1.

Board Room (BORO) politics

o For some
• it is the study of power and the powerful, of the rulers and the
ruled, of influence and the influential, and of authority and
the authoritative
• its is struggle for advantage (ex. Waking up early so that
you’ll have a seat on your commute)
o For others
• it is the art of compromise to achieve a certain ends (e.
maceda)
o For social scientist
• It is “who gets what, when, and how” (H.Lasswell)
o Does politics exist everywhere?
o It is simply the capacity to say NO – to something dangerous
and inimical to public interests -Former Senate President Jovito
Salonga
o Challenge is say NO to
• Corruption
• Mediocrity
• Dishonesty
• Fraud
• Unethical practices
o Politics in broad sense
• the art and science of governance,
• the means by which the will of the community is arrived at and
implemented;
• the activities of the government, politicians, or the political
party
o The word politics comes from ancient Greece.
o Its root is the word polis, which began to be used about 2,800
years ago to denote a self-governing city (city-state)
o POLIS – city-state
o POLITES – citizen
o POLITIKOS – politician
o POLITIKE – politics as the art of citizenship and government
o POLITEIA – constitution, rules of politics
o POLITEUMA – political community, all those residents who have
full political rights
o "Man is by nature a political animal." - Aristotle
1. Traditional /historical
o Uses history, concentrates exclusively in history, emphasizes
chronology and the historical development of gov’t
structures.
o Looking back/tracing experience by using historical
approach
2. The Scientific/ Behavioralist
o Seeks to understand how individuals behave within a political
institutions and how informal behavior contributes to policy –
making
o Makes use of Methodology, variables, and hypotheses to
arrive at theory
3. The Political Economy
o Concerned with the relationship between the government and
economics.
o Economics involves conflict over scarce resources while
politics involves decisions about who will pay and who will
benefit…
4. The Systems Approach
o Politischds system nach Easton
o Introduce problem to arrive to a solution
o Input, process, output
5. Structural Functional Approach
o In every political system there are certain structures and these
cannot be confused with each other.
o These functions must be performed to maintain the stability of
the political systems.
o Functionalist Approach – Every part of the government will
perform their function well (ex. President, Vice President,
cabinet members, PNP, AFP, criminals) – everyone must do their
role in order to maintain stability
o Involves decision making by business elites and professionals
but with important public consequences
o Power behind frontliners
o People Power 2 against Joseph Estrada
• Get support from PNP, Church, businessman
• Businessman wanted Joseph Estrada to step down because
he gave executive orders that they did not want to follow
• Power being held by the board room
2. Bureaucratic ( Bureau) politics
o Rule making and adjudication by bureaucrats, with inputs from
clients and professionals.
o Make decisions in favor of private business and political
interests
o Different offices comprising the government
3. Congress (CON) politics
o Policy making by legislatures,
o Congress can change the law
o Can either pass a law in favor of someone or not in order to
protect another one
o Laws affect private and public interests.
o Legislation is politically beneficial
4. Chief executive (CHEX)politics
o Refers to a process dominated by president governors mayors
and their advisers.
o They possess and exercise discretionary powers that are
beneficial to majority but detrimental to some few.
o Some are even able to protect those who are engaged in
drugs
o Powerful
5. Court-room (CORO) politics
o Refers to court orders and decisions of judges, justices, and
prosecutors in response to interest groups and aggrieved
individuals.
6. Multimedia (MUME) politics
o All of this mass media promote the political interests and
choices of those who own them, who pay them and who use
them.
o Media can make and unmake a president or a leader
o Can make or break a person
7. Faith – Based (FABA)politics
o Is one where decisions are made by leaders and members of
religious groups and have political implications like El
shaddai, JIL,INC, CBCP, NCCP are some of the most prominent
religious groups which take political positions on public issues
8. Military politics (games of the generals)
o Involves the calculated decisions of the military and police
generals and their subordinates to affect preferences in the
political arena.
o Coup d'état
o Key factors that changes the government and government
leaders
o Protecting an interest
9. Civil society politics (NGOs)
o The high profile socio political engagement and proactive
lobbying of voluntary groups such as NGOs, POs, socio-civic
societies, cause-oriented groups, professional associations,
cooperatives, sectoral or social class groupings and
foundations that influence political issues
o Influences decisions
10. X-men politics (gambling lords)
o People less prominently mentioned, less openly named, less
publicly involved but actively engaged infixing and
managing self-serving political decisions.
o Drug lords, Gambling lords, vice lords, who supports the
career of politicians and bureaucrats who in return provide
protection to syndicated crimes
o Do people and political leaders share and practice similar
politics?
o Is the high rating of mobilization in the Philippines good for our
national development?
