens of the community
● Resolves interpersonal conflicts
G RIEF COUNSELORS
● Help people cope with the loss that
usually follows the death of a loved
● Help the survivors of disasters and
calamities cope with their losses
which may include lives and
properties
D RUG ABUSE COUNSELORS
● Assist in the care of high-risk patients
battling substance abuse
● They may also serve as detox
specialists or crisis workers in a
detoxification center
R ELIGIOUS/SPIRITUAL COUNSELORS
● Often work in a religious environment
such as churches
● Specialize in combing mental health
counselling with religious beliefs
● Counsel clients who are troubled in
their religious faith
D OMESTIC ABUSE COUNSELORS
● Identify certain adverse effects of
domestic violence
● Help the patient slowly work to treat
and combat those effects
● Provide an important therapy for
clients in need of understanding of
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their trauma and someone to listen to
their issues
R EHABILITATION COUNSELORS
● Responsible for treating patients with
physical, mental, or emotional issues
so that they can live as independently
as possible
● Deal with psychological and physical
issues that affect patients including
post-traumatic stress disorders and
severe brain injuries
S UICIDE
INTERVENTION C
OUNSELORS
● One of the most stressful and
rewarding jobs
● Help clients with suicidal thoughts
think more positively and continue to
live a fulfilling and rewarding life
● Identify motivations and help clients
with those motivations so they can
gain more self-confidence and
self-worth
T RANSFORMATIONAL COUNSELORS
● Offer an alternative form of mental
and physical healing that focuses on
self- improvement, spiritual healing
and deeper life satisfaction
● Help patients find a greater sense of
purpose, excitement, joy, and
self-satisfaction
M ARRIAGE COUNSELORS
● Marriage and family counselors help
people improve their close
interpersonal relationships
● Although they may treat patients on an
individual basis, the main focus is on
their relationships
C OMPETENCIES OF A
COUNSELOR S KILLS
● To have skills essential to counseling
K NOWLEDGE
● The capacity of the counselor in
his/her profession
C ONCEPTUAL ABILITY
● Refers to the capacity to remember
client information, to understand and
assess client’s problems, to think of
possible consequences of actions and
to see and connect present problem to
a larger picture
A BILITY TO UNDERSTAND AND
W ORK WITHIN SOCIAL SYSTEM
● Refers to the counselors knowledge of
the client’s relationships with family
members, coworkers, friends, and
other social circles and how these
relationships affects clients
P ROFESSIONALISM
● Demonstrates knowledge of the
program, profession and practice
● Expected to follow the policies and
procedures of the institutions they are
affiliated with
● Be highly organized
● Exhibit integrity
A CCOUNTABILITY
● Counselors must take responsibility
for their own actions
● Follows through on commitments
C ONCERN FOR THE WELFARE
OF O THER/ BASIC HELPING
SKILLS
● Look after the welfare of their clients
● Demonstrates compassion and are
aware and sensitive to the various
cultural and personal background of
their clients
● Readiness to help their clients
E FFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
AND I NTERPERSONAL SKILLS
● Clearly communicate ideas, feelings
and information through verbal,
non-verbal, and written
● Use professional terms and concepts
appropriately and clearly in
discussions as well as in case reports
S CIENTIFIC-MINDEDNESS
● They are expected to display critical
scientific thinking and apply scientific
methods in their practice
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A WARENESS AND APPLICATION of clients. They respect clients’ rights

OF E THICAL DECISION-MAKING
● Apply the concepts of informed
consent and confidentiality, values
morality as well honesty and integrity
in their practice
O BSERVATIONAL SKILLS
● Must be keen observer of their client’s
facial expressions, body language, and
social interactions during counselling
sessions
A TTITUDES
● Curiosity and inquisitiveness-
to privacy, confidentiality,
self-determination and autonomy,
consistent with the law
P RINCIPLE 2: COMPETENCE
● Guidance counselors maintain and
update their professional skills.
● They recognize the limits of their
expertise, engage in self-care, and
seek support and supervision to
maintain in the standard of their work
P RINCIPLE 3: RESPONSIBILITY
● Guidance counselors are aware of

