= bonding=: sons’ are. formed when el€ctrons. are trans ferred. befween atoms 1 achieve a full outer.shel) G.€. noble. Qas Configurertion).. Te number of electrons. lost or gained. determmnes te Charge on an lon, which m turn 1s determined by the atoms electronic..contiguration._ _-_ Metals (groups.|, 2 & 13)_|-_Nonmetals @yroups 15,16 x 14) Low electronegovity._|___-_ High. _electronegartuiy (Xp) -_ wse valence electrons —__ Hydtoxide > sui SWI sae us. Kydtogen carbonate {Ionic bond: ax, > bG bo a“lanie® boneiney Is due to electrastane attrachan befueen Oppositely Charged tons. Ths holds tons together to form lonic Compounds. Properties of ionic Compounds battice hucture » High melting and boiling points +°Jow Volotilitys. ~~ -_ Stang electrostanc. totes of attraction betwen jons -- large mounts Of energy lquired 42 overcome. forces Solu ble_in polar solvents (e.g. water) 5*_and_&° Chargés on solvent Molecules. attract 4 t and _> Charges0n_lons, he (Ons ate separorted trom ae lattice and become surrounded by solvent _molecutes.\ Conducts. életnicity when Molten or aqueous: \\\ -_lons_ ore tree to_move and Corry a Charge. Brittle : a Movement _ot ions wittun the lottice puts ons with te _ same charge NeXt 10 each other. repulisioniCauses shatiering‘Covalent bonaing Is coUsed by elechostahc attracton between a shared. pair of electrons and. pasttively charged onde Single,.double; and triple Covaleat bonds. Involve one; two) and) three, shared pairs of electrons. respectively. As tne numberof shared élections: Increases, the bona Lsttengtn Increases, While Pond ae decreases: \ Melis 2 shown sal. ‘valence. elections in a ovate» bonded species. A line ¢an_be used. to represent O_palr_of €l€ctons\, WhilesSingle elections Can be\ shown\\with dots and/or crosses. ‘To deduce lewis structure: Mt 1) ‘Desermine total Is: showh_with An_Attowhead_On_a_bond_sighi fying» where ht Sich Originated. _ “We twit y £9: Ammonium ion, Nhy* H + t NH} a :tt “Bond lenge a : AW os measured | in :“Ly De: electron domains refers <4 the number of bonds (single, | clouvie, triple etc) an atom con form. valencessnellelection pairvepulsion (VsEpRyetheory states that valence..€lection. pairs. arrange, themselves: around, Me Cental atom. so. they are.As\far apart.as possible, MIN msne Hepulsion beduicen electron: pairs: Technically, thé theory Wefels ee MOINS of electrons. cations _In_an. atoms: valence shell these. Can.be:smgle, a inple_or_non- paneling pairs of tlectrons.. This_ determines the. a of asinaleedecsss. ssh | PF int me ‘igonal. Pyramidal + _NHs ' 3 boncl, | lone) Canpus 5.3 u@o ono 09000 90000008| squate Planar ae a0" , 180° ener (4 bond, 2 lone) All. bond angles ave approximate. To _Aetermine the shope_of_o1_molecle: 1) Draw Lewis structure. 2) Determine _total number of eleciton dohaund on central atom. Figure out number of band & fone\ pairs.\\ 3) petermine molecular geomeny — 4) “Adjust bond angles as needed: RS 0 So. foreach tore por’ Tesult Of electionegottivity. aiifqerences between_bondcled. pe The gener tne _electonegotivity: aifietnce, the! more polar The bwid Polar covalent: 0< AXp 41.8 — Non polar /pure covalent: 4Xp = 0 es j | live. whe ter. a. ; molecule Is, paar_o or. not) dtpends an the shape of -the molecule. andl. the: pearing ais bonds. : a . _ _.Didetermine molecular. polarity: 4) Deduce. molecular geome tty Using VSEPR 2) Dedutce. bond: polanty: of each bond present ' 3).