1. Political Idealism
o “What is ideal, what is good is ideal”
BORROMEO, G.A.R
 o It is the use of power and influence in achieving the greatest
welfare for the greatest number.
o N. Machiavelli – “Political leader to be good, he must have
the love of the people, better if they feared him and best
when he isloved and feared at the same time”
o Idealist: Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Benigno Aquino
o Idealism – what the majority want
2. Political Realism
o “power makes right, might is right”
o Henry Kissinger (Father of Contemporary real-politics
(realpolitik) – “only power exercised and grounded on reality
will succeed”.
o Power is always predicated by the desires of self-interest,
creating a strong basis for politics.
o REALLIST: George Bush
3. Political Rationalism
o “the forces of reason over the reason of force”
o Power and influence must be exercised through rational
dispositions, discourse and decisions.
o Deep reflection and dialogue have become strong weapon
of rationalist.
o RATIONALIST: Fidel Ramos
4. Political Extremism
o “the reality today is the reality forever”
o Believes that the world today is still divided into bipolar
relations, that the world is still in a cold war period; capitalists
vs. socialists
o EXTREMIST: Jose Maria Sison , RAM CPP-NPA, MILF
o Is politics an ART or a SCIENCE?
o An ART
• Lifestyle, music, charisma, knowledge, movement, conduct
• Political art means the power to perform selective recreation
of reality
• It stylizes man’s consciousness to suit a person political
objectives
o The Erap Tragedy: Tales from the Snake Pit
o A Science…
• Data, fact sheet, poll surveys, research, analysis, trending etc
• The exactness of the variables of politics
o Political science
• It is the study of governments, public policies and political
processes, systems, and political behavior.
• It is a social science concerned with the theory and practice
of politics and the analysis of political system and political
behavior.
o Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the
relationships underlying political events and conditions.
o And from these revelations they attempt to construct general
principles about the way the world of politics work.
o Some political scientists seek to advance positive (attempt to
describe how things are, as opposed to how they should be)
theses by analyzing politics.
o Sub-fields of Political Science
• Sociology
§ ‘Sociology’ is a combination of Two words; ‘Socio’ means ‘
Society’ and ‘logy’ means ‘to study’.
§ It means the study of society.
§ It involves both formal and informal behaviors of people.
• Economics
§ Economics is the social science that studies economic
activity to gain an understanding of the processes that
govern the production, distribution and consumption of
goods in a country.
• Anthropology
§ Anthropology is the study of humans’ past and present.
§ To understand the complexity of cultures across all of
human history, anthropology draws knowledge from the
social and biological sciences as well as the humanities
and physical sciences.
• Psychology
§ Psychology is an academic and applied discipline that
involves the scientific study of mental functions and
behaviors.
• History
§ The branch of knowledge that records and analyzes
past events , is known as history.
o Government is the agency which formulates, expresses and
realizes the will of the people.
o Administration is composed of group of persons in whose hands
the reins of government are for the time being. It runs the affairs
of the government for a given period of time, after which another
administration may be called upon by the people to serve them.
o That is why we say that administration changes but the
government does not.
o Posted by CHARO ESQUIVIAS DUGAN-LISTANA
o It the process of decision-making and the process by which
decisions are implemented (or not implemented).
o Governance can be used in several contexts such as corporate
governance, international governance, national governance
and local governance.