natural concern for people and to their professional responsibility to act

know about them
● Ability to listen
● Comfort with conversation
● Empathy and understanding
● E motional insightfulness-
comfortable in dealing with a wide
range of feeling
● I ntrospection- ability to look
within the self and reflect
● Capacity for self denial- the ability to
in trustworthy, reputable, and
accountable manner toward clients,
colleagues, and the community in
which they work and live
P RINCIPLE 4: INTEGRITY
● Guidance counselors seek to promote
integrity in their practice.
● They represent themselves accurately
and treat others with honesty
straightforwardness, and fairness

put aside personal concerns and cultural values, dignity and

● T olerance of intimacy- ability worth
to establish and maintain
emotional closeness
● Ability to laugh
C ODE OF ETHICS
● Outlines a particular set of behaviors
that is expected of the professional, as
well as certain prohibitions
● Discusses principles that counselors
can use to guide their actions
● Republic Act 9258, professionalized
the practice of guidance and
counselling in the Philippines. It is
also creates the Board of Guidance
and Counselling
P RINCIPLE 1: RESPECT FOR
THE R IGHTS AND DIGNITY OF
THE
C LIENT
● Guidance counselors honor and
promote the fundamental rights, moral
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● They deal actively with conflicts of

interest, avoid exploiting others, and
are alert to inappropriate behavior on
the part of colleagues
● Respecting human rights and dignity
● Respect for the clients’ right to be
self-governing
● A commitment to promoting the
clients’ well being
● Fostering responsible caring
● Fair treatment of all client and the
provision
● Equal opportunity to clients availing
counselling services
● Ensuring the integrity of
practitioner-client relationship
● Fostering the practitioner’s
self-knowledge and care for self
● Enhancing the quality of professional
knowledge and its application
● Responsibility to the society
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C LIENTELE AND AUDIENCES
IN C OUNSELING
I NDIVIDUAL
● It is aimed at helping individuals
(students, children, adults, and
adolescents)
● It is concerned with helping clients
heal from traumatic events coping
with everyday situations, distress,
family problems and a lot more
G ROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS
● Exists in communities and
organizations
● Consists of people who either share
similar concerns or benefit from
giving support to one another
G ROUPS IN A SCHOOL SETTING
● Students with academic difficulties
● Honor students
● Students with career uncertainties
● Children of ofw parents and single
parents
● International students
● Students living in dormitories or away
from home
● Individuals with socio-emotional
concerns
● Peer facilitators
O RGANIZATIONS
● It is usually performed in the
workplace
● Helps employees adjust with their
work environment, difficulties in the
workplace
● It also addresses failure of an
employee in his/her performance
targets
C OMMUNITY
● When people experience something
collectively, which may be socially
troubling and constitute the danger of
blocking their collective capacity to
move on, counseling is necessary to be
undertaken on a community
T YPES OF SPECIAL
COUNSELING P OPULATION
● People who abuse drugs
● People who use tobacco
● People who abuse alcohol
● Women
● Older adults
● People with aids
● Victims of abuse
● LGBTQIA
S ETTINGS IN
COUNSELING G
OVERNMENT SETTING
● Counseling professionals in
government setting work with various
government agencies that have
counseling services
● They work in social welfare,
correctional department in the court
system, child and women affairs
services, schools, military and foster
care or rehabilitation centers
P RIVATE SECTORS SETTING
● Counselors range from independent
providers or services or work for
NGOs, or specialized for profit centers
and organizations that render a variety
of counseling services
C IVIL SOCIETY SETTING
● The context of civil society is
generally charities or non-profit and
issue-based centers or organizations
such as for abused women, abandoned
children and elderly, veterans teachers
professionals or religious groups
S CHOOL SETTING
● The role of school counselor is more
complex since the needs of students
can vary widely
C OMMUNITY SETTING
● There are people who are in conflict
with the law, socially, marginalized,
people who suffer loss of all kinds,
those living in institutional homes, and
homes, and those experiencing
different types of life transitions that
need counseling support and services
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C OUNSELING SERVICES
● Counseling
● Orientation and information services