\Sum all-di pole moments. In the molecule te. cdetermmne 14\on Tesulfant dipole./ net dipole moment. Is. present Dipole. moments. are shown with anous: that pomt towards oo The more, Clectronegarive atom. I#\a_molecule.contains bonds of seatal> sola bi a bres to thesSame element) AND 15 sy mmetticors tS Mon=polAt. lh a molecuie. Contains. bonds of al fgerent Polar ty OR\IS\\s Asymmetiical, tls polar\Pesomance) Involves using 9 tuo o more lewis structures. (coved Tesonance structures)... Yepresent a, molecule lion, that cannot be fully. descri bed. With, one Lewis. stucture alone. Fesoponce._| Structures:can be drawn.for.ony molecule lian where Is. more thon_one possible pasition for:.ar.double. bord. e Mmokcule's.. tre structure's: ansintermediate.form Cres between Mme. - Tesonance_ structures) known aso Kesonance Wigbrid. Pesonance Can -beexplained by. the AEOCOUISAHON0F ect Delocalisation Involvés_thesharingNof Gi; = w0 formal charge ¢: Is the. auarge.. “that an atom Ino molecule. wll . hove_1f_all_atoms in _the molecule Had, the same tlectonegativity. It is used_to_determme which of Several potential, Lewl's Structures_1s\ preferred: the_ preferred strucqure_Is the one Which has atoms with the lowest formal Charge. (i-e. Closest" t0 zero). |Formal._. faster . I= (name Of non: charge bonding electt Cie. lone) "_\ valence elections: deeed C:4-0- (4-8) 20 0: 6-4~- (4-420 0: 6- 2- (3-6): tH (ipl vowel) “Cthissstructare ts 02 6-6-(4-2)2-) lsingle bond) pre ferred‘O70! (0s) tue structure isa tesonance ybrid of two lewis stuctules. B int 19” o oO 0. * ZN > 7 os om @ Xo 0 ( ae \ewis stuctures ) In the stratosphere, UV radiation catalyses the reactions involved nthe dissociation and formation of oxygen and ozone. Pesonance hybrid 02 dissociation 03, formation o2 thigh HCI oy => O--ts Og —9'Os ay @) . (g) 19) (9). <-02 “tele: 4 ch | NO? ——» NOt 0° ) (g) SOD BP LONE PLWH). GD Ch + 0s —> Clo + 02 0. +03\ 920, (9) (Wg) | Bow (@) 10+ -0-—> Cl +0, | NO # 0s —? Noe #02. 9) (gy) -) a @ () @) ~ - —-Noz-(9) — \ overail: 203, >. 307 @) @y. Hybriciisertion’ 1s the. Mixing. of. ditferent atomic orbitals fo form new, hybrid orbitals. y E-g: Carbon 2 Pit | ] Ptr | | from 1s ground we excited —_Prowoled ~ state ' state oe Campus5p hybridisation Samadi £4 9. methane, CH. ; ss four sp3 orbitals i alae! ne 25 and three Zp orbitals hybridize (i-€..merge) 10 form four sp¥ orbitals — \. Pepulsion between sps orbitals. Creates tetrahedral shape GO _mihimise repulsion i 5ee VSEPR)“SP? hybridisation i Ee £9: ethene, GH4 ; M26Sp_hybridisation £.9: e¢nyne, GHz One 2s.andlane 2P merge to form two spAtomic. orbitals overiap. to form molecular orbitals: ———Sioma (0) PIO) Overlap head-on Overlap sideways on. _ Blecton densi ty. concenttated between nucle). oF. bonding atoms. * Forms. in. Single. valent El€ction density above and. Plow plane of nuclei, rae bonding AtomsDiamond, each Carbon Is p> hybridised tetra hedral arrangement Cony high melting ) ‘andl “boiling all valence electrons used for. points hardest ’ natural bonding 7 localised airing ( good. thermal ‘Substance does mol conduct electricity conductor bond, angles 104.5° Graphite» z a> QE “each Carbon is sp*_hybridised_ Gras one non _ ron i J - layers of localised electron per ‘ eV reeta / “atin \ ings ) cer or electrical thermal Conductor Conductor held by weak London-forces- they can Slide over each other Slippery“Graphene bond angles 120° each carbon Is sp? hybridised Cone non vanded/ delocalised election one atom. thick per atom Single layer Sy ae is hexagonal