A. Good governance
o Good governance has 8 major characteristics.
o Participatory – in all aspects of society
o Consensus oriented – whatever decisions, the people must
agree
o Accountable – being responsible, open to criticisms/allow
themselves to be punished
o Transparent – see through (analysis, process, budget – can all
be seen)
o Responsive – to the needs and demands
o Effective and efficient – answer the needs of the people;
effective that it improves the people’s lives
o Equitable and inclusive – inclusive; everyone must be
included in the program/s
o Follows the rule of law – a good government follows the rule
of law
B. Poor Governance
o It is characterized:
o By arbitrary policy making – abusive act, protecting private
interests
o Unaccountable bureaucracies – not concerned on doing
what is right; not honest enough
o Unenforced or unjust legal systems – law not followed
o The abuse of executive power – chief executive (president,
congressman)
o A civil society unengaged in public life – not participative in
governance
o and Widespread corruption.“ – barometer of good
governance
o Definition of Governance
• It is referred to as “study of good order and workable
arrangement,” (Williamson, 2005).
• In the empirical analysis of public policies, governance is
considered to encompass all aspects of the exercise of
authority in the management of the resource endowment of a
state and the manner in which the power is exercised.
• The quality of governance is determined by the impact of this
exercise of power on the quality of life enjoyed by the
citizens.
o Refers to the isms
o We are basically going to be looking at many of the words
ending in –ism, such as liberalism, conservatism, socialism,
communism, religious fundamentalism, feminism, totalitarianism
etc.
o Origin of the term - The term was created during the French
Revolution by Antoine Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836), and first
used in public in 1796
o For de Tracy, idéologie referred to a new ‘science of ideas’, or
an idea-ology, like in biology, or psychology.
o “The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas,
i.e. ..the class which is the ruling material force of society, is at
the same time the ruling intellectual force.
BORROMEO, G.A.R
o The class which has the means of material production at its
disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental
production, so that thereby, generally speaking,
o the ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are
subject to it”
o Marx and Engels, The German Ideology
o ideology as a pair of goggles - whichever pair of goggles you
put on, changes the way which you see the world.
o It allows you to interpret the world and to make decisions!
o Now you must work out, which ideology has already influenced
your way of thinking and looking at the world!
1. Liberalism
o J. S. Mill argued that good governments should be
unrestricting enough to allow people—both men and women—
to pursue their own interests and achieve their own potential
as they see fit
o JOHNE LOCKE – FATHER OF LIBERALISM
• Locke's political theory was founded on social contract
theory.
• Locke believed that human nature is characterized by
reason and tolerance.
o This ideology is in a sense the ideology of the ‘industrialised
West’
o It has a focus on a particular set of values: the individual,
freedom, reason, justice, toleration
• Each of us are unique; so we must be treated equally
• You are who you are, I am who I am - respect/equality
• Being unique doesn’t mean you are free to cause damage
to other people
• Liberalism gives high respect to reason - we are all
intelligent and has own reason (intellect & will + reason)
(faith & reason, justice & tolerance)
• Even we are different, we can still coexist (Pluralism)
o Liberalism: The Individual
o Liberalism: Faith in reason
o Liberalism: Justice and tolerance
o Where can I see evidence of liberalism today?
2. Conservatism
o Conservatism: Core themes
o Conservatism: Tradition
• Preservation of tradition
• Humans are imperfect so they need traditions to guide them
• We live in an organic society that we need to be
nurtured/molded
o Conservatism: Humans are imperfect
o Conservatism: Organic society
o Conservatism: Hierarchy and authority - Believe that society
is hierarchical, and that authority (who is on top or in charge)
develops naturally
o Conservatism: Property
• Conservatives have a firm belief in the importance of
owning property, and encourage private savings and
investment in property; property is seen to be a way of
creating a stable world.
• People are less likely to damage someone else’s property if
they also own property.
o Edmund Burke - They argued that liberalism destroyed
tradition
3. Socialism
o Community
• We must treat each other as equal (liberalism)
• Also equal but as brothers and sisters; doesn’t end up with
total equality
• Human nature
§ Plasticity- bound to change/capacity of being
something greater than what we are
§ Equal; that we can change
o Cooperation
• Not competition
• Everybody is bond to change their path
o Equality
o Social Class
o Class politics
o Common ownership
• All property owned by everyone
• Everything is provided by the state – communal property
o Social Class
o Socialism vs. Communism
o Pause: Comparing the three we have looked at so far
4. Fascism
o Italian Fascism - Benito Mussolini and his Fascist Party came
to power in Italy in the 1920s and lasted until the second
World War, upon which he was executed by the Italian
partisans and hung by his feet in a square in Milano
o German Fascism - Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party came to
power in the 1930s and lasted until the Second World War,
until the defeat of Germany by the Allies.
o Features of fascism
• Against rationalism (not allowed to use intellect)
• Fight for survival (strongest survive)
• Doesn't believe in equality but in elitism
• Extreme embrace of nationalism (superior over all the other
races in the world)
5. Capitalism
o Is an economic system that is focussed on profit, and the major
part of production is privately owned
o Goods and services are created in order to generate profit
o The ‘Market’
o Economic Growth
6. Totalitarianism
o can’t coexist with capitalism not fascism
o State is in hand of one person/group; control over entire
territory
o Ideology deals with total control of everything
o Ideological manipulation of the entire mind
o Libertarianism - opposite of totalitarianism (has government;
total freedom)
7. Anarchism
o Not a form of government, rather a situation/ideology
o People believe that everything should be controlled
o Mikhail Bakunin – Russian Anarchist; believes that ruling class
must be removed & working class should be upgraded and
given equal rights (but he wants violent means to reject
people)
o Bakunin with Proudhon rank as the founders of 19th-century
anarchism.
o Bakunin was as uncompromising a revolutionary as Marx and
never ceased to preach the overthrow of the existing order
by violent means,
o BUT he rejected political control, centralization, and
subordination to authority (while making an unconscious
exception of his own authority within the movement).
8. Nationalism
o Main focus: national government/nationalism; protection of
nation
o Promote love for own country, but not necessarily being
patriotic
o Diff. W/ patriotism because patriotism is buying Filipino items,
ideals: Filipinized from top to bottom
9. Absolutism
o Believed that a single ruler should have control over every
aspect of the government and of the people’s lives.
o Divine right of kings - meaning that God had chosen the ruler
to govern the rest.
o Caesaro-papism - the belief that the ruler is head of both the
governmental authority and the religious authority.
o CHARACTERISTICS OF ABSOLUTISM
• A strong sense of order
• A clear-cut law of nature (or law of God)- elitism
• The wisdom of traditional values and institutions
o Principles
• Plato - benevolent absolute ruler
• Thomas Hobbes - his book Leviathan (1651), he argued
that life without governments was “nasty, brutish, and short”
and that people must willingly submit to absolute rulers
o Meanings of ‘left’ and ‘right’
o LEFT
BORROMEO, G.A.R
 • A broad ideological disposition that is characterised by
sympathy for principles such as liberty, equality, fraternity and
progress.
• It is also associated with preference for equality and common
ownership.
o RIGHT
• A broad ideological disposition that is characterised by
sympathy for principles such as authority, order, hierarchy and
duty
o Max Weber, Georage Catlin, Robert A Dahl, Morgenthau etc
consider Power as central to the study of politics.
o Without power, it would be impossible for the government to
maintain law and order to pursue policies for social, economic
and political development of the country.
o Robert Dahl - An aspect of a relationship between 2 social
actors where one actor “A” can induce or influence actor “B” to
do something in line with A's preferences when B would not do
that otherwise.
o Max Weber - “Power as a tool for individual or a group of human
to achieve their objectives even though their behaviors involves
with violence or coercion.”
o Karl Marx - “Political power as an instrument for elite groups to
maintain their influence and using power to rule other group of
people.”
o Ramanathan - “Power is influence, absolute rights of individual
as a ruler. Ability to settle problem, implement policy will
influence the citizen’s loyalty.”
o R. H. Tawney - “The capacity on an individual, or group of
individuals, to modify the conduct of other individuals or groups
in the manner in which he (the power holder) desires.”
o (A has power over B if A can get B to do something that B would
not otherwise do)
1. Power is an instrument for individual to achieve objectives or
aims.
2. Power is the tool for the leader to gain support from the people
as to implement certain policy.
3. Power can be considered as a guarantee for the leader to
convince people.
4. Power symbolizes strength and influence. Only those individual
with freedom of power able to do whatever the want.
