U C S P – 2ND SEM, 2ND GRADING

GRADE 12 – POTCHI

POLITICAL SCIENCE
 Related to humanity Philosophers
 One of the reasons of pol sci is to govern
the people within the society I. Aristotle
 Gives us insights/understanding on how o One of the great Greek philosophers
government operates o Father of Political Science
 Equip students with intellectual resources o Remarkable phrase: Man is by
and special bg for those who intend to nature a political animal
specialize it  Social issues
 Humans have capability
Political Science Power and Politics to communicate or to
solve any problems in
Fundamental concept of power society
o Influence  Moral and values
o Decision making (voting)  Regardless of the
o Authority status, we are all part
o Can apply in grp. Of friends, schools, and of politics
families (distribution of responsibilities) o Book: Politics
 Disciplines of pol sci
Political Science
o Comes from 2 Greek words: II. Niccolo Machiavelli
(1) Polis = means city-state o Father of modern political science
(2) Scire = means to know o RP: the ends justify the means
To know the activities within the state  Regardless of the
methods/process,
o Classical discipline that deals w/the study of important yung
political phenomena result/goal
 Actions of ppl by means of  Better to be feared
power/influence than to be loved
o Goal: o Book: The Prince
 to deepen human understanding of  If one wants to be an
the forms and nature of political effective leader to the
action society, the person
 develop theoretical tools for needs to do everything
interpreting politically meaningful to accomplish all goals
phenomena & to achieve a
o aims to know successful society
 the activities of humans such as regardless of the
interaction and conflict process
 human and state relations  Kamay na bakal –
 power distribution (how to evoke paggamit ng dahas para
powers in society) umayos ang lipunan

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U C S P – 2ND SEM, 2ND GRADING
GRADE 12 – POTCHI
Subdiscipline
1. Political Theory
o Examines the contemporary
application of political concepts
 Human rights,
equality, peace and
justice
o Helps to understand
 the concept of power and
democracy
 how individual relate the
state/society
o ex:
 violence bet. The
government to their ppl
 result: emphatic negative bc.
It is against our political
concepts
2. Comparative politics
o Branch of pol scie
o Aims to provide context to the
difference in government and
political systems
o Helps to understand
 Diff. approach/methods on
improving the society/state
o Ex:
 Comparing our country to
others, wherein, the type of
government is same –
democracy
 Why there are countries that
belongs to a 1st world
country, while we belong to
3rd world country
 Do the type of government
matters on being a successful
country?
3. International relations
o Study of state-to-state relations and
the wider margin of the impacts of
globalization
o State can’t survive w/o rship bet.
Other state
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o By globalization, one improves their
state in power, economy, etc.
4. Political behavior
o This field covers the attitudes,
knowledge, and actions of an indiv.
In response to pol. variables
o People have diff. political identity,
but political behavior helps us to
understand our diff. pol.
Phenomena into their society
5. Public Policy
o Inquires on the types of
governmental policies and
underlying motivations for their
enactment and implementation
o Emphasizes interpretations and
implementations of diff. laws
6. Public Administration
o Examines the various administrative
schemes implemented by
government officials
o Government actions
o Academic discipline to prepare civil
servants or diff. social works
o Actual management of state affairs
by the diff. branches of government
Politics
- Central concept of pol sci
- Apply in diff. ways of daily living
a. Alfred Boyer
o Politics is the interaction bet. Civil
society and government in the
activity of governance
 Execution of laws
within their society
o Rship of society and government
o Government: acts as the arbiter of
rules and laws to their society
o Society: receiver of rules & laws
b. Max Weber
U C S P – 2ND SEM, 2ND GRADING
GRADE 12 – POTCHI

o Politics is the exercise of power - Nasasakupan

within a state - There are 3 domains of territory
o Power to influence someone - Terrestrial
o Ex:  kalupaan
 When one influence the - Aerial
decision of others  himpapawid
- Fluvial
c. David Easton  Karagatan/katubigan
o Politics is the authoritative
allocation of scarce values c. Government
o It requires authoritative distribution - Agency wherein the will of state is
of power to the society manifested
o Ex: - Grp. Of people that organize
 If the power to govern is management, administration, and
limited and the desire to governance of ppl. Within the
acquire is high to avoid jurisdiction of the state
political disorder
 The value is distributed to d. Sovereignty
selected few - Supreme power of the state
 Politics is a human activity - independence
- 2 types:
Nation and state a. Internal
-Within the territory
Nation
o Grp. Of persons belonging to one b. External
community -Freedom from external control
o Having one culture & lang. -Prescence of political actors
o Living the same experience
o Synonymous to people within the Inherent powers of the state
state/country
- Irremovable
- May vital role within the state
State
- For the betterment of everybody
o Community of persons
o Living in a specific territory
a. Police power
o Having one government that commands
- Power of the state to enact and
obedience within the territory
enforce laws
o Free from external control
- Regulate property and liberty in the
promotion of the general welfare of
Elements
the people
- Enforce peace and order
a. People
- Ex. To control any chaos in its
- Population living in a country
territory
- Citizen
- State promotes common good to
society
b. Territory
b. Power of eminent domain
- Jurisdiction of the state