conductor very high * best thermal (3 melting point = > conduc Hvity o_ tay very ~ very. Strong 5 is ae oa A. Entown. - flexible Strongest! material % Moun (deocalsed electrons spread aver \\\ structiare (fone fer Carbon) sein conductor | Csome ele elect Mobility ‘al structure be Tboce . aad st pg law melting. point ee conductor not a siant Covalent substance because it has a fixed formulaSiliconse SiICOn-AFOM.) LV WON each silicon is sp* Oxygen atom hy jr dised on int. stout all vBlenee, ‘alechons used for Aetronedral arrangement bonding » (odie Wot conduct.) bn electricity resull. ane. the. mrement ob “eectrons | Sh_ a yrs Causing: one port of the molecule. 40: WOVE Os iN gleoter_election_density than the other, Producing a1 — 2 nstanitancoussdipole. TMs dipole canthen induce another »\_ Inston taneoussdipolesin.sastelghioouring..maltcale, resulting a weak fore of attrachan_ betueen_the two molecules. London forces ole the only_forces. that ist between Nan- solar stoleentes: Facto! ors a Hecting the sire Si thot andar forces. Atomic / molecular mass, Num beriof. pecirons - Increases. with Increasing atomic /mo lecular mass. \* Wm ber of Alectrons x x wv increases: Chances: 0f nsianianeoussaipoe. amino. “shape. Of. molecule eases with Increasing surface area lot. ‘voleculed _thcreases chance_0f Instantaneous dipoles; KOKUYOyces result fom the attraction betnieeti oppositely chamed Permanen} dipoles..0n neigh wanting polar_mokcules. Myelrogen: boneing Occurs hen: hydregen,.1s bonded ba highly electioneguinve element (e.g.: fluorine, nitiogen, oxygen). The. bonded electron pair.1s Aton away from the hyplrogen_Ltowiatts..1he More electronegative. element) “The nyarogen atom then attracts a. Yon- orang fair of electrons. an the dectwnegettive atom of a neighbouring molecule, tesulting.n_osttong fone .of¢ attraction between the boleciales Vonconductors - _NO_ Hee /delocalised celecttons:> __ Mere..arexexceptions.|One eromples is graph _“Like-dissolves like” { YEW Polay_subsdonces 4end- fo be solu destnspolar ‘solvents; Nnon- polar substances tend 10: be Soluldetn\ Non polar solventsMeraulicsbonaling is ; Caused y elec hostane attresction. vetween Qwslattice..of positive ions. and deloanlised..electrons. te. strength Of a metallic bond depends.on the charge .Chum ber. of deloalised. [valence] electrons) and tadius.of the. Cation. Me smaller the. Cation and. greater the charge (number of delocalised MWalemes electrons), the stronger the bond..the. strength ofa metalic bond. tends. fo decrease. down a. qroup:.as. the lonic. radius increases, Which Ieduces_the attiaction between the tations. attel\: alelocalesec! ees loverna the_metals an POM. Poperties ae a \ bo0d_electrital Conductors _Contain_delocalised electrons, which are re tite to_wove and _____ @rry_a_ charge. a = » Malleable (can_be bent + reshaped wider pressure) x ductile — (coe be drawyn_ont into_a nd wire) -_ Bonding _'s_non -ditectional G.e. ho defined alrec ton) lons _tan_side.over each. oner_without breaking metallic _bonelAllOYS Ne Mixtures that consist of ether thio or more. Metals; ‘or. ofa metal combined with an alloying, element Cone or. more fo: metals) ‘Theys have. athasgnes rane Io pecieese ais saland\as Ye yal \ SL aN batt sli ductili tyxk> malleabilityy wishndjee HOH Sih Veuail gba of different. elements: distorts sstucture: of metal, Mons “camot slidecoven each: ather ass €asilig > . Lower melting. points g : _Additon_of- itera elewents distor: stricture a ==2