5. Power ensures the government administration run smoothly.
6. Power ensures there is peace and surveillance in the country.
o The people – Article 2 Section 1: Sovereignty belongs to us (we
have the power)
o Constitution
• supreme law/fundamental of the land: everybody should
follow the constitution
• Laws must be in accordance; if failure to do this, then it’s
unconstitutional/invalid/illegal
o Parliamentary laws
• Laws passed by congress
• Statute - laws passed to representative/senate
o Conventions - Conferences
o Knowledge and capability
o Organization (ex. UN, Iglesia, PNP, AFP)
o Social status
o Religious status
o Control over mass media
o Economic position
o Charismatic personality
o Faith
o Skill
o Authority
o Force: The Coercive Power
• Force is probably the most easily recognizable source of
power.
• The follower’s belief that the leader has the power to punish
him for non- compliance.
o Wealth: The Reward Power
• Power over you; control
• Political sociology - ‘patron-clientelism’.
• This is known as reward power and it is based on the
follower’s belief that the leader has resources – benefits that
will help the follower in reaching his goals and meet his
needs.
o Expertise: The Expert Power
• Expertise has provided individuals with power and influence.
• “Knowledge is power”.
• Leader possesses superior information and ability.
• Position: The Legitimate Power
• Position in organization is one of the surest avenues to
power.
o Position: The Legitimate Power
• Position in org. - surest avenues to power
• Legitimate power
o Popular Support: The Referent Power
• Popular support minimizes the need to use coercive power or
reward power to obtain compliance to the decision of the
government.
• Referent power, it is based on the followers’ identification with
the leader.
1. POLITICAL POWER - control of, or influence on, the state, ability
to make, or influence, political decisions
2. ECONOMIC POWER - control of economic assets
3. MILITARY POWER - ability to wage war - or to compel others
through intimidation or deterrence
These forms of power interact in many ways.
o National power
• national power is the collective power of a nation which
includes economic, political, emotional and military power of
a nation.
• It is through the use of this power, a nation establish relation
with other countries and gets its will enforced on other
nations.
o Authority
• Authority is closely associated with power
• Authority is formal or legal as distinguished from personal
power.
• a position: authority is attached to these positions.
• roles: the set of patterned expectations about behavior that
the members of society attach to a position in an institution.
• Rogow & Lasswell (1963):Authority can be defined as the
legitimate (conforming to establish rules and procedures)
exercise of power.
• It is power assigned to a position by the popularly accepted
ground rules for the operation of the political system.
• A.R Ball: “Authority is the recognition of the rights to rule
without limited power obtained by the leader.
• Roskin: “It refers to the leader’s ability to gain loyalty.”
• Three types or sources of authority - Max Weber:
1. Traditional Authority
§ Based on ancient customs or traditions or conventions.
§ For example, Brunei Sultanate (the eldest will be the
Sultan), Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain.
§ Traditional authority is thus closely tied up with
hereditary systems of power and privilege.
2. Charismatic Authority
§ Refers to people’s following a leader because they
believe that he or she has extraordinary personal
qualities that command their obedience.
BORROMEO, G.A.R
 § For example, political leaders like Mussolini, Hitler and
Mao Zedong.
§ Adolf Hitler
§ Will not stand long
§ Can be institutionalized by making it part of Traditional
Authority
3. Legal-rational Authority
§ Based upon acceptance of publicly articulated, society-
wide rules and regulations issued by duly authorized
public officials.
§ Hold any position according to the legal procedures.
§ Person elected by law due to his/her popularity
§ Adolf Hitler

o Generic: The system of offices that oversee and guide the

interactions of individuals in a political system
o The Government of a Country: A government that successfully
upholds a claim to exercise the exclusive regulation of the
legitimate use of force in enforcing its rules within a territorial
area
o Why Government?
• Thomas Hobbes
• Human life in the state of nature is “nasty, brutish and short.”
• Create Order
• Protect life
• Defend property rights
• Enforce contracts
o How does a nation create a government with enough authority
and power to keep order, protect property, and preserve life
and at the same time prevent that government’s officials from
using their power to enrich themselves and persecute their
rivals?
o Human nature and power - Power corrupts and absolute power
corrupts absolutely
o “We have learned by sad experience that it is the nature and
disposition of almost all men, as soon as they get a little
authority, as they suppose, they will immediately begin to
exercise unrighteous dominion.” D&C 121:39
o Solution
• Rule of Law
• Separation of Powers
• Check and Balances
• Create a balance where each, by seeking his own power
checks the power of others

BORROMEO, G.A.R