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U C S P – 2ND SEM, 2ND GRADING
GRADE 12 – POTCHI

- Power enables the state to take

property for public use payment of
just compensation
- If a property is owned by a private
sector, state can acquire it by paying
the right amount base on its value

c. Power of taxation
- Power of the state to impose and collect
revenues for the operation of the
government
- Tax is the largest source of funds/budget
- Purpose: budget of the income of public
servant and other infrastructures

“ The welfare of the

people is the supreme
law”
Main goal of pol sci: to promote common good and
welfare of the people

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U C S P – 2ND SEM, 2ND GRADING
GRADE 12 – POTCHI

POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
Left wing ideology
Politics
- Can also cause conflict because of the Liberalism
political identity or ideologies of people o ideology that emphasizes individual
freedom and participation
Ideology o Political: human being must be given
o Comprehensive belief system that allows us freedom to choose their leaders and
to describe, understand, and interpret the government officials
world
o Our world views

Political Ideology
o Our pov regarding political life

Political party
o Most important grp to have a political
idealology
o Social movement that has interest in
gaining political power
 To create a social movement
within the society
 Kabataan and Gabriela party
list
o Aggregates the individual political interests
of indiv. Members
o w/o a clear ideology, political turncoatism
or butterfly politics will occur
 political phenomenon that
describes one person or grp.
Of ppl jumping from one
party to another
 balimbing in tagalog
 previous flower has no more
power
Socialism
o Stressed the link between the state and the
class system seeing it either as an
instrument of class rule
o Or as a means
o Has contrasting view of the state
o Socialist believe in utopian vision
 Close to utopia of combination
communism
 Dreaming of perfect society
 Remove/abolish private property to
achieve the equality
o Social equality
o Is a classless society
 No mayaman, middle, mahirap

Anarchism
o Belief in the abolition of all government and
the organization of society on a voluntary
cooperative basis w/o recourse to
force/impulsion
o Synonymous to chaos or war

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U C S P – 2ND SEM, 2ND GRADING
GRADE 12 – POTCHI
o Situation where in there is no central Pope Francis in Vatican
authority
o Man is capable of self-governance or self-
integrity
Conclusion
Left wing ideologies lean toward the society
Gives more freedom of society, political participation,
human rights, freedom, and equality.
Democracy
Nationalism
Right wing ideology
Conservatism
o Endorses liberal-democratic rule but
w/qualifications about the need to protect
property and traditional institutions from
the untortured will of many
o Change is not good
o Preserve traditional preference for a strong
state when it comes to political system
Royal Family in UK
o Monarchy (ruled by kings and queens)
Fascism
o Leaders must come from royal families
o Ruled by Queen Elizabeth the II
o Eldest child yung papalit sa position to rule
Fascist Leaders
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o Religious type of conservative ideologies
o Power transmission
o Highest person in Vatican
o Refers to the belief system where people
believe that they belong to one nation or
people
o Change is not encouraged
o Would argue for strong state control
o There is a great possibility for discrimination
in a nationalist state
o Ethnocentric or nation-centered (exclusive
only in the country
o Discriminating other political actors
o Ex. Philippines during pre-Spanish period
o China- sleeping giant
o Embraces the ideas of the totalitarian
democracy
 Participation of ppl does not happen
o Does not have identifiable core principle
ideas
o Deeply elitist and fiercely patriarchal
o Authoritarianism or dictatorship
o Benito Mussolini
 Made the ideology popular
 Italian leader during world war
o Joseph Stalin
 Leader from Soviet Union (Russia)
o Adolf Hitler
 From Germany
 Ruler of Nazi
U C S P – 2ND SEM, 2ND GRADING
GRADE 12 – POTCHI

Conclusion

Ideologies lean towards the state

Values stability, state power, state intervention,

regulation of society

Concept of authoritarianism or dictatorship is active

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U C S P – 2ND SEM, 2ND GRADING
GRADE 12 – POTCHI

TYPE OF GOVERNMENT
(According to Aristotle)

Government Tyranny

o To maintain peace and order. - The rules of dictator.

o To protect the rights of the people.
o To promote the common good. - Tyrant rules serves only his or her own
interest.
Classifications of Government
According to Aristotle - Prone to use force to stay in power as he or
she merely usurped it.