● Psychological testing services
● Follow-up services
● Career development and placement
● Individual inventory services
● Referral services
● Research and evaluation
S TAGES IN COUNSELING
S TAGE 1: ESTABLISHING
RAPPORT W ITH THE CLIENT
● relationship is central in counseling
S TAGE 2: ASSESSMENT
● Careful assessment should be done in
order to accurately pinpoint the real
cause of problems
S TAGE 3: TREATMENT PLANNING
OR F ORMULATION OF
COUNSELING
G OALS
● This requires the client’s active
participation in generating the goals of
the sessions or what is called
therapeutic goals.
S TAGE 4: INTERVENTION
AND P ROBLEM-SOLVING
● Counseling interventions are used to
assist the client in gaining insight
about his/her situation and eventually
take the appropriate actions that will
facilitate change and improve the
quality of his/her life
S TAGE 5:EVALUATION
● During this stage, implemented
intervention and its outcomes are
evaluated in terms of accomplishments
of agreed goals
S TAGE 6:TERMINATION
● The counseling process is terminated
after the outcomes are evaluated and
the counselor and the counselors have
mutually agreed that goals have been
achieved
T OOLS FOR
ASSESSMENT V ERBAL
DISCUSSIONS
● Assessing the client’s concerns
through talking to then
P SYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
● Personality tests
● Projective tests
● Aptitude tests
● Achievement tests
● Intelligence test
● Other standardized tests
P ERSONALITY TESTS
● MBTI
● 16 PF
● FFPI
P ROJECTIVE TESTS
● Personality tests designed to let a
person respond to ambiguous stimuli,
presumably revealing hidden emotions
and internal conflicts projected by the
person into the test
● Ex -Rorschach test and words
association tests
J OURNALS/DIARIES
● It can also be good sources for
defining the problem and for
understanding the variations in its
intensity from day to day
● It may also be a tape-recorded journal
or a video journal
O THER TOOLS FOR ASSESSMENT
● Behavior rating measures
● Observations
● Inputs from friends/family or
significant other
C OUNSELING THEORIES
AND A PPROACHES
P SYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
● Developed by Sigmund Freud
● It supports the idea that unconscious
forces drive human activities
● A psychoanalytic therapy session
includes skills such as dream analysis,
free association, resistance analysis,
and transference analysis
● Much of the personality is thought to
have developed in childhood
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P ERSON-CENTERED THERAPY
● Developed by Carl Rogers and
humanistic theories
● It operates on the assumption that
every human being has the ability to
fulfill his/her full potential
C OGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL
THERAPY ( CBT)
● Combination of the basic principle
from behavioral and cognitive
● This hands-on approach lends its
practice to the theory that human
problems stem from faulty patterns of
thinking
● The counseling process primarily
involves the challenge of automatic
thinking and negative thought patterns
M ETHODS AND APPROACHES
IN C OUNSELING
B RIEF OF COUNSELING
APPROACHES
● Solution focused brief counseling
(SFBC)
● Instead of focusing on the client’s
problems, this approach focuses on the
solution that works best for the client
● S CALING - scaling quickly
assesses or gauges the client’s
progress. It simply presents the client
a 10 point to 100 continuum where
he/she is asked to rate a particular
concern. For example, the counselor
will say, “if 1 means sadness and 10 is
happiness, what rating will you give
to how you feel now?
● E XCEPTIONS- a counselor
explores situations or moments when
the problem was not occurring. SFBC
comes from the assumption that all
concerns have exclusions, which are
moments that can be used to generate
possible solutions, sources of
strengths, and personal resources
P SYCHOANALYTIC
APPROACHES
● Free association
● Dream analysis
● I-messages
● “As” if method
C OGNITIVE APPROACH
● VISUAL- GUIDED IMAGERY-this
is used to help clients work through
conflicts and ease anxiety.
● The counselor can make use of a vivid
mental picture of a real or imagined
experience, a pleasant scent, or a
visualization of successfully coping
process
● COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING
B EHAVIORAL APPROACH
● This approach contends that learning
happens when a particular behavior is
reinforced by the presence of a
reward or discouraged by either
giving a punishment or removing a
potential reward
T HE DISCIPLINE OF SOCIAL WORK
● Social work is a practice-based
profession and an academic
discipline that promotes social change
and development social cohesion and
the empowerment and liberation of
people (global definition)
● Social work as a professional