- Example: Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler

Rule of Few

Aristocracy

- rule of the few intellectuals.

Perverted form - Less prone to corruption given that is run by

- too much executing of power group of people who have no vested self-
interest due to their moral values and non-
Rule of One economic pre-occupation.

Monarchy - Example: French Nobility

- ruled by king or queen, rules a kingdom or
empire. Oligarchy
- they do not feel the pressure to maintain
their position. - rule of the few rich individuals. The rulers
are more predisposed to further their
Two Types: economic interest.

1. Absolute Monarchy - Example: Capitalism

- the execution or the creation of the
laws it comes from one person. Rule of Many
- Example: Countries in Middle East, state
of Vatican Polity

2. Constitutional Monarchy - rule of the middle class.

- There is a presence of other person like - most efficient type of government as it is

prime minister. less prone to corruption.

- Example: United Kingdom Democracy

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U C S P – 2ND SEM, 2ND GRADING
GRADE 12 – POTCHI

- ruled by the masses that are generally

economically challenged and lacking proper
education.

- (most ineffective government type)

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U C S P – 2ND SEM, 2ND GRADING
GRADE 12 – POTCHI

AF
TE 1987 Philippine
R Constitution  Terrestrial
PR  Fluvial
E- - Reaction to the tyrannical years of Pres.  There are
LI Marcos dictatorial rule complications, so, it is
M - The Ph once again became the republic by important to give the
LE the virtue of 1987 Ph Constitution specific dimensions of
SS - The faith republican form of government of the fluvial domain of
the Ph – established with 3 co-equal our territory
branches of the government and those  Aerial domains
holding office are the republic officers of o No specific government of our territory or
the Ph gov. as well as the diff. rights of there’s no country that gives their own
Filipino citizen in the country measurement of territory

Territory
- Important to a certain society or state
because it is one of the elements of the state
wherein it states our jurisdiction
(nasasakupan) and the limitations of our
powers/ sovereignty

Archipelagic doctrine

One of the main concepts of national territory is

our geographical structure which is elaborating our
ARTICLE I
National Territory archipelagic doctrine

o Comprises the Ph archipelago w/all the
islands & water embraced therein, and all
other territories over which the Ph has
sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its
terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains,
including its territorial sea, the seabed,
subsoil, insular shelves, and other
submarine areas.
o The waters around bet. and connecting the
islands of archipelago regardless of their
breadth and dimensions, form part of the
internal waters of the Ph
o Geographic picture of country which is an
archipelagic country
o Claim the title & ownership of our state
specifically the 3 domains of territory:
- Emphasizes the unity of land and waters by
defining an archipelago either as a group of
islands surrounded by waters or a body of
waters studded by islands
- Ph is not surrounded by the separation of
lands and waters
Archipelago
- Grp of islands surrounded by water or vice
versa
Exclusive Economic Zone
- Sea zone prescribed by UNCLOS extending
up to 200 nautical miles from the baselines
of a state over which the coastal state has
sovereign rights
- Purpose: gives our sovereign rights to
explore, exploiting, or conserving and

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U C S P – 2ND SEM, 2ND GRADING
GRADE 12 – POTCHI

managing our natural resources of the

country

UNCLOS
- United Nations Convention for the Law of
the Sea
- Gives the prescribed measurement of our
territory

2 ways of baseline:

a. Normal baseline
b. Straight baseline

There are some issues that causes territorial

disputes

The issue of Spratly islands

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U C S P – 2ND SEM, 2ND GRADING
GRADE 12 – POTCHI
Article I
National territory
o National territory comprises the Ph
archipelago, w/aa the islands and waters
embrace therein, and all other territories
over which the Ph has sovereignty or
jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial,
fluvial, and aerial domains, including its
territorial sea, the sea bed, subsoil, insular
shelves, and other submarine areas. The
waters around, between, and connecting
the islands of the archipelago, regardless of
their breadth and dimensions, form part of
the internal waters of the Ph.
Archipelagic doctrine
o Emphasizes the unity of land and waters by
defining an archipelago either as a group of
islands surrounded by waters or a body of
waters studded by islands.
Exclusive Economic Zone
o Sea zone prescribed by UNCLOS extending
up to 200 nautical miles from the baselines
of a state over which the coastal state has
sovereign rights
Article III
Bill of Rights
o May be defined as a declaration and
enumeration of a person’s rights and
privileges which the constitution is designed
to protect against violations by the
government, or by an individual, or grp. Of
individuals.
Classes of rights:
Natural rights
o Rights possessed by every citizen w/o being
granted by the state for they are given to
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man by God as a human being created to
His image so that he may live a happy life.
Constitutional rights
o Those rights which are provided by laws
promulgated by the law-making body and,
consequently, may be abolished by the
same body
Section 1
No person shall be deprived of life, liberty,
or property w/o due process of law, nor shall any
person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
Aspects of due process of law:
o Procedural due process
o Refers to the method or manner by
which the law is enforced
o Substantive due process
o The law would be enforced, is fair,
reasonable and just
Section 2
The right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects against
unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever
nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and
no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue
except upon probable cause to be determined
personally by the judge after examination under
oath/affirmation of the complainant and the
witness he may produce, and particularly
describing the place to be searched and the
persons/things to be seized.
o Search warrant
o An order/writing, issued by a judge
and directed to a peace officer,
commanded him to search for
U C S P – 2ND SEM, 2ND GRADING
GRADE 12 – POTCHI
personal property and bring it
before the court
o Warrant of arrest
o An order/writing, to command a
peace officer to arrest and bring to a
jail a person charged w/crime
o Probable cause
o Refers to apparent facts discovered
through logical inquiry
When can warrantless arrest transpire?
1. The person to be arrested has committed, is
actually committing, or is attempting to
commit an offense.
2. When an offense has been committed and
has personal knowledge of facts indicating
that the person to be arrested has
committing it; and
3. When the person to be arrested is a
prisoner who has escaped from a penal
establishment
Section 3
(1) The privacy of communication and
correspondence shall be inviolable except
upon lawful order of the court, or when
public safety or order requires otherwise as
prescribed by law.
Example:
o Looking for conversations with
illegal purposes
o Document papers
o Public safety
o Privacy of communication can’t be
an evidence
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or
the preceding section shall be inadmissible
for any purpose in any proceeding.
Example:
o Wiretapping
o Cheating on the election of
Gloria Macapagal
o Poisonous tree
 Illegal act to illegal act
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Section 4
No law shall be passed abridging the
freedom of speech, expression, press, or the right
of the people peaceably to assemble and petition
the government for redress of grievances.
- emphasizes freedom of speech and
expression in diff. ways
- one of the fundamental rights of humans
that practices on democratic and republican
state
- example:
o activism
o freedom of press
o “our rights are not absolute, be
responsible on your words”
o Slander and libel
o Develop group of people that
expresses our freedom
Section 6
The liberty of abode and of changing the
same within the limits prescribed by law shall not
be impaired except upon lawful order of the court.
Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except
in the interest of national security, public safety, or
public health, as may be provided by law.
3 interest:
o Interest of the national security
o When your security is at risk, for
example, if there is a war or terrorist
attack that’s currently happening
o Interest of public safety
o Calamity or natural disaster
o Global domain and aerial domain
o Public health
o International flight amidst the
pandemic
- Suspension of the right to travel if one has a
criminal record
U C S P – 2ND SEM, 2ND GRADING
GRADE 12 – POTCHI

Section 9 o “I have the right to remain silent and

- Private property shall not be taken for
public use without just compensation
- By the power of eminent domain
Example:
o Private land owner
o Road widening of the government for public
use and interest
o Common good and interest of all
Section 12
I invoke my right against in self
discrimination…”
(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil
sanctions for violations of this section as
well as compensation to and rehabilitation
of victims of torture or similar practices,
and their families.
o Only the judge can convict you
w/your offense as guilty or not
guilty, bailable or non-bailable,
reclusion Perpetua, temporal,
number of years

Emphasizes the rights of the accused Section 15

(1) Any person under investigation for the - The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus
commission of an offense shall have the shall not be suspended except in cases of
right to be informed of his right to remain invasion or rebellion when the public safety
silent and to have competent and requires it.
independent counsel preferably of his own o Has the right to be heard and
choice. If the person cannot afford the undergo w/the court
services of counsel, he must be provided - Writ of habeas corpus
with one. These rights cannot be waived
except in writing and in the presence of
counsel.
- Example: Miranda Rights
o States before being arrested
o “You have the right to remain silent.
Anything you say can and will be
used against you in a court of law.
You have the right to an attorney. If
you cannot afford an attorney, one
will be appointed for you”
(2) No torture, force, violence, threat,
intimidation, or any other means which
vitiate the free will shall be used against
him. Secret detention places, solitary,
incommunicado, or other similar forms of
detention are prohibited.
(3) Any confession/admission obtained in
violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall
be inadmissible in evidence against him.
o Sec. 17 – Bill of Rights emphasizes
one’s right against self-incrimination

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