activity of helping individuals groups
or communities enhance or restore
their capacity for social functioning
and creating societal conditions
favorable to the goal ( national
association of social workers)
● Social work is an applied social
science of helping people achieve an
effective level of psychological
functioning and affecting societal
changes to enhance the well being of
people (Cox & Pavar, 2006)
S OCIAL WELFARE
● The well-being of the entire society;
the quality of life
● Use of projective tests
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S OCIAL SERVICES
● Services provided for the
benefit of the community,
such as education, medical
care and housing
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S OCIAL WORK
● Provides services for the socially
disadvantaged
T HREE PRACTICE AREAS OF
SOCIAL W ORK
● MICRO- working directly with
individuals on families everything
from access to housing, healthcare,
and social services to treating mental,
behavioral, and emotional disorders
● MEZZO- working with groups and
organizations such as schools,
businesses, neighborhoods, hospitals,
nonprofits, and other small-scale
communities
● MACRO- working towards
large-scale systematic change by
crafting laws, petitioning governments
for community funds, organizing
activist groups, and molding social
policy
P URPOSE OF SOCIAL WORK
● Promote the creation and development
of humane and effective social
policies and human services programs
● Plan, develop, administer social
programs and projects with social
agencies
● Protect the vulnerable and
disadvantaged from destructive social
influences
● Protect the community from people
who consistently harm others
● Develop and teach the knowledge and
skills needed to accomplish these
purposes
S COPE AND GOAL OF SOCIAL
WORK S COPE
● The scope of practice of the profession
of social work means the assessment,
diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of
individual, interpersonal and societal
problems through the use of social
work knowledge, skills interventions
and strategies, to assist individuals,
dyads,families, groups, organizations,
and communities to achieve optimum
psychological and social functioning
● The provision of assessment,
diagnostic, treatment and evaluation
services within a relationship between
a social worker and a client
● The provision of supervision and/or
consultatio to a social worker, social
work student or other supervise
● The provision of social support to
individuals and/or groups including
relationship, building life skills
instruction, employment support,
tangible support including food and
financial assistance, and information
and referral services
● The provision of educational services
to social work and social service work
students
● The development, promotion,
management, administration, delivery,
and evaluation of human service
programs,including that done in
collaboration with other professionals
● The provision of services in
organizing and/or mobilizing
community members and/or other
professionals in the promotion of
social change
● The provision of contractual
consultation services to other social
workers or professional or
organizations
● The development, promotion,
implementation, and evaluation of
social policies aimed at improving
social conditions and equality
● The conduct of research regarding the
practice of social work
G OAL
● CARING- Is the heart of social work
and it focuses on the well being,
welfare and comfort of the individual
and community
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● C URING- it refers to the aspects of

treating people with problems in social
functioning
● C HANGING- is the active
participation of the social workers in
social reforms
P RINCIPLES
A CCEPTANCE
● Acceptance is a fundamental social
work principle that implies a sincere
understanding of clients
A FFIRMING INDIVIDUALITY
● To affirm a client’s individuality is to
recognize and appreciate the unique
qualities of that client
● It means to “begin where the client is”
P URPOSEFUL EXPRESSION
OF F EELING
● Clients need to have opportunities to
express their feelings freely to the
social workers
N ON- JUDGMENTALISM
● Communicating non-judgmentalism is
essential to develop a relationship with
any client
O BJECTIVITY
● Closely related to non-judgmentalism
objectivity is the principle of
examining situations without bias
A CCESS TO RESOURCES
● Social workers are implored to assure
that everyone has the necessary,
resources, services and opportunities
C ONFIDENTIALITY
● The right to privacy implies that
clients must give expressed consent
before information such as their
identity, the content of discussions
held with them, one’s professional
opinion about them, or their record is